Water Security最新文献

Bangladesh is increasingly experiencing different challenges from scarce drinking water sources and health risks, explicitly or implicitly attributed to climate change. This systematic bibliographic review manually screened 47 articles under four categories, including Water and health; Climate and water; Climate and health; and Climate, water, and health, from 2010 to 2022. This research is critical for ensuring the availability of safe drinkable water and public health adaptation to climate change in Bangladesh. The findings revealed that cholera, infant diarrhea, pneumonia, dengue, and malaria are prevalent in the vulnerable groups. The present number and distribution of regional healthcare centers demonstrates potable water procedures and medical centers are insufficient relative to demands. Overall, this study revealed several techniques that help guarantee safe potable water, including holding rainwater, pond sand filters, and drinkable water supply. A knowledge-based approach was used to propound an adaptation framework for tackling the impact of changing climate, especially on safe water availability and public health, and also identified six research gaps. This research serves as a roadmap for future scholars, academicians, practitioners, and policymakers and indicates the need for more progress in the database on national climate change research.

A review of ecological, social, engineering, and integrative approaches to define and apply resilience thinking is presented and comparatively discussed in the context of watershed management. Knowledge gaps are identified through an assessment of this literature and compilation of a set of research questions through stakeholder engagement activities. We derive a proposed research agenda describing key areas of inquiry such as watershed resilience variables and their interactions; leveraging watershed natural properties, processes, and dynamics to facilitate and enable resilience; analytical methods and tools including monitoring, modeling, metrics, and scenario planning, and their applications to watersheds at different spatial and temporal scales, and infusing resilience concepts as core values in watershed adaptive management.

Time-lapse (4D) geophysics for monitoring subsurface processes comes as an emerging area of hydrogeophysics. The combined use of non-invasive or minimally invasive geophysical methods such as electrical resistivity, time-domain induced polarization, complex resistivity and self-potential, along with traditional approaches have become commonly used to image the near surface. The use of these geophysical methods is of increasing interest as these techniques provide spatial and temporal imaging of the subsurface processes that otherwise can only be measured at few specific spatial locations. This review discusses the studies carried out using 4D geophysics to monitor contaminant transport affecting subsurface water and hence potentially impacting water security of groundwater-dependent communities as well as ecosystems relying on shallow drainage from landfills. This article highlights a series of the recent case studies from different parts of the world, novel trends, and their potential applications to support water security in the Indian scenario.

Declining water quality can impact the economy in various ways. Impacts can be found in the health sector, where labor productivity can be affected, in agriculture, where the quality and quantity of food produced can be reduced, and in tourism, real estate, aquaculture/fisheries and other sectors which rely on environmental quality and ecosystem services. Despite these well-known impacts, finding economy-wide effects of water quality on economic activity can be elusive. In this paper we attempt to fill this gap by using new data on economic activity and water quality for 17 countries from 1990 to 2014 and a panel fixed-effect model that accounts for endogeneity between pollution and economic growth through the direction of streamflow. We find that when rivers become very heavily polluted, regions downstream see reductions in economic growth, losing between 1.4 and 2.5 percent of economic growth, depending on development level and the level of pollution. These losses imply that in many places, the costs of environmental degradation are severely under-estimated and pollution is well above efficient levels.

Nagavali is one of the important east flowing river basins, providing a water source for more than 5 million people for various applications in two south Indian states namely Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. During the last two decades, the expansion and intensification of agriculture have increased through the development of various surface water storage projects to support agriculture development. In this scenario, understanding the complete water balance under different land use and climate is required for the sustainable management of water resources and agriculture development. The present study attempted to quantify integrated hydrological processes under changing land use and climate over three decades from 1985 to 2018 with the help of coupled SWAT-MODFLOW. The study quantified the river-aquifer interactions and dynamic groundwater recharge by implementing dynamic land use and climate in the coupled hydrological model for three decades. The integrated model has revealed that the combined impact of land use change and climate has increased runoff by 26%, percolation by 16%, irrigation water requirement by 48%, and groundwater storage has declined by 20%, by the end of 2018 when compared to 1991. The present study emphasized the need of modelling surface–groundwater in an integrated manner for better understating hydrological processes to support sustainable water resource management.

Access to basic water services have tremendous influence on health. Meeting the universal drinking water target under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is however a major challenge for many governments in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In many urban contexts in SSA, private and informal water enterprises are essential to improving access to basic water services. They provide critical water services especially to areas not served by public water systems. Building on discussions around water-related jobs, this paper provides a review of characteristics of informal water work and the associated health risks. We believe there is an opportunity to develop a more critical scholarship that simultaneously attends to the contribution of the informal water sector as well as policies needed to ensure safe and decent work environment for workers in the informal water and sanitation sector.

In this paper, we propose to study the operational interest of the build back better concept (BBB) and highlighting its importance in mitigating risks and improving the resilience of critical infrastructures in the Paris region to flood risk during the recovery and the reconstruction phases. Based on an in-depth examination of the BBB concept and its relevance to risk management, we propose an adapted methodological approach suitable for the Paris Region critical infrastructures. Finally, the approach, initially designed for a reconstruction context, is implemented to reduce the vulnerabilities of infrastructures in the prevention phase. We then talk about build better before and present here a development in this sense. Our proposed framework is structured into two major axes: risk quantification and decision support for the multi-criteria optimization of the investments required to mitigate the quantified risks. With this in mind, we first propose to develop an FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) in order to identify and formalize the direct and indirect vulnerabilities of critical infrastructures in a flooding context. The output of the risk assessment is then used within a multi-criteria optimization framework for optimal risk reduction under budget constraints.