Synthetic biology (SynBio) is a very vast field of research that produces new biological parts, appliances, and systems. It is the application of engineering principles to design and construct new bio-based biologicals, devices and systems that exhibit functions not present in nature or to redesign the existing systems to perform specific tasks. Synthetic biology varies from other disciplines including system biology, biotechnology and genetic engineering. For instance, while system biology focuses on obtaining a quantitative understanding of the naturally existing biology systems, the synthetic biology focuses on engineering, designing, and synthesis of new novel biological functions utilizing the biological information drawn from systems biology analysis. SB utilizes computer algorithms to alter genetic sequence before synthesizing them in the laboratory. Moreover, SB employed gene shuffling and refactoring tools that may alter thousands of genetic elements of an organism at once. In the present article, we aim to discuss the basic approaches of synthetic biology. Furthermore, the application of synthetic biology on biomedical science, drug discovery development, bioenergy and agriculture will also be discussed. Finally the challenges facing the researchers in the field of synthetic biology such as those technical, ethical and safety will be also highlighted.
{"title":"Synthetic Biology: Approaches, Opportunities, Applications and Challenges","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic biology (SynBio) is a very vast field of research that produces new biological parts, appliances, and systems. It is the application of engineering principles to design and construct new bio-based biologicals, devices and systems that exhibit functions not present in nature or to redesign the existing systems to perform specific tasks. Synthetic biology varies from other disciplines including system biology, biotechnology and genetic engineering. For instance, while system biology focuses on obtaining a quantitative understanding of the naturally existing biology systems, the synthetic biology focuses on engineering, designing, and synthesis of new novel biological functions utilizing the biological information drawn from systems biology analysis. SB utilizes computer algorithms to alter genetic sequence before synthesizing them in the laboratory. Moreover, SB employed gene shuffling and refactoring tools that may alter thousands of genetic elements of an organism at once. In the present article, we aim to discuss the basic approaches of synthetic biology. Furthermore, the application of synthetic biology on biomedical science, drug discovery development, bioenergy and agriculture will also be discussed. Finally the challenges facing the researchers in the field of synthetic biology such as those technical, ethical and safety will be also highlighted.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129596245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brooder pneumonia is a common respiratory problem during brooding period of poultry. It is most frequently caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Use of azole drugs for treatment and prophylaxis results in resistance. The aim of this study was to determine whether the phytochemicals of Eucalyptus globulus are modulating resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Lung samples n = 50 of dead broiler chicks were collected from different farms of Lahore. Out of 50 lung samples 28 % (14) were considered positive for Aspergillus fumigatus after observing their macroscopic, microscopic characteristics and by performing PCR by amplifying ITS1-ITS4 gene (597 base pairs) and RodA gene (313 base pairs). Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test was performed 14 isolates (100 %) were resistant towards both Fluconazole and Ketoconazole whereas 11 (78.57 %) were resistant towards Itraconazole. Eucalyptus globulus leaves were collected, and these were identified. Three solvent extracts were prepared. Maximum yield was of ethanolic extract. Antifungal activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Highest antifungal activity was shown by Eucalyptus globulus Ethanol followed by chloroform and hexane extract showed no activity against any isolate then minimum inhibitory concentration of plant extracts that previously showed antifungal activity against isolates were evaluated by broth microdilution method. Modulation effect was checked by combining antifungal drug one by one with subinhibitory concentration of plant extract evaluated previously by broth microdilution method. 5 isolates were subjected into this experiment which are all sensitive towards Eucalyptus globulus ethanol and chloroform extracts tested previously in agar well diffusion test and MIC values were also evaluated. It was concluded that when Itraconazole was combined with E. globulus Ethanol extract then resistance was modified. Data of modulation was analyzed by One-way ANOVA and it reported P value of <0.05. It was synergistic inhibitory effect when Itraconazole was combined with Eucalyptus globulus Ethanol extract.
