Water Security最新文献

Time-lapse (4D) geophysics for monitoring subsurface processes comes as an emerging area of hydrogeophysics. The combined use of non-invasive or minimally invasive geophysical methods such as electrical resistivity, time-domain induced polarization, complex resistivity and self-potential, along with traditional approaches have become commonly used to image the near surface. The use of these geophysical methods is of increasing interest as these techniques provide spatial and temporal imaging of the subsurface processes that otherwise can only be measured at few specific spatial locations. This review discusses the studies carried out using 4D geophysics to monitor contaminant transport affecting subsurface water and hence potentially impacting water security of groundwater-dependent communities as well as ecosystems relying on shallow drainage from landfills. This article highlights a series of the recent case studies from different parts of the world, novel trends, and their potential applications to support water security in the Indian scenario.

Declining water quality can impact the economy in various ways. Impacts can be found in the health sector, where labor productivity can be affected, in agriculture, where the quality and quantity of food produced can be reduced, and in tourism, real estate, aquaculture/fisheries and other sectors which rely on environmental quality and ecosystem services. Despite these well-known impacts, finding economy-wide effects of water quality on economic activity can be elusive. In this paper we attempt to fill this gap by using new data on economic activity and water quality for 17 countries from 1990 to 2014 and a panel fixed-effect model that accounts for endogeneity between pollution and economic growth through the direction of streamflow. We find that when rivers become very heavily polluted, regions downstream see reductions in economic growth, losing between 1.4 and 2.5 percent of economic growth, depending on development level and the level of pollution. These losses imply that in many places, the costs of environmental degradation are severely under-estimated and pollution is well above efficient levels.

Nagavali is one of the important east flowing river basins, providing a water source for more than 5 million people for various applications in two south Indian states namely Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. During the last two decades, the expansion and intensification of agriculture have increased through the development of various surface water storage projects to support agriculture development. In this scenario, understanding the complete water balance under different land use and climate is required for the sustainable management of water resources and agriculture development. The present study attempted to quantify integrated hydrological processes under changing land use and climate over three decades from 1985 to 2018 with the help of coupled SWAT-MODFLOW. The study quantified the river-aquifer interactions and dynamic groundwater recharge by implementing dynamic land use and climate in the coupled hydrological model for three decades. The integrated model has revealed that the combined impact of land use change and climate has increased runoff by 26%, percolation by 16%, irrigation water requirement by 48%, and groundwater storage has declined by 20%, by the end of 2018 when compared to 1991. The present study emphasized the need of modelling surface–groundwater in an integrated manner for better understating hydrological processes to support sustainable water resource management.

Access to basic water services have tremendous influence on health. Meeting the universal drinking water target under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is however a major challenge for many governments in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In many urban contexts in SSA, private and informal water enterprises are essential to improving access to basic water services. They provide critical water services especially to areas not served by public water systems. Building on discussions around water-related jobs, this paper provides a review of characteristics of informal water work and the associated health risks. We believe there is an opportunity to develop a more critical scholarship that simultaneously attends to the contribution of the informal water sector as well as policies needed to ensure safe and decent work environment for workers in the informal water and sanitation sector.

Water security has emerged as a leading framework for water governance that integrates socio-politico-economic and physical attributes and is readily operationalized. Yet, in transboundary river basins it is unclear to what extent water-security framings have any resonance. We examine how water security has been employed in transboundary water research over the past decade. We find a water-security framing bolsters established governance approaches at the river-basin scale, but also advances new avenues that (1) re-examine the scope of local, national and non-state governance capacity or (2) extend beyond river-basin boundaries and outside the water sector. We examine conceptual and scalar challenges and limitations for transboundary water-security applications and highlight opportunities to expand beyond the river-basin as the dominant focus for transboundary water governance.

