Pub Date : 2019-05-02DOI: 10.1017/9781108684729.144
S. Rulisa
Regardless of symptoms, the presence of plasmodial parasites in a pregnant woman's body will have a negative impact on her own health and that or her fetus. Restricting treatment to symptomatic pregnant women is an inadequate strategy to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with malaria. [1]Subclinical infection is common in areas where natural immunity is high (eg, sub-Saharan Africa), whereas symptomatic cases are more common in areas with low immunity (eg, the Asia-Pacific region, and South Africa). [2]
{"title":"Malaria in pregnancy","authors":"S. Rulisa","doi":"10.1017/9781108684729.144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684729.144","url":null,"abstract":"Regardless of symptoms, the presence of plasmodial parasites in a pregnant woman's body will have a negative impact on her own health and that or her fetus. Restricting treatment to symptomatic pregnant women is an inadequate strategy to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with malaria. [1]Subclinical infection is common in areas where natural immunity is high (eg, sub-Saharan Africa), whereas symptomatic cases are more common in areas with low immunity (eg, the Asia-Pacific region, and South Africa). [2]","PeriodicalId":373558,"journal":{"name":"Analgesia, Anaesthesia and Pregnancy","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121792648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-02DOI: 10.1017/9781108684729.138
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are severe respiratory diseases that have not been well characterized in veterinary medicine. Despite extensive research into this area in human medicine over the past 30 years, little is known about the exact pathogenesis of this complex syndrome. With the increase in veterinary critical care facilities and the greater number of owners who are willing to enter into extensive treatment of critically ill animals, there will also be an increase in the number of ALI/ARDS cases that are identified and treated. Therefore, it is essential for veterinarians not only to recognize the clinical signs of ALI/ARDS but also to know the risk factors that may predispose patients to developing these respiratory diseases. Knowledge of the complex pathophysiology as well as the pathogenesis is also required to anticipate changes in the animal’s condition. To date, treatment remains primarily symptomatic and is aimed at improving oxygenation. This article is intended to provide clinicians with a basic understanding of the risk factors, pathophysiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, and treatments that may help improve the survival of veterinary patients with ALI/ARDS. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), originally called adult respiratory distress syndrome, was first recognized as a clinical disorder in human intensive care patients by Ashbaugh and colleagues in 1967. It was defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by severe hypoxemia refractory to oxygen treatment with patchy bilateral alveolar infiltrates on chest radiographs and low pulmonary compliance. Estimates of prevalence in humans range from 1.5 to 75 per 100,000 patients; but most experts believe that the actual prevalence is about 5 to 7 per 100,000. Most of the disparity in mortality and prevalence studies has come from the varying definitions of ARDS over the past 30 years. In 1994, an American-European Consensus Committee on ARDS differentiated acute lung injury (ALI) from ARDS by establishing clinical diagnostic criteria for each condition. Differentiation is based on the ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2:FiO2). A value of less than 300 indicates ALI and less than 200 indicates ARDS. Consequently, all ALI cases do not result in ARDS, but all cases of ARDS will result from ALI. Despite being one of the most researched areas of human medicine in the past 20 years, little is known about the exact initiating causes and the best methods of treatment for ALI/ARDS. A single inciting event responsible for producing the clinical signs of ARDS has not been found. It appears more likely that a multitude of events occurs, and any of these can lead to the development of ALI/ARDS. This supposition would coincide with the multiple unrelated risk factors that can lead to the development of this clinical syndrome. Dogs are used extensively in experimental models for studying the developme
{"title":"Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108684729.138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684729.138","url":null,"abstract":"Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are severe respiratory diseases that have not been well characterized in veterinary medicine. Despite extensive research into this area in human medicine over the past 30 years, little is known about the exact pathogenesis of this complex syndrome. With the increase in veterinary critical care facilities and the greater number of owners who are willing to enter into extensive treatment of critically ill animals, there will also be an increase in the number of ALI/ARDS cases that are identified and treated. Therefore, it is essential for veterinarians not only to recognize the clinical signs of ALI/ARDS but also to know the risk factors that may predispose patients to developing these respiratory diseases. Knowledge of the complex pathophysiology as well as the pathogenesis is also required to anticipate changes in the animal’s condition. To date, treatment remains primarily symptomatic and is aimed at improving oxygenation. This article is intended to provide clinicians with a basic understanding of the risk factors, pathophysiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, and treatments that may help improve the survival of veterinary patients with ALI/ARDS. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), originally called adult respiratory distress syndrome, was first recognized as a clinical disorder in human intensive care patients by Ashbaugh and colleagues in 1967. It was defined as a clinical syndrome characterized by severe hypoxemia refractory to oxygen treatment with patchy bilateral alveolar infiltrates on chest radiographs and low pulmonary compliance. Estimates of prevalence in humans range from 1.5 to 75 per 100,000 patients; but most experts believe that the actual prevalence is about 5 to 7 per 100,000. Most of the disparity in mortality and prevalence studies has come from the varying definitions of ARDS over the past 30 years. In 1994, an American-European Consensus Committee on ARDS differentiated acute lung injury (ALI) from ARDS by establishing clinical diagnostic criteria for each condition. Differentiation is based on the ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fractional inspired oxygen (PaO2:FiO2). A value of less than 300 indicates ALI and less than 200 indicates ARDS. Consequently, all ALI cases do not result in ARDS, but all cases of ARDS will result from ALI. Despite being one of the most researched areas of human medicine in the past 20 years, little is known about the exact initiating causes and the best methods of treatment for ALI/ARDS. A single inciting event responsible for producing the clinical signs of ARDS has not been found. It appears more likely that a multitude of events occurs, and any of these can lead to the development of ALI/ARDS. This supposition would coincide with the multiple unrelated risk factors that can lead to the development of this clinical syndrome. Dogs are used extensively in experimental models for studying the developme","PeriodicalId":373558,"journal":{"name":"Analgesia, Anaesthesia and Pregnancy","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123257709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-02DOI: 10.1017/9781108684729.061
