Calotropis procera is shrub of Asclepiadaceae family and is a source of antimicrobial metabolites against a greater range of bacteria including Streptococcus Group B (SGB). In the present study, different metabolic compounds were extracted from C. procera using 75% methanol. The extract of C. procera was assessed against different bacteria of the SGB family by estimating the zone of inhibition. Moreover, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different concentrations e.g., 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/mL were determined through zone of inhibition. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of plant extract revealed 24 compounds. The most important compounds of the GC-MS array were including undecane, terephthalic acid, Cyclohexane, dimethyl-propane-thiosulfinate, Fluorobenzoic acid Octadecenoic acid and others. The antibacterial activities of the plant extracts were might be because of their compound which had been reported previously as well as an antimicrobial compound. The molecular characterization of different bacteria of SGB used in the study revealed the bacteria were consisted of antibiotic resistant genes against.
{"title":"Metabolic Profiling and Antibacterial Assessment of Calotropis procera extract against Streptococcus group B","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Calotropis procera is shrub of Asclepiadaceae family and is a source of antimicrobial metabolites against a greater range of bacteria including Streptococcus Group B (SGB). In the present study, different metabolic compounds were extracted from C. procera using 75% methanol. The extract of C. procera was assessed against different bacteria of the SGB family by estimating the zone of inhibition. Moreover, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different concentrations e.g., 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/mL were determined through zone of inhibition. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of plant extract revealed 24 compounds. The most important compounds of the GC-MS array were including undecane, terephthalic acid, Cyclohexane, dimethyl-propane-thiosulfinate, Fluorobenzoic acid Octadecenoic acid and others. The antibacterial activities of the plant extracts were might be because of their compound which had been reported previously as well as an antimicrobial compound. The molecular characterization of different bacteria of SGB used in the study revealed the bacteria were consisted of antibiotic resistant genes against.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129540341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is reported from various studies that Drivers and Conductors of heavy vehicles are highly exposed to HCV and HBV. The present study is conducted to investigate the frequency and percentage of HCV and HBsAg in drivers and conductor’s community of heavy vehicles in Pakistan. Data of about 200 subjects from District Bannu, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa was collected for this study, in which 63% were drivers and 37% were conductors. They were screened for both HCV antibodies and HBsAg. The screening method used during the study was immunochromatographic technique (ICT), which showed that about 19.8% of the drivers were found to be HBsAg positive, while 5.5% were HCV positive. Also, 5.4% of the conductors were found to be HBsAg positive and 4.05% were HCV positive. This study revealed that chances of HCV and Hepatitis B is high in unmarried drivers and conductor as compared to married one. Also, the present study concluded the maximum prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in persons of age 35-45.
{"title":"Immunoassay Technique for Diagnosis of Hepatitis B and C Virus Among Drivers and Conductors of long Route Heavy Vehicles","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"It is reported from various studies that Drivers and Conductors of heavy vehicles are highly exposed to HCV and HBV. The present study is conducted to investigate the frequency and percentage of HCV and HBsAg in drivers and conductor’s community of heavy vehicles in Pakistan. Data of about 200 subjects from District Bannu, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa was collected for this study, in which 63% were drivers and 37% were conductors. They were screened for both HCV antibodies and HBsAg. The screening method used during the study was immunochromatographic technique (ICT), which showed that about 19.8% of the drivers were found to be HBsAg positive, while 5.5% were HCV positive. Also, 5.4% of the conductors were found to be HBsAg positive and 4.05% were HCV positive. This study revealed that chances of HCV and Hepatitis B is high in unmarried drivers and conductor as compared to married one. Also, the present study concluded the maximum prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in persons of age 35-45.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129642327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hepatitis B and C infections are known to be the major public health issue around the world. Our focus is to investigate the predominance of HBV and HCV infections in the general population of district Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were taken from 652 individuals and were shifted to Alkhedmat laboratory Mansehra and Department of Microbiology Hazara University Mansehra. Serum were isolated from blood samples and screen it by ICT device Kit (Accurate Diagnostics, Houston, Texas, USA). The ICT positive samples were then refined by PCR method. Total 652 individuals [males (368), females (284)] were screened for HBV and HCV infections in which total 37 (5.67%) [males (6.52%) and females (4.57%)] were found positive for HBsAg and 42 (6.44%) [males (7.33%) and females (5.28%)] were found positive for Anti HCV respectively. The ratio of these viral infections is more predominant as compare to other viral infections in Mansehra, Pakistan. The rate of HBV and HCV prevalence is increasing day by day in these areas. Communities with more than 5% HBV and HCV disease, mass vaccination and awareness programs should be undertaken as a matter of urgency.