{"title":"Antifungal resistance modulation of Aspergillus fumigatus isolates from brooder pneumonia affected birds by Eucalyptus globulus extracts","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.2.14","url":null,"abstract":"Brooder pneumonia is a common respiratory problem during brooding period of poultry. It is most frequently caused by Aspergillus fumigatus. Use of azole drugs for treatment and prophylaxis results in resistance. The aim of this study was to determine whether the phytochemicals of Eucalyptus globulus are modulating resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Lung samples n = 50 of dead broiler chicks were collected from different farms of Lahore. Out of 50 lung samples 28 % (14) were considered positive for Aspergillus fumigatus after observing their macroscopic, microscopic characteristics and by performing PCR by amplifying ITS1-ITS4 gene (597 base pairs) and RodA gene (313 base pairs). Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test was performed 14 isolates (100 %) were resistant towards both Fluconazole and Ketoconazole whereas 11 (78.57 %) were resistant towards Itraconazole. Eucalyptus globulus leaves were collected, and these were identified. Three solvent extracts were prepared. Maximum yield was of ethanolic extract. Antifungal activity was evaluated by agar well diffusion method. Highest antifungal activity was shown by Eucalyptus globulus Ethanol followed by chloroform and hexane extract showed no activity against any isolate then minimum inhibitory concentration of plant extracts that previously showed antifungal activity against isolates were evaluated by broth microdilution method. Modulation effect was checked by combining antifungal drug one by one with subinhibitory concentration of plant extract evaluated previously by broth microdilution method. 5 isolates were subjected into this experiment which are all sensitive towards Eucalyptus globulus ethanol and chloroform extracts tested previously in agar well diffusion test and MIC values were also evaluated. It was concluded that when Itraconazole was combined with E. globulus Ethanol extract then resistance was modified. Data of modulation was analyzed by One-way ANOVA and it reported P value of <0.05. It was synergistic inhibitory effect when Itraconazole was combined with Eucalyptus globulus Ethanol extract.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123180343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hepatitis A is an infectious disorder of the liver prompted by Hepatovirus A virus (HAV). It is a kind of viral hepatitis. It has naked nucleocapsid virus with a single stranded, positive polarity RNA. It is devoid of virion polymerase and has a single serotype. Transmission is via fecal–oral route. In contrast to Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus, blood borne transmission of HAV is infrequent because viremia is short-term and of low titer. Mostly instances, have few or no signs, specifically in younger ones. The virus replicates in the gastrointestinal tract and then spreads to the liver during a short-term viremic period. HAV is not cytopathic for the hepatocyte. Hepatocellular injury is triggered by immune attack by the cytotoxic T cells. The time among the infection and signs, in patients that progress them, is among two and six weeks. When the signs occur, they commonly last 8 weeks and might encompass nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, pain in abdomen and fever. Around 10 to 15 percent of patients undergo a recurrence of signs at some stage in the six months after the preliminary infection. Acute liver failure may also seldom occur, with this being extra regular in elderly. No antiviral medication is available. The most suitable test to diagnose acute infection is IgM antibody. Isolation of the virus from clinical samples is not done. Vaccine consists of killed virus. Administration of immune globulin in the course of the incubation can alleviate the disease.