Abdelrazig Salih, Dr. Refai Yassein Al-Hussein, A. Al-Sabaawi
Nurses have a key role in effective pain management, the nurse's accurate assessment, prompt intervention and adaptation of pain relief measures are necessary for positive patient outcomes. This cross-sectional study carried out to highlight awareness of pain for its' importance to nurses. A convenience sample of (107) nurse selected randomly from four teaching hospitals in Nineveh Governorate through the period "December/2009-March/2010". Knowledge and Attitude Survey regarding Pain tool had been used n collecting data from the subjects which was self-administered through interview with each subject in the workplace. The main findings were; "Mean scores of correct answers= 15.65 ± 2.52, Total= 57.63, Percentage= 57.63%, Range= 40.74% 85.19%", the workplace scores statistical significant differences with awareness as a ward or as a hospital working in. The study concluded that overall awareness was good as a total or as domains except patients' behavior domain while it recommended to include the educational curriculum by pharmacological area, patient assessment and integration of knowledge about pain into daily practice. Keys; Awareness, Pain, Nurse.
{"title":"Awareness","authors":"Abdelrazig Salih, Dr. Refai Yassein Al-Hussein, A. Al-Sabaawi","doi":"10.1017/9781108684729.061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684729.061","url":null,"abstract":"Nurses have a key role in effective pain management, the nurse's accurate assessment, prompt intervention and adaptation of pain relief measures are necessary for positive patient outcomes. This cross-sectional study carried out to highlight awareness of pain for its' importance to nurses. A convenience sample of (107) nurse selected randomly from four teaching hospitals in Nineveh Governorate through the period \"December/2009-March/2010\". Knowledge and Attitude Survey regarding Pain tool had been used n collecting data from the subjects which was self-administered through interview with each subject in the workplace. The main findings were; \"Mean scores of correct answers= 15.65 ± 2.52, Total= 57.63, Percentage= 57.63%, Range= 40.74% 85.19%\", the workplace scores statistical significant differences with awareness as a ward or as a hospital working in. The study concluded that overall awareness was good as a total or as domains except patients' behavior domain while it recommended to include the educational curriculum by pharmacological area, patient assessment and integration of knowledge about pain into daily practice. Keys; Awareness, Pain, Nurse.","PeriodicalId":373558,"journal":{"name":"Analgesia, Anaesthesia and Pregnancy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129631163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-02DOI: 10.1017/9781108684729.173
{"title":"Minimum standards, guidelines and protocols","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108684729.173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684729.173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":373558,"journal":{"name":"Analgesia, Anaesthesia and Pregnancy","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125443289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-02DOI: 10.1017/9781108684729.065
{"title":"Oxytocic and tocolytic drugs","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108684729.065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684729.065","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":373558,"journal":{"name":"Analgesia, Anaesthesia and Pregnancy","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127986611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-02DOI: 10.1017/9781108684729.042
Aleksey M. Ovechkin, A. Bayalieva, A. Ezhevskaya, A. Eremenko, D.V. Zabolotskij, I. Zabolotskikh, A. Karelov, V. A. Koryachkin, A. P. Spasova, V. Khoronenko, D. Uvarov, G. E. Ulrikh, R. Shadrin
This article described the main theses of clinical guidelines of the Russian Federation of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists on postoperative pain management. The classification, etiology and pathogenesis of postoperative pain, the basic principles and algorithms for diagnosing pain, and the regional and systemic pharmacotherapy of pain in various fields of surgery are consistently presented. Multimodal analgesia is described in detail as a key concept of a current approach to the treatment of postoperative pain.
{"title":"Postoperative analgesia","authors":"Aleksey M. Ovechkin, A. Bayalieva, A. Ezhevskaya, A. Eremenko, D.V. Zabolotskij, I. Zabolotskikh, A. Karelov, V. A. Koryachkin, A. P. Spasova, V. Khoronenko, D. Uvarov, G. E. Ulrikh, R. Shadrin","doi":"10.1017/9781108684729.042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684729.042","url":null,"abstract":"This article described the main theses of clinical guidelines of the Russian Federation of Anesthesiologists and Reanimatologists on postoperative pain management. The classification, etiology and pathogenesis of postoperative pain, the basic principles and algorithms for diagnosing pain, and the regional and systemic pharmacotherapy of pain in various fields of surgery are consistently presented. Multimodal analgesia is described in detail as a key concept of a current approach to the treatment of postoperative pain.","PeriodicalId":373558,"journal":{"name":"Analgesia, Anaesthesia and Pregnancy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131971315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-02DOI: 10.1017/9781108684729.016
{"title":"Drugs and pregnancy","authors":"","doi":"10.1017/9781108684729.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108684729.016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":373558,"journal":{"name":"Analgesia, Anaesthesia and Pregnancy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131625510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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