Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-05-27DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2024-0097
Katherine E Spring, Amanda E Staiano, Dimetrius Brandon, Anthony D Okely, E Kipling Webster
Fundamental motor skills are important markers of child development, yet gold standard measurement of these skills may be infeasible in large surveillance studies. The SUNRISE study examines movement behaviors and fundamental motor skills among an international sample of preschool-aged children. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of three product-oriented gross motor assessments used in the SUNRISE study with the gold standard process-oriented assessment, the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third edition (TGMD-3). Sixty-three children (4.8 ± 0.8 years; 57% girls) completed both process- and product-oriented assessments concurrently and were included in the final analysis. Spearman correlations and regressions were used. Spearman correlations indicated significant weak to strong relationships between SUNRISE skills (individual and composite) and TGMD-3 individual skills. Furthermore, SUNRISE performance, controlling for age, was significantly (p < .001) associated with TGMD-3 locomotor skills (35.8% variance) and total TGMD-3 scores (44.8% variance). SUNRISE motor skill performance, controlling for age and sex, was significantly associated (p = .001) with TGMD-3 ball skills (39.4% variance). Findings suggest a moderate positive relationship between the SUNRISE assessments and the TGMD-3, providing preliminary evidence to interpret that the SUNRISE assessment performance is similar to performance on the TGMD-3.
{"title":"The Associations of SUNRISE Product-Oriented Gross Motor Skills With Process-Oriented TGMD-3.","authors":"Katherine E Spring, Amanda E Staiano, Dimetrius Brandon, Anthony D Okely, E Kipling Webster","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2024-0097","DOIUrl":"10.1123/jmld.2024-0097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fundamental motor skills are important markers of child development, yet gold standard measurement of these skills may be infeasible in large surveillance studies. The SUNRISE study examines movement behaviors and fundamental motor skills among an international sample of preschool-aged children. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of three product-oriented gross motor assessments used in the SUNRISE study with the gold standard process-oriented assessment, the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third edition (TGMD-3). Sixty-three children (4.8 ± 0.8 years; 57% girls) completed both process- and product-oriented assessments concurrently and were included in the final analysis. Spearman correlations and regressions were used. Spearman correlations indicated significant weak to strong relationships between SUNRISE skills (individual and composite) and TGMD-3 individual skills. Furthermore, SUNRISE performance, controlling for age, was significantly (<i>p</i> < .001) associated with TGMD-3 locomotor skills (35.8% variance) and total TGMD-3 scores (44.8% variance). SUNRISE motor skill performance, controlling for age and sex, was significantly associated (<i>p</i> = .001) with TGMD-3 ball skills (39.4% variance). Findings suggest a moderate positive relationship between the SUNRISE assessments and the TGMD-3, providing preliminary evidence to interpret that the SUNRISE assessment performance is similar to performance on the TGMD-3.</p>","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"13 2","pages":"506-522"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12442383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145087637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-01Epub Date: 2025-03-07DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2024-0094
Kara K Palmer, David F Stodden, Bryan M Terlizzi, Adam Pennell, Michael A Nunu, Leah E Robinson
There is a common assumption that changes in developmental movement patterns (process) leads to better skill outcome performance (product); however, limited longitudinal data evaluate this assumption. This study examined (a) the longitudinal relationship among process and product motor skill scores across early childhood (3.5-6 years) and (b) the extent to which changes in children's process scores (e.g., movