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The ‘Three RS’ in Malaysia’s Struggle for Constitutional Democracy 马来西亚宪政民主斗争中的“三个RS”
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-04-17 DOI: 10.1177/0067205X221087460
D. Shah
Race, religion and royalty (the Three ‘Rs’) have been salient aspects of Malaysia’s constitutional struggle. These elements have defined the country’s constitutional settlements during the pre-independence constitution-making process, generated constitutional crises and continued to figure into day-to-day governance and constitutional practice. There have been instances where operation of and compromises around the Three Rs have facilitated constitution-building. Yet, more often than not, as this article illustrates, the constellation of these three forces have challenged the building and sustaining of a constitutional democracy. Since the historic political change in May 2018 in particular, the Three Rs have become even more significant in shaping the critical junctures in Malaysia’s constitutional journey. To illuminate a more comprehensive understanding of the role of race, religion and royalty in Malaysia’s struggle for constitutional democracy, this article explains how these elements have defined (and continued to define) controversies relating to the distribution of political power and the protection of fundamental rights. Fundamentally, these aspects implicate checks and balances and constraints on political power. This article also demonstrates the ways in which the struggle for constitutional democracy implicates a range of actors and interests: aside from individual citizens, there are the monarchy, the elected government, the courts and group (ethnic) interests. This article then draws on institutional and political explanations in accounting for Malaysia’s constitutional struggle. In particular, aside from changing political fundamentals, it argues that the Constitution provides the opportunity structure and institutional resources for the Three Rs to shape Malaysia's struggle for constitutional democracy.
种族、宗教和皇室(三个“R”)一直是马来西亚宪法斗争的突出方面。这些因素在独立前的宪法制定过程中确定了该国的宪法解决方案,引发了宪法危机,并继续融入日常治理和宪法实践。在一些情况下,围绕三个R的运作和妥协促进了宪法建设。然而,正如本文所示,这三股力量往往对宪政民主的建设和维持构成挑战。特别是自2018年5月的历史性政治变革以来,三个R在塑造马来西亚宪法之旅的关键时刻变得更加重要。为了更全面地理解种族、宗教和皇室在马来西亚争取宪政民主的斗争中的作用,本文解释了这些因素是如何定义(并继续定义)与政治权力分配和基本权利保护有关的争议的。从根本上讲,这些方面隐含着对政治权力的制衡和制约。这篇文章还展示了争取宪政民主的斗争涉及一系列行为者和利益的方式:除了公民个人,还有君主制、民选政府、法院和群体(种族)利益。然后,本文借鉴了对马来西亚宪法斗争的制度和政治解释。特别是,除了不断变化的政治基本面之外,它认为《宪法》为三个R提供了塑造马来西亚宪政民主斗争的机会结构和体制资源。
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引用次数: 1
Short Stay Visa Holders and Occupational Trainees in Australia’s Labour Migration Program: Regulatory Challenges at The Apex of Temporariness 澳大利亚劳工移民计划中的短期签证持有者和职业实习生:暂时性顶点的监管挑战
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.1177/0067205x211066139
J. Howe, I. Nikoloudakis
This article addresses a gap in the scholarly literature on the legal regulation of temporary labour migration by tracing the legislative history and regulation of work visas for short stay specialists and occupational trainees. By reason of their acute temporariness, both short stay workers and occupational trainees could be regarded as having a migration status that makes them vulnerable in their work relations. In addition, this vulnerability means they may accept terms and conditions that undercut domestic labour standards. Although the detailed legislative tracing of both visas reveals various attempts to re-regulate both visas in favour of greater scrutiny of employer requests for overseas labour, tightening access requirements and increasing enforcement and monitoring capacity, these have been largely incapable of preventing instances of egregious exploitation. These case studies on two little-known visas mirror the growing concerns around the integrity of Australia’s temporary labour migration program more generally and point to the myriad tensions, challenges and complexities inherent in the regulation of temporary labour migration programs around the globe.
本文通过追溯短期专家和职业受训人员工作签证的立法历史和监管,解决了学术文献中关于临时劳动力移民法律监管的空白。由于短期工人和职业受训人员的临时性很强,他们都可以被视为具有移民身份,这使他们在工作关系中很脆弱。此外,这种脆弱性意味着他们可能会接受削弱国内劳工标准的条款和条件。尽管对这两种签证的详细立法追踪表明,有人试图重新监管这两种护照,以加强对雇主海外劳工申请的审查,收紧准入要求,提高执法和监测能力,但这些措施在很大程度上无法防止严重剥削事件的发生。这些关于两个鲜为人知的签证的案例研究反映了人们对澳大利亚临时劳动力移民计划完整性的日益担忧,并指出了全球临时劳动力移民项目监管所固有的无数紧张、挑战和复杂性。
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引用次数: 0
Distancing From Accountability? Governments’ Use of Soft Law in the COVID-19 Pandemic 远离责任?政府在COVID-19大流行中使用软法
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-22 DOI: 10.1177/0067205X211066144
Matthew McLeod
This article analyses how governments across Australia and the world have employed ‘soft law’ in their responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Rather than simply directing the public to the text of voluminous, complex and everchanging public health orders, executive officials have utilised a variety of non-legal soft law instruments to inform the community of their rights and obligations. These instruments are beneficial — especially in a public health crisis — as they are comprehensible, adaptable and effective. However, their non-legal nature also presents significant accountability issues which challenge the Australian conception of the separation of powers. Soft law exists independent of any parliamentary authorisation or oversight. Subsequently, those affected by soft law lack almost any ability to challenge its use in court. To remedy such issues, this article recommends a greater role for administrative complaint mechanisms (such as Ombudsman recommendations and discretionary payment schemes) in combatting abuses of soft law. It further suggests that the limited adoption of two foreign doctrines — substantive legitimate expectations and epistemic deference — into Australian judicial review could aid in addressing this dilemma.
本文分析了澳大利亚和世界各国政府如何在应对COVID-19大流行时采用“软法律”。行政官员不是简单地引导公众阅读大量、复杂和不断变化的公共卫生命令的文本,而是利用各种非法律的软法律文书向社会通报其权利和义务。这些工具是有益的,特别是在公共卫生危机中,因为它们是可理解的、可适应的和有效的。然而,它们的非法律性质也提出了重大的问责问题,挑战了澳大利亚的三权分立概念。软法独立于任何议会授权或监督而存在。因此,那些受到软法律影响的人几乎没有能力在法庭上对其使用提出质疑。为了解决这些问题,本文建议行政投诉机制(如申诉专员建议和酌情付款计划)在打击滥用软法方面发挥更大的作用。它进一步表明,在澳大利亚司法审查中有限地采用两种外国学说- -实质性的合法期望和认识上的尊重- -可能有助于解决这一困境。
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引用次数: 0
Simply Unconvincing: The High Court on Probative Value and Reliability in the Uniform Evidence Law 简单不服气:高等法院对统一证据法中推定价值与可靠性的思考
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-22 DOI: 10.1177/0067205X211066140
J. Chin, G. Edmond, Andrew Roberts
Exclusion of evidence when its probative value is exceeded by its risk of creating unfair prejudice has long been a fundamental safeguard against unfair trials and wrongful convictions. In 2016, IMM v The Queen (IMM) curtailed that safeguard by holding that trial judges should assess probative value on the assumption that the evidence is reliable and credible. The IMM majority placed emphasis on the capacity of the evidence. In doing so, it provided a mysterious qualification: some evidence may lack probative value not because it is unreliable, but because it is ‘simply unconvincing’. The majority illustrated unconvincingness with the example of an unreliable eyewitness identification. Courts and legal scholars criticised the majority judgment for its harmful implications and for its apparent incoherence. From a review of almost 4 years of post-IMM jurisprudence and deeper exploration into one particular case, we find that ‘simply unconvincing’ has accentuated the confusion and inconsistency in Australian evidence jurisprudence.