{"title":"Immunochromatographic Technique for Seropositivity and PCR Based Molecular Diagnosis for Hepatis B and C Virus in a General Population of Mansehra Pakistan","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B and C infections are known to be the major public health issue around the world. Our focus is to investigate the predominance of HBV and HCV infections in the general population of district Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Blood samples were taken from 652 individuals and were shifted to Alkhedmat laboratory Mansehra and Department of Microbiology Hazara University Mansehra. Serum were isolated from blood samples and screen it by ICT device Kit (Accurate Diagnostics, Houston, Texas, USA). The ICT positive samples were then refined by PCR method. Total 652 individuals [males (368), females (284)] were screened for HBV and HCV infections in which total 37 (5.67%) [males (6.52%) and females (4.57%)] were found positive for HBsAg and 42 (6.44%) [males (7.33%) and females (5.28%)] were found positive for Anti HCV respectively. The ratio of these viral infections is more predominant as compare to other viral infections in Mansehra, Pakistan. The rate of HBV and HCV prevalence is increasing day by day in these areas. Communities with more than 5% HBV and HCV disease, mass vaccination and awareness programs should be undertaken as a matter of urgency.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124029207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Azadirachta indica is a very common plant used very frequently due to its medicinal significance. The antibacterial activities of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/mL of the plant extract were determined against different pathogenic bacteria. Concentration of 0.01 mg/mL killed the E. coli, E. aerogenes, P. stuartii and 10, 1.0 and 0.1 mg/mL were very effective against the E. cloacae, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis and killed them 100% in culture plates. The plant extracts were analyzed for the characterization of the different antimicrobial compounds through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An array of antibacterial compounds such as azulene, tetrasiloxane, phthalic acid, cyclopentasiloxane, hexadecanoic acid, spiropentane, dioctyl phthalate were detected in the plant extract through GC-MS. The antibacterial activities of the plant extracts were might be because of their compound which had been reported previously as well as antimicrobial compounds.
{"title":"GC-MS Profiling of Anti-bacterial Metabolic Compounds from the Extract of Azadirachta indica","authors":"","doi":"10.34091/ajls.3.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.3.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Azadirachta indica is a very common plant used very frequently due to its medicinal significance. The antibacterial activities of 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mg/mL of the plant extract were determined against different pathogenic bacteria. Concentration of 0.01 mg/mL killed the E. coli, E. aerogenes, P. stuartii and 10, 1.0 and 0.1 mg/mL were very effective against the E. cloacae, K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis and killed them 100% in culture plates. The plant extracts were analyzed for the characterization of the different antimicrobial compounds through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An array of antibacterial compounds such as azulene, tetrasiloxane, phthalic acid, cyclopentasiloxane, hexadecanoic acid, spiropentane, dioctyl phthalate were detected in the plant extract through GC-MS. The antibacterial activities of the plant extracts were might be because of their compound which had been reported previously as well as antimicrobial compounds.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114353941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Onion is an important vegetable and a source of income for formers in District Swat, Pakistan. However, the crop is attacked by several pathogens i.e. fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. Therefore, a study was carried out for the estimation of fungal diseases of onion crop in district Swat. Within this study, about 50 samples of diseased onion crop were collected from 17 different regions of District Swat. The most prevalent fungal borne onion diseases were black mold (38%), onion rust (32%), Blue Mold Rot (10%) and seedling. Fungal species were consistently isolated from all infected samples. In which Aspergillus was isolated from 82% samples, Puccinia Alli was from 70%, Alternaria porri from 52%, Fusarium spp from 42% Penicillium spp from 40%, Peronospora destructor from 35%, Pyhtaium from 23% and Rhizoctonia solani from 18% of samples. These fungal species consistently isolated and cultured from diseased onion plants of different fields in Swat. Keywords: Onion crop, Fungal diseases, Aspergillus.