{"title":"A review regarding virology, etiology, prevalence and associated risk factors of Hepatitis A.","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis A is an infectious disorder of the liver prompted by Hepatovirus A virus (HAV). It is a kind of viral hepatitis. It has naked nucleocapsid virus with a single stranded, positive polarity RNA. It is devoid of virion polymerase and has a single serotype. Transmission is via fecal–oral route. In contrast to Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus, blood borne transmission of HAV is infrequent because viremia is short-term and of low titer. Mostly instances, have few or no signs, specifically in younger ones. The virus replicates in the gastrointestinal tract and then spreads to the liver during a short-term viremic period. HAV is not cytopathic for the hepatocyte. Hepatocellular injury is triggered by immune attack by the cytotoxic T cells. The time among the infection and signs, in patients that progress them, is among two and six weeks. When the signs occur, they commonly last 8 weeks and might encompass nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, jaundice, pain in abdomen and fever. Around 10 to 15 percent of patients undergo a recurrence of signs at some stage in the six months after the preliminary infection. Acute liver failure may also seldom occur, with this being extra regular in elderly. No antiviral medication is available. The most suitable test to diagnose acute infection is IgM antibody. Isolation of the virus from clinical samples is not done. Vaccine consists of killed virus. Administration of immune globulin in the course of the incubation can alleviate the disease.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"65 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126515527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is observed at -308 position of the promoter region of tumor necrosis factor (TNF- α) gene due to which TNF is categorized into TNF1 and TNF2 allele. TNF2 allele is associated with higher concentration of TNF- α which in turn is associated with HIV infection. In order to know the association between TNF2 and HIV infection n =75 HIV positive samples and n=15 HIV negative samples were observed for TNF polymorphism. It was found that among the infected patients 53 patients had TNF2.The total percentage of the patients and controls having TNF2 allele was found to be 63.34.%. Chi square value was significant showing that there is a strong correlation between HIV susceptibility and TNF SNPs (-308) of the promoter region.
{"title":"Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Susceptibility to HIV Infection in Local Population of Lahore Pakistan","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is observed at -308 position of the promoter region of tumor necrosis factor (TNF- α) gene due to which TNF is categorized into TNF1 and TNF2 allele. TNF2 allele is associated with higher concentration of TNF- α which in turn is associated with HIV infection. In order to know the association between TNF2 and HIV infection n =75 HIV positive samples and n=15 HIV negative samples were observed for TNF polymorphism. It was found that among the infected patients 53 patients had TNF2.The total percentage of the patients and controls having TNF2 allele was found to be 63.34.%. Chi square value was significant showing that there is a strong correlation between HIV susceptibility and TNF SNPs (-308) of the promoter region.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114788711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mango is one of the choicest fruits in the world because of its good flavour, attractive colour and fruity fragrance. It belongs to family Anacardiaceae having wide range of varieties and health benefits. It grows in tropical region and has good nutritional profile. Innumerable researches have been done around the world that demonstrated diversified nutritional and pharmacological benefits of Mangifera indica Linn. It has particular composition of nutrients and phytochemicals. Different parts of mango trees have different wide ranges of benefits. The flower, seeds, leaves, bark, raw as well as ripe fruits provide extensive variety of pharmacological, medicinal and many health benefits. In addition to the higher values of macronutrients as well as micronutrients, mangoes have a wide range of bioactive compounds present in different portions of plant for example, the primary active constituent present in mango is mangiferin. In this review article we reviewed a number of beneficial characteristics of mango including its antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, gastric health, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities.
{"title":"A Review on Pharmacological and Nutritional Benefits of Mango (Mangifera indica Linn): A Remedy for Cancer, Diabetes and Gastrointestinal Infections","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Mango is one of the choicest fruits in the world because of its good flavour, attractive colour and fruity fragrance. It belongs to family Anacardiaceae having wide range of varieties and health benefits. It grows in tropical region and has good nutritional profile. Innumerable researches have been done around the world that demonstrated diversified nutritional and pharmacological benefits of Mangifera indica Linn. It has particular composition of nutrients and phytochemicals. Different parts of mango trees have different wide ranges of benefits. The flower, seeds, leaves, bark, raw as well as ripe fruits provide extensive variety of pharmacological, medicinal and many health benefits. In addition to the higher values of macronutrients as well as micronutrients, mangoes have a wide range of bioactive compounds present in different portions of plant for example, the primary active constituent present in mango is mangiferin. In this review article we reviewed a number of beneficial characteristics of mango including its antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, gastric health, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory activities.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128048265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common form of dementia, affecting millions of people worldwide, mostly the elderly population. The gradual decline in cognitive functions, loss of memory, and sleep disorder are the most frequently reported in AD patients. Multiple studies have been carried out to find a potential therapeutic approach to prevent the progression of Alzheimer’s disease and increase the performance of cognitive abilities. Mitochondrial dysfunction leading to oxidative stress and other environmental factors, diet and lifestyle are the major risk factors. Mitochondria play an essential role and are a potential therapeutic target for treating and preventing AD progression. Various biochemical molecules involved in mitochondrial metabolic pathways are tested as directly acting on mitochondria. Numerous antioxidants are considered as a potential treatment for AD. Here, we highlighted the emerging mitochondrial base therapies and potent antioxidants that can be used in Alzheimer’s disease treatments.