长期以来,当证据的证明价值超过其造成不公平偏见的风险时,将其排除在外一直是防止不公平审判和错误定罪的基本保障。2016年,IMM诉女王案(IMM)规定,主审法官应在证据可靠的前提下评估证明价值,从而减少了这一保障。IMM多数人强调证据的能力。在这样做的过程中,它提供了一个神秘的条件:一些证据可能缺乏证明价值,不是因为它不可靠,而是因为它“根本无法令人信服”。大多数人以不可靠的目击者身份为例说明了这一点。法院和法律学者批评多数判决的有害影响和明显的不连贯性。通过对近4年后IMM判例的回顾和对一个特定案件的深入探索,我们发现“根本不令人信服”加剧了澳大利亚证据判例的混乱和不一致。
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引用次数: 1
The Communist Party Case Revisited: Constitutional Review in the 2020 Term 重新审视中共案:2020年任期的宪法审查
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-17 DOI: 10.1177/0067205X211066142
L. Crawford
This article examines the 2020 decisions of the High Court on constitutional law through the lens of the Communist Party Case, taking the 70th anniversary of that decision as an opportunity to reflect on the ongoing utility and efficacy of the constitutional principles it espoused. It focuses on the way in which constitutional meaning may be informed by ordinary legislation, the common law and the rich backdrop of principles and values against which the Constitution was drafted — particularly, the rule of law. In doing so, the article highlights enduring questions about the scope of the High Court’s power to remedy those deficiencies in the Constitution that reveal themselves over time.
本文通过共产党案的视角审视了高等法院2020年关于宪法的裁决,以该裁决70周年为契机,反思其所支持的宪法原则的持续效用和效力。它侧重于普通立法、普通法以及宪法起草所依据的原则和价值观的丰富背景——特别是法治——对宪法意义的理解。在这样做的过程中,这篇文章强调了关于高等法院补救宪法中随着时间的推移而暴露出来的缺陷的权力范围的长期问题。
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引用次数: 0
Is Legislation Governing Tertiary Work Experience Effective? Exploring the Regulatory Role Played by Australian Universities 规管大专工作经验的法例是否有效?探讨澳大利亚大学的监管作用
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-15 DOI: 10.1177/0067205x211066141
A. Hewitt
This article extends current understandings of regulation of tertiary education, in particular, work experience undertaken by tertiary students, by contributing a ‘law in practice’ analysis of the effect of the existing regulatory regime on work integrated learning practice within Australian universities. It considers how Australian universities are responding to, implementing, or overlooking the formal regulatory framework regarding work experience placements. The analysis is informed by data gathered in a series of 68 semi-structured interviews conducted with individuals from 15 universities around Australia and provides unique insights into how Universities are acting as regulators in the broad sense of the word. Understanding the enforcement of educational regulation is important, because it is the only national tool directed to ensuring work experience opportunities afford real learning which will facilitate skills development and increase future employment opportunities and are equitable and safe for student participants.
本文通过对澳大利亚大学现有监管制度对工作综合学习实践的影响进行“实践中的法律”分析,扩展了目前对高等教育监管的理解,特别是对高等学生工作经验的理解。它考虑了澳大利亚大学如何应对、实施或忽视有关工作经验安置的正式监管框架。该分析基于对来自澳大利亚15所大学的68名个人进行的一系列半结构化访谈中收集的数据,并对大学如何在广义上充当监管者提供了独特的见解。了解教育法规的执行情况很重要,因为它是唯一一个旨在确保工作经验机会提供真正学习的国家工具,这将促进技能发展,增加未来的就业机会,对学生参与者来说是公平和安全的。
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引用次数: 0
Silent Partners? Trade Unions, Corporations and Penalty Privilege in the Federal Court of Australia 沉默的合作伙伴?工会、公司与澳大利亚联邦法院的处罚特权
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2022-02-15 DOI: 10.1177/0067205X211066143
E. Schofield-Georgeson
‘Penalty privilege’ is sometimes referred to as ‘the right to silence’ or more correctly the privilege against self-exposure to civil penalty. It is a procedural rule that applies equally to trade unions and corporations in Australian federal courts. This article critically investigates this equality of this treatment, revealing its historical evolution and arguing that it results in unequal outcomes, relative to the social and historical roles of unions and corporations. But it also discovers distinct incoherence in the application of penalty privilege, along with a host of related legislative interventions that have sought to entrench the equal treatment of trade unions and corporations more broadly. Accordingly, this article proposes a range of reform, with a particular focus on the application of penalty privilege in the federal arena. A more coherent application of penalty privilege, it is proposed, is one that applies in proportion to the social power exercised by persons and entities before the Court.