{"title":"Isolation and Identification of Fungal Pathogens Associated with Diseases of Onion\u0000Crop in District Swat, Pakistan","authors":"M. Uddin, Nasrullah, Muddasir Khan","doi":"10.34091/ajls.2.2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.2.2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Onion is an important vegetable and a source of income for formers in\u0000District Swat, Pakistan. However, the crop is attacked by several pathogens\u0000i.e. fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. Therefore, a study was carried\u0000out for the estimation of fungal diseases of onion crop in district Swat. Within\u0000this study, about 50 samples of diseased onion crop were collected from 17\u0000different regions of District Swat. The most prevalent fungal borne onion\u0000diseases were black mold (38%), onion rust (32%), Blue Mold Rot (10%) and\u0000seedling. Fungal species were consistently isolated from all infected\u0000samples. In which Aspergillus was isolated from 82% samples, Puccinia Alli\u0000was from 70%, Alternaria porri from 52%, Fusarium spp from 42%\u0000Penicillium spp from 40%, Peronospora destructor from 35%, Pyhtaium\u0000from 23% and Rhizoctonia solani from 18% of samples. These fungal species\u0000consistently isolated and cultured from diseased onion plants of different\u0000fields in Swat.\u0000Keywords: Onion crop, Fungal diseases, Aspergillus.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129013302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Shoaib Ali, W. A. Panhwar, S. Mehmood, Shabir Ahmed, Nek Muhammad Mangi
Grasshoppers are generally phytophagous insects and regarded as major pests of agricultural crops in the world including Pakistan. At the present extensive survey was carried out to collect the grasshoppers from Hazara Division. A total of 421 samples were collected and identified into Family Acrididae, Subfamily Calliptaminae, genus Calliptamus and species Calliptamus barbarus barbarus (Costa, 1836). Moreover, the distribution and incidence data will be used for a Red List assessment. Optimistically, finding of present study will be helpful for the future researchers in near future. Besides this, the ecological account of species has been given to determine the pest status of the species. Keywords: Calliptamus, Phytophagous, Ecology, Distribution, Pakistan
{"title":"Taxonomy and distribution of Calliptamus barbarus barbarus (Costa, 1836)\u0000(Orthoptera: Calliptaminae)","authors":"Shoaib Ali, W. A. Panhwar, S. Mehmood, Shabir Ahmed, Nek Muhammad Mangi","doi":"10.34091/ajls.2.2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.2.2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Grasshoppers are generally phytophagous insects and regarded as major\u0000pests of agricultural crops in the world including Pakistan. At the present\u0000extensive survey was carried out to collect the grasshoppers from Hazara\u0000Division. A total of 421 samples were collected and identified into Family\u0000Acrididae, Subfamily Calliptaminae, genus Calliptamus and species\u0000Calliptamus barbarus barbarus (Costa, 1836). Moreover, the distribution\u0000and incidence data will be used for a Red List assessment. Optimistically,\u0000finding of present study will be helpful for the future researchers in near\u0000future. Besides this, the ecological account of species has been given to\u0000determine the pest status of the species.\u0000Keywords: Calliptamus, Phytophagous, Ecology, Distribution, Pakistan","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129677145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Alam, Mubassir Shah, Mudassir Khan, Kainat Hazrat, W. Ali, F. Khan, Aziz Ahmad, F. Jalil
Hepatitis B viral infection (HBV) is a genuine worldwide general medical issue. The aim of this study was to find the epidemiology of HBV infection with common risk factors among the people of Nowshera Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A camp was conducted for HBV screening in Nowshera City (September 2018) in which 1180 volunteers participated. Blood (5ml) was taken from volunteers in medical camp and was transported to Aziz Biotech Medical Lab and Research Center Mardan, Pakistan. All the samples were initially screened for HBV surface antigen using ICT device kit (Accurate Diagnostics Canada). Positive samples were then subjected to Real time PCR to check active hepatitis B infection amongst positive ICT samples. Out of 1180 volunteers 58 (4.91%) were found positive including 22 (4.82%) females and 36 (4.97%) males. The ICT positive samples were than refined by real-time