In this paper, we propose to study the operational interest of the build back better concept (BBB) and highlighting its importance in mitigating risks and improving the resilience of critical infrastructures in the Paris region to flood risk during the recovery and the reconstruction phases. Based on an in-depth examination of the BBB concept and its relevance to risk management, we propose an adapted methodological approach suitable for the Paris Region critical infrastructures. Finally, the approach, initially designed for a reconstruction context, is implemented to reduce the vulnerabilities of infrastructures in the prevention phase. We then talk about build better before and present here a development in this sense. Our proposed framework is structured into two major axes: risk quantification and decision support for the multi-criteria optimization of the investments required to mitigate the quantified risks. With this in mind, we first propose to develop an FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) in order to identify and formalize the direct and indirect vulnerabilities of critical infrastructures in a flooding context. The output of the risk assessment is then used within a multi-criteria optimization framework for optimal risk reduction under budget constraints.

Ensuring resilient food systems and sustainable healthy diets for all requires much higher water use, however, water resources are finite, geographically dispersed, volatile under climate change, and required for other vital functions including ecosystems and the services they provide. Good governance for resilient water resources is a necessary precursor to deciding on solutions, sourcing finance, and delivering infrastructure. Six attributes that together provide a foundation for good governance to reduce future water risks to food systems are proposed. These attributes dovetail in their dual focus on incorporating adaptive learning and new knowledge, and adopting the types of governance systems required for water resilient food systems. The attributes are also founded in the need to greater recognise the role natural, healthy ecosystems play in food systems. The attributes are listed below and are grounded in scientific evidence and the diverse collective experience and expertise of stakeholders working across the science-policy interface: Adopting interconnected systems thinking that embraces the complexity of how we produce, distribute, and add value to food including harnessing the experience and expertise of stakeholders s; adopting multi-level inclusive governance and supporting inclusive participation; enabling continual innovation, new knowledge and learning, and information dissemination; incorporating diversity and redundancy for resilience to shocks; ensuring system preparedness to shocks; and planning for the long term. This will require food and water systems to pro-actively work together toward a socially and environmentally just space that considers the water and food needs of people, the ecosystems that underpin our food systems, and broader energy and equity concerns.

This article starts with the archaeology of justice in an attempt to get to the historical roots of the Iranians’ conception of justice. Justice has been founded on two conceptual pillars “social order” and “divine legitimacy” that were synthesized into the Iranian form of justice. Water justice has not meant equal distribution of water resources, but it has been more of an allocation system that distributed water among different territories according to their dissimilar geopolitical values.

This article explains how a causal relationship between justice, production system and political power could bring about the idea of the “circle of justice”. However, the circle of justice was an ideal model that could not find expression in real world, due to the taxation system whose inevitable malfunction led to the formation of another cycle called the “circle of water justice”.

This article draws an analogy between the historical polities and the present Iranian government in terms of “the circle of water justice”. After the 1979 revolution, this circle was based on an amalgamation between the traditional conception of justice and modern political philosophies, which prescribed socio-economic inequalities in favor of the least advantaged classes. Although “the circle of water justice” served to reinforce the political power, it fueled ecological degradation and social conflicts in the long run. This article concludes that Iran’s hydraulic mission is not the cause of their water crisis, but it is only the result of a subtle mechanism named “the circle of water justice”. Iran’s growing water crisis cannot be defused in the absence of a structural reform in “the circle of water justice”.

Drought is one of the complex and deleterious natural hazards that poses severe challenges to water security, food production, ecosystem, and socio-economic condition in India. Using efficient drought monitoring and assessment, the severe impacts of drought can be reduced. However, drought monitoring and assessment are associated with large uncertainty due to different datasets, methods, drought indices, and modeling approaches. Here, we examine the sources of uncertainty in drought assessment using multiple observational and future projections datasets, methods, and hydrological models. Moreover, we discuss potential ways to overcome the challenges associated with drought assessment in India. The drought assessment without considering uncertainty may cause overestimation or underestimation of risk in the observed and projected future climate, which further affects the planning and management of water resources. Therefore, a thorough understanding of these challenges is essential to improve the existing drought monitoring and assessment approaches.