“刑罚特权”有时被称为“沉默权”,或者更准确地说,是反对自我受到民事处罚的特权。这是一项程序规则,在澳大利亚联邦法院同样适用于工会和公司。本文批判性地研究了这种平等待遇,揭示了它的历史演变,并认为它导致了与工会和公司的社会和历史角色相关的不平等结果。但它也发现,在适用惩罚特权方面存在明显的不一致性,以及一系列旨在更广泛地巩固工会和公司平等待遇的相关立法干预措施。因此,本文提出了一系列改革,特别侧重于刑罚特权在联邦舞台上的应用。有人提议,更连贯地适用刑罚特权的做法是与个人和实体在法院行使的社会权力成比例地适用。
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引用次数: 0
The Constitution’s Guarantee of Legal Accountability for Jurisdictions 宪法对司法管辖区法律问责的保障
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/0067205x211039887
E. Hammond
This article argues that the Constitution’s entrenched provision for judicial review may be understood as a guarantee of legal accountability for a specific class of governmental powers, namely, powers whose exercise has a legal effect on rights and obligations (‘jurisdictions’). The paper’s argument is prompted by the observations in Kaldas v Barbour (2017) 350 ALR 292; [2017] NSWCA 275 on the class of administrative actions that are amenable to entrenched judicial review of State powers. The article shows that the application of this understanding to entrenched review of Commonwealth powers has significant explanatory value. It casts new light on two puzzling features of entrenched review of Commonwealth powers: The discrimen between executive and judicial power that underpins a separation of powers rationale for entrenched review of Commonwealth executive action and the demarcation between s 75(iii) and s 75(v) injunctions against Commonwealth officers. Viewing entrenched review as a guarantee of legal accountability for jurisdictions prompts new insights into its constitutional rationale and its specific contribution to government under law.
这篇文章认为,宪法关于司法审查的根深蒂固的规定可以被理解为对特定类别的政府权力的法律责任的保障,即对权利和义务具有法律效力的权力(“管辖权”)。本文的论点是由Kaldas v Barbour(2017)350 ALR 292中的观察结果引发的;[2017]NSWCA 275关于可接受国家权力根深蒂固的司法审查的行政行为类别。这篇文章表明,将这一理解应用于对英联邦权力的根深蒂固的审查具有重要的解释价值。它揭示了对英联邦权力根深蒂固审查的两个令人困惑的特征:行政和司法权力之间的区别,这是对英联邦行政行动根深蒂固审查的分权理由的基础,以及第75(iii)条和第75(v)条针对英联邦官员的禁令之间的界限。将根深蒂固的审查视为司法管辖区法律责任的保障,促使人们对其宪法依据及其对法治政府的具体贡献有了新的认识。
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引用次数: 0
Institutional Values in Judicial Review of Administrative Action: Re-Reading Attorney-General (NSW) V Quin 行政行为司法审查中的制度价值:重读attorney general (NSW) V Quin
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/0067205X211039892
Lynsey Blayden
Owing to its focus on statutory interpretation, judicial review of administrative action in Australia has been perceived to be ‘formalist’, particularly when compared with review in comparable nations such as England. This led Michael Taggart to characterise review in Australia as ‘exceptionalist’. The judgment of Brennan J in Attorney-General (NSW) v Quin, in which Brennan J emphasised the importance of courts remaining away from ‘the merits’ of administrative decision-making while exercising the supervisory jurisdiction has become closely associated with the view that review in Australia is rigid and formalist. In this article, I re-evaluate the judgment of Brennan J and place it in the context of its facts and of its time. This helps to reveal that the approach to judicial review of administrative action set out by Brennan J in Quin should not be seen as formalist. Rather, both Brennan J’s approach and the contemporary ‘statutory approach’ to judicial review can be seen as informed by values connected with what are understood to be the appropriate functions of each institution of government found within the Australian political system.