PCR for active hepatitis B virus out of that 26 (44.82%) were found active by PCR which comprises 8 (36.36%) females and 18 (50%) males. The HBsAg ratio was greater in the Age-limit 21-30 years (5.67%) and 41-50 years (5.20%). The Sero-prevalence of HBV infection is higher in Nowshera region. The prevalence ratio among males is greater than females and mostly infected females were married which shows that sexual interaction is the probable risk factor for HBV infection. The rural communities are illiterate and unaware of the causative agents, spreading and the consequences of HBV infection. Thus, to overcome the incidence of HBV infection, we must educate the ordinary citizens about Hepatitis B virus. Keywords: HBV Infections, Nowshera, Pakistan, Risk Factors
乙型肝炎病毒感染(HBV)是一个真正的全球普遍医学问题。本研究的目的是发现巴基斯坦Nowshera开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省人群中具有共同危险因素的HBV感染流行病学。2018年9月在瑙谢拉市开展HBV筛查营活动，1180名志愿者参加。从医疗营地的志愿者身上采集血液(5ml)，并运送到巴基斯坦马尔丹的Aziz生物技术医学实验室和研究中心。所有样本最初使用ICT设备试剂盒(加拿大准确诊断)筛选HBV表面抗原。然后对阳性样本进行Real - time PCR检测ICT阳性样本中的活动性乙型肝炎感染。在1180名志愿者中，有58人(4.91%)呈阳性，其中女性22人(4.82%)，男性36人(4.97%)。实时荧光定量PCR检测阳性样本26份(44.82%)，其中女性8份(36.36%)，男性18份(50%)。HBsAg比例在21-30岁(5.67%)和41-50岁(5.20%)年龄组中较高。诺谢拉地区HBV感染的血清患病率较高。男性感染率高于女性，且女性感染者以已婚居多，说明性行为可能是hbv感染的危险因素。农村社区是文盲，不了解HBV感染的病原体、传播和后果。因此，克服HBV感染的发生率，必须对普通公民进行乙型肝炎病毒的教育。关键词:HBV感染，巴基斯坦瑙谢拉，危险因素
{"title":"Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the Healthy Volunteers: A Screening Campaign in\u0000Nowshera Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan","authors":"Z. Alam, Mubassir Shah, Mudassir Khan, Kainat Hazrat, W. Ali, F. Khan, Aziz Ahmad, F. Jalil","doi":"10.34091/ajls.2.2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.2.2.1","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B viral infection (HBV) is a genuine worldwide general medical\u0000issue. The aim of this study was to find the epidemiology of HBV infection\u0000with common risk factors among the people of Nowshera Khyber\u0000Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A camp was conducted for HBV screening in\u0000Nowshera City (September 2018) in which 1180 volunteers participated.\u0000Blood (5ml) was taken from volunteers in medical camp and was\u0000transported to Aziz Biotech Medical Lab and Research Center Mardan,\u0000Pakistan. All the samples were initially screened for HBV surface antigen\u0000using ICT device kit (Accurate Diagnostics Canada). Positive samples were then subjected to Real time PCR to check active hepatitis B infection\u0000amongst positive ICT samples. Out of 1180 volunteers 58 (4.91%) were\u0000found positive including 22 (4.82%) females and 36 (4.97%) males. The ICT\u0000positive samples were than refined by real-time PCR for active hepatitis B\u0000virus out of that 26 (44.82%) were found active by PCR which comprises 8\u0000(36.36%) females and 18 (50%) males. The HBsAg ratio was greater in the\u0000Age-limit 21-30 years (5.67%) and 41-50 years (5.20%). The Sero-prevalence\u0000of HBV infection is higher in Nowshera region. The prevalence ratio among\u0000males is greater than females and mostly infected females were married\u0000which shows that sexual interaction is the probable risk factor for HBV\u0000infection. The rural communities are illiterate and unaware of the causative\u0000agents, spreading and the consequences of HBV infection. Thus, to\u0000overcome the incidence of HBV infection, we must educate the ordinary\u0000citizens about Hepatitis B virus.\u0000Keywords: HBV Infections, Nowshera, Pakistan, Risk Factors","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115061940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Root exudates composition and pattern of biochemical expression is genotype specific and highly influenced by both by abiotic and biotic factors. During this investigation, various attempts made to standardize the techniques to construct LC-MS maps using cotton as a plant system. Construction of root exudates maps by LC-MS analysis found as very unique and having high utility in genotype identification through genotypic maps, detecting the presence/absence of specific chemicals of interest, and for rhizosphere engineering. As expected each sample (root exudates of a particular genotype) produced very distinct peaks-spectra. Each peak in the peak-spectral map (Y-axis) provides very useful information, the peak intensity (peak height), which represents the percent of each chemical/analyte present in the sample. The total number of peaks in each spectrum indicates the number of biochemicals present in that sample. The root exudates samples