{"title":"The Role of Mitochondria in Alzheimer’s Disease and its Potential Therapies","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.2.17","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common form of dementia, affecting millions of people worldwide, mostly the elderly population. The gradual decline in cognitive functions, loss of memory, and sleep disorder are the most frequently reported in AD patients. Multiple studies have been carried out to find a potential therapeutic approach to prevent the progression of Alzheimer’s disease and increase the performance of cognitive abilities. Mitochondrial dysfunction leading to oxidative stress and other environmental factors, diet and lifestyle are the major risk factors. Mitochondria play an essential role and are a potential therapeutic target for treating and preventing AD progression. Various biochemical molecules involved in mitochondrial metabolic pathways are tested as directly acting on mitochondria. Numerous antioxidants are considered as a potential treatment for AD. Here, we highlighted the emerging mitochondrial base therapies and potent antioxidants that can be used in Alzheimer’s disease treatments.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121711489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CEBPA gene have been found to be associated with cancer especially Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Therefore, the identification of functional and structural polymorphisms in CEBPA is important to study and discover therapeutics targets and potential malfunctioning. For this purpose, several bioinformatics tools were used for the identification of disease-associated nsSNPs, which might be vital for the structure and function of CEBPA, making them extremely important. In silico tools used in this study included SIFT, PROVEAN, PolyPhen2, SNP&GO and PhD-SNP, followed by ConSurf and I-Mutant. Protein 3D modelling was carried out using I-TASSER and MODELLER v9.22, while GeneMANIA and string were used for the prediction of gene-gene interaction in this regard. From our study, we found that the L345P, R333C, R339Q, V328G, R327W, L317Q, N292S, E284A, R156W, Y108N and F82L mutations were the most crucial SNPs. Additionally, the gene-gene interaction showed the genes having correlation with CEBPA’s co-expressions and importance in several pathways. In future, these 11 mutations should be investigated while studying diseases related to CEBPA, especially for AML. Being the first of its kind, future perspectives are proposed in this study, which will help in precision medicine. Animal models are of great significance in finding out CEBPA effects in disease.
{"title":"In Silico Identification of Novel Acute Myeloid Leukemia Associated Missense SNPs in Human CEBPA Gene","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CEBPA gene have been found to be associated with cancer especially Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Therefore, the identification of functional and structural polymorphisms in CEBPA is important to study and discover therapeutics targets and potential malfunctioning. For this purpose, several bioinformatics tools were used for the identification of disease-associated nsSNPs, which might be vital for the structure and function of CEBPA, making them extremely important. In silico tools used in this study included SIFT, PROVEAN, PolyPhen2, SNP&GO and PhD-SNP, followed by ConSurf and I-Mutant. Protein 3D modelling was carried out using I-TASSER and MODELLER v9.22, while GeneMANIA and string were used for the prediction of gene-gene interaction in this regard. From our study, we found that the L345P, R333C, R339Q, V328G, R327W, L317Q, N292S, E284A, R156W, Y108N and F82L mutations were the most crucial SNPs. Additionally, the gene-gene interaction showed the genes having correlation with CEBPA’s co-expressions and importance in several pathways. In future, these 11 mutations should be investigated while studying diseases related to CEBPA, especially for AML. Being the first of its kind, future perspectives are proposed in this study, which will help in precision medicine. Animal models are of great significance in finding out CEBPA effects in disease.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131291710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Enteric fever is the massive bacterial disease in global and caused by Salmonella typhi. It is known that humans are the only natural host and reservoir for S. typhi. That transmits enteric fever through the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of infected water and food. The prevalence rate is high in South Central and South-East Asian countries recorded as (>100/100,000) cases per year. The aim of designing of the present study, there is no specific epidemiology report present at Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Total of 500 blood samples were collected from patients showing sign and symptoms of enteric fever. Sample collected from different government and private hospitals, medical laboratories, and health organizations from November 2013 to April 2014. Immuno chromatographic technique (ICT) was used for the detection of enteric fever via typhoid test kit. Out of 500 samples, 368 (73.6 %) patients were found serologically negative while 132 (26.4%) were positive. Among the positive samples, 42 (31.8%) were adult samples that included 25 IgM, 12 IgG and 5 both IgM and IgG. Infected children of age 13-15 years were 30 (22.72%) with IgM 19, IgG 8 and both IgM and IgG 3. Thirty-one (31) samples were positive among children of age group 5-12 years with 15 IgM positive, 10 IgG positive and 3 both IgM and IgG positive. Furthermore, 29 (21.96 %) were positive among children of age group 1-4 years. This high incidence of enteric fever among susceptible outdoor patients and laboratories patient show that enteric fever is a serious health problem in Rawalpindi, Islamabad. Preventive measures such as vaccination, maintaining food hygiene and awareness campaign are required in the twin cities of Rawalpindi-Islamabad for the eradication of enteric fever.
{"title":"Prevalence of Enteric Fever in the Local Population of Rawalpindi And Islamabad Pakistan","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.2.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.2.15","url":null,"abstract":"Enteric fever is the massive bacterial disease in global and caused by Salmonella typhi. It is known that humans are the only natural host and reservoir for S. typhi. That transmits enteric fever through the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of infected water and food. The prevalence rate is high in South Central and South-East Asian countries recorded as (>100/100,000) cases per year. The aim of designing of the present study, there is no specific epidemiology report present at Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Total of 500 blood samples were collected from patients showing sign and symptoms of enteric fever. Sample collected from different government and private hospitals, medical laboratories, and health organizations from November 2013 to April 2014. Immuno chromatographic technique (ICT) was used for the detection of enteric fever via typhoid test kit. Out of 500 samples, 368 (73.6 %) patients were found serologically negative while 132 (26.4%) were positive. Among the positive samples, 42 (31.8%) were adult samples that included 25 IgM, 12 IgG and 5 both IgM and IgG. Infected children of age 13-15 years were 30 (22.72%) with IgM 19, IgG 8 and both IgM and IgG 3. Thirty-one (31) samples were positive among children of age group 5-12 years with 15 IgM positive, 10 IgG positive and 3 both IgM and IgG positive. Furthermore, 29 (21.96 %) were positive among children of age group 1-4 years. This high incidence of enteric fever among susceptible outdoor patients and laboratories patient show that enteric fever is a serious health problem in Rawalpindi, Islamabad. Preventive measures such as vaccination, maintaining food hygiene and awareness campaign are required in the twin cities of Rawalpindi-Islamabad for the eradication of enteric fever.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124609702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gloriosa superba is a flowering plant belongs to Colchicaceae. It refers to full of glory', and the superba refers ‘superb’ referring to the outstanding red and yellow flowers. G. superba is a highly toxic plant, due to the presence of an alkaloid, ‘Colchicine’. Adequate ingestion of this alkaloid could cause fatalities to humans and animals. Despite its toxicity, G. superba considered as a medicinal plant because of its medicinal constituents and properties such as colchicine, gloriosine, pungent, bitter, acrid, heating, anthelmintic, laxative, alexiteric, and abortifacient. G. superba utilized for the treatment of snakebite, scorpion stings, parasitic skin disease, urological pains, colic, chronic ulcers, piles, gonorrhoea, gout, infertility, wounds, arthritis, cholera, kidney problems, itching, leprosy, cancer, sexually transmitted disease, and countless other diseases. This plant listed under the threatened category due to its indiscreet reaping from the wild as medicinal industries widely use it for its colchicine content. Field study and secondary sources were used to abridge the information on the recent advancement study of G. superba. In the present review, the information regarding the occurrence, botanical description, propagation, medicinal application pharmacological, ethnomedicinal, biological, and toxicological studies of G. superba and its recent advancement has been summarized. The detailed study of G. superba with current trends helps the researcher to focus on the future development needed for its conservation.