由于其对法定解释的关注,澳大利亚对行政行为的司法审查被认为是“形式主义的”,尤其是与英国等可比国家的审查相比。这导致迈克尔·塔格特将澳大利亚的评论定性为“例外论者”。Brennan J在司法部长(NSW)诉Quin一案中的判决强调了法院在行使监督管辖权时远离行政决策“案情”的重要性,该判决与澳大利亚审查僵化和形式主义的观点密切相关。在这篇文章中,我重新评估了Brennan J的判断,并将其置于事实和时代的背景下。这有助于揭示Brennan J在Quin提出的行政行为司法审查方法不应被视为形式主义。相反,Brennan J的司法审查方法和当代的“法定方法”都可以被视为与澳大利亚政治体系中每个政府机构的适当职能相关的价值观。
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引用次数: 0
Arcioni, Crowe and Allan on Constitutional Interpretation: A Worder of Crowes 阿尔西奥尼、克劳和阿兰论宪法解释:克劳的一句话
Q3 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2021-10-23 DOI: 10.1177/0067205x211050853
James Allan
It is, of course, flattering to have not one, but two, fellow constitutional law scholars take issue, in print, with something I recently wrote in the pages of this law review. And so I am most grateful to both Elisa Arcioni and Jonathan Crowe. Now, given the space constraints, I will keep this short, focussed on a few core disagreements, and comprehensible to readers who may not have read the earlier articles. My original piece, ‘Constitutional Interpretation Wholly Unmoored from Constitutional Text: Can the HCA Fix Its Own Mess?’, in the pages of this law review was an extended critique of a recent High Court decision. Part of that critique involved a more foundational criticism of the entire judicially created implied rights jurisprudence. Crowe, in ‘Constitutional Text, Authorial Intentions and Implied Rights: A Response to Allan and Arcioni’, and Arcioni, in ‘Some Reflections on “Constitutional Interpretation Wholly Unmoored from Constitutional Text: Can the HCA Fix Its Own Mess?”’, took issue with my views on the proper approach to constitutional interpretation (though for Arcioni it was more to do with what sort of results that approach would deliver). As Crowe’s criticisms are far more deep-rooted, I will respond to him first. Note, however, that my original article was specifically aimed at criticising the High Court’s recent jurisprudence. It was not a wider theoretical piece defending a particular approach to constitutional interpretation. As it happens, I have written the latter sort of chapters and articles, too; indeed, Crowe cites one of them, and these can be consulted for a more detailed defence of what I will sketch out here. You see, I am a defender of what is known as ‘originalism’. Crowe is not. So perhaps it might be best to begin with a
当然,有两位宪法学者对我最近在这篇法律评论中所写的内容提出了质疑,而不是一位,这是令人欣慰的。因此,我非常感谢Elisa Arcioni和Jonathan Crowe。现在,考虑到篇幅的限制,我将保持简短,重点关注一些核心分歧,并让可能没有阅读过早期文章的读者理解。我的原创文章《完全脱离宪法文本的宪法解释:HCA能解决自己的混乱吗?》,在这篇法律评论中,对高等法院最近的一项裁决进行了深入的批评。这一批评的一部分涉及对整个司法创造的隐含权利判例的更为基础的批评。Crowe,在《宪法文本、权威意图和隐含权利:对Allan和Arcioni的回应》中,以及Arcioni,在《关于“完全脱离宪法文本的宪法解释:HCA能解决自己的混乱吗?”的一些思考》中,对我对宪法解释的正确方法的看法表示异议(尽管对阿尔西奥尼来说,这更多的是与这种方法会产生什么样的结果有关)。由于克罗的批评更加根深蒂固,我将首先回应他。然而,请注意,我最初的文章专门旨在批评高等法院最近的判例。这并不是一篇为宪法解释的特定方法辩护的更广泛的理论文章。碰巧的是,我也写过后一类的章节和文章;事实上,克劳引用了其中一个,可以参考这些,为我在这里概述的内容进行更详细的辩护。你看,我是所谓“原创主义”的捍卫者。克罗不是。因此,也许最好从
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引用次数: 0
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Federal Law Review
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