were probed in both positive and negative LC-MS mode, since some acidic compounds could not be detected in positive mode. The peaks displayed in the negative mode spectra maps indicates most of them are belong to the compounds in acidic groups. This distinction also provides additional chemical diversity and chemical specificity to include in the genotypic maps. By this way, the diversity present in all these parameters for each cotton genotype was included and the information presented was used to establish a very high-resolution maps. These peak spectral maps directly depend on the biochemicals produced by a specific genotype and genetically controlled; therefore, they can be called as genotypic maps or root exudates maps. Keywords: Root Exudates, Silica sand, Liquid Chromatography mass spectroscopy (LC-MS)
{"title":"Construction of LC-MS maps of root exudates in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)\u0000seedlings","authors":"Rathod Balaji Ulhas, Channarayappa","doi":"10.34091/ajls.2.2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.2.2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Root exudates composition and pattern of biochemical expression is\u0000genotype specific and highly influenced by both by abiotic and biotic\u0000factors. During this investigation, various attempts made to standardize the\u0000techniques to construct LC-MS maps using cotton as a plant system.\u0000Construction of root exudates maps by LC-MS analysis found as very unique\u0000and having high utility in genotype identification through genotypic maps,\u0000detecting the presence/absence of specific chemicals of interest, and for\u0000rhizosphere engineering. As expected each sample (root exudates of a\u0000particular genotype) produced very distinct peaks-spectra. Each peak in the\u0000peak-spectral map (Y-axis) provides very useful information, the peak\u0000intensity (peak height), which represents the percent of each\u0000chemical/analyte present in the sample. The total number of peaks in each\u0000spectrum indicates the number of biochemicals present in that sample. The\u0000root exudates samples were probed in both positive and negative LC-MS\u0000mode, since some acidic compounds could not be detected in positive\u0000mode. The peaks displayed in the negative mode spectra maps indicates\u0000most of them are belong to the compounds in acidic groups. This distinction\u0000also provides additional chemical diversity and chemical specificity to\u0000include in the genotypic maps. By this way, the diversity present in all these\u0000parameters for each cotton genotype was included and the information\u0000presented was used to establish a very high-resolution maps. These peak\u0000spectral maps directly depend on the biochemicals produced by a specific\u0000genotype and genetically controlled; therefore, they can be called as\u0000genotypic maps or root exudates maps.\u0000\u0000Keywords: Root Exudates, Silica sand, Liquid Chromatography mass\u0000spectroscopy (LC-MS)","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117093062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foodborne diseases are increasing at an alarming rate, thereby eliciting constant threat to public health worldwide. Approximately, 200 foodborne cases are caused due to ingestion of contaminated food each year. In developing countries, unhygienic practices are main reasons for foodborne diseases. Precise estimate of population-based data on food borne illnessesare scarce in Pakistan. This review focuses to elucidate etiological cause of foodborne diseases dominant in Pakistan from 1990 to 2018. Various databases were searched, and 88 articles related to foodborne diseases were identified. Around 59 articles were included on quality assessment criteria. We determined dominant pathogens associated with foodborne diseases among all provinces of Pakistan. High numbers of foodborne diseases were reported in Sindh. Whereas, Salmonella was determined asprimary cause of foodborne ailments. Most of the reported data on antibiotic resistance was unavailable. Shagella spp were first reported for antibiotic resistance in 1990, and E. coli was reported for multi-drug resistance in 1998. Nevertheless, S. aureus was reported for Methicillinresistant in 2015-16. This study summarize various sources responsible forfood-borne illness, of which unhygienic conditions, poor sanitation systems, lack of proper infrastructure and continuous influx of refugees plays key role in escalation of morbidity rate in the region. We emphasize need of active surveillance system in reducing foodborne outbreaks in future and enable policy makers to set appropriate goals in food safety area. Keywords AFood control, drug resistance, food safety, Pakistan
{"title":"A systematic review on shifting trends of foodborne diseases in Pakistan","authors":"Sahar Munir, Syeda Hafsa Ali, Syeda Ayesha Ali","doi":"10.34091/ajls.2.2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.2.2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Foodborne diseases are increasing at an alarming rate, thereby eliciting constant threat to public health worldwide. Approximately, 200 foodborne cases are caused due to ingestion of contaminated food each year. In developing countries, unhygienic practices are main reasons for foodborne diseases. Precise estimate of population-based data on food borne illnessesare scarce in Pakistan. This review focuses to elucidate etiological cause of foodborne diseases dominant in Pakistan from 1990 to 2018. Various databases were searched, and 88 articles related to foodborne diseases were identified. Around 59 articles were included on quality assessment criteria. We determined dominant pathogens associated with foodborne diseases among all provinces of Pakistan. High numbers of foodborne diseases were reported in Sindh. Whereas, Salmonella was determined asprimary cause of foodborne ailments. Most of the reported data on antibiotic resistance was unavailable. Shagella spp were first reported for antibiotic resistance in 1990, and E. coli was reported for multi-drug resistance in 1998. Nevertheless, S. aureus was reported for Methicillinresistant in 2015-16. This study summarize various sources responsible forfood-borne illness, of which unhygienic conditions, poor sanitation systems, lack of proper infrastructure and continuous influx of refugees plays key role in escalation of morbidity rate in the region. We emphasize need of active surveillance system in reducing foodborne outbreaks in future and enable policy makers to set appropriate goals in food safety area.\u0000\u0000Keywords AFood control, drug resistance, food safety, Pakistan","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"226 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122617382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Quantitative studies on chhana (soft cheese) were carried out to evaluate the chemical characteristics by using two milk sources and three coagulants in the department of Animal Product Technology Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan. Chhana was prepared from cow and buffalo milk coagulated with acetic acid, citric acid, and lactic acid at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% concentration level. Chhana prepared with citric acid indicated remarkable variation (P< 0.05) among the ash content of cow milk chhana and buffalo milk chhana. On the basis of present finding it was concluded that Moisture content, protein content, fat content and yield of chhana in buffalo milk chhana coagulated with acetic acid, citric acid and lactic acid was comparatively higher as compared with cow milk chhana. In this study, buffalo milk chhana was found better in all aspects compared to that of cow milk.
{"title":"Quantitative studies on chhana (soft cheese) prepared from cow and buffalo milk","authors":"D. R. Menghwar, Saleem Ahmed Bhutto, T. Ahmed","doi":"10.34091/ajls.2.2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34091/ajls.2.2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Quantitative studies on chhana (soft cheese) were carried out to evaluate the chemical characteristics by using two milk sources and three coagulants in the department of Animal Product Technology Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Pakistan. Chhana was prepared from cow and buffalo milk coagulated with acetic acid, citric acid, and lactic acid at 0.5, 1, 2 and 4% concentration level. Chhana prepared with citric acid indicated remarkable variation (P< 0.05) among the ash content of cow milk chhana and buffalo milk chhana. On the basis of present finding it was concluded that Moisture content, protein content, fat content and yield of chhana in buffalo milk chhana coagulated with acetic acid, citric acid and lactic acid was comparatively higher as compared with cow milk chhana. In this study, buffalo milk chhana was found better in all aspects compared to that of cow milk.","PeriodicalId":371643,"journal":{"name":"Abasyn Journal Life Sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114625638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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