{"title":"Gloriosa superba L: A critical Review of Recent Advances","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Gloriosa superba is a flowering plant belongs to Colchicaceae. It refers to full of glory', and the superba refers ‘superb’ referring to the outstanding red and yellow flowers. G. superba is a highly toxic plant, due to the presence of an alkaloid, ‘Colchicine’. Adequate ingestion of this alkaloid could cause fatalities to humans and animals. Despite its toxicity, G. superba considered as a medicinal plant because of its medicinal constituents and properties such as colchicine, gloriosine, pungent, bitter, acrid, heating, anthelmintic, laxative, alexiteric, and abortifacient. G. superba utilized for the treatment of snakebite, scorpion stings, parasitic skin disease, urological pains, colic, chronic ulcers, piles, gonorrhoea, gout, infertility, wounds, arthritis, cholera, kidney problems, itching, leprosy, cancer, sexually transmitted disease, and countless other diseases. This plant listed under the threatened category due to its indiscreet reaping from the wild as medicinal industries widely use it for its colchicine content. Field study and secondary sources were used to abridge the information on the recent advancement study of G. superba. In the present review, the information regarding the occurrence, botanical description, propagation, medicinal application pharmacological, ethnomedicinal, biological, and toxicological studies of G. superba and its recent advancement has been summarized. The detailed study of G. superba with current trends helps the researcher to focus on the future development needed for its conservation.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"98 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132624712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Heavy metals normally accumulate in the environment and as a result they create various problems to life, especially to plants. In this study two selenium resistant bacteria, Bacillus pumils strain CrK08 and Bacillus licheniformis strain AsK03 were checked for their effect in enhancing growth of Zea mays in the clay pots experiment, under selenium stress. Both strains significantly promoted root length in control and in autoclaved soil. Number of roots from plant base was reduced in control and autoclave soil respectively. Moreover, the fresh weight and dry weight were reduced in control and autoclave soil plants. In selenium treated plants, fresh weight was high than in the non-treated plants. However, Strains also produced an increase in soluble protein content. Indole acetic acid (IAA) content was enhanced to and, while acid phosphatase activity was significantly lower in inoculated plants than the controls and peroxidase content reduced. Selenium content in control plants was high as compared to treated plants. So, these strains promote plant growth under Se stress (17 mg kg-1) in soil.
{"title":"Selenium resistant bacteria enhance Zea mays growth parameters under selenium stress","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.2.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.2.16","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals normally accumulate in the environment and as a result they create various problems to life, especially to plants. In this study two selenium resistant bacteria, Bacillus pumils strain CrK08 and Bacillus licheniformis strain AsK03 were checked for their effect in enhancing growth of Zea mays in the clay pots experiment, under selenium stress. Both strains significantly promoted root length in control and in autoclaved soil. Number of roots from plant base was reduced in control and autoclave soil respectively. Moreover, the fresh weight and dry weight were reduced in control and autoclave soil plants. In selenium treated plants, fresh weight was high than in the non-treated plants. However, Strains also produced an increase in soluble protein content. Indole acetic acid (IAA) content was enhanced to and, while acid phosphatase activity was significantly lower in inoculated plants than the controls and peroxidase content reduced. Selenium content in control plants was high as compared to treated plants. So, these strains promote plant growth under Se stress (17 mg kg-1) in soil.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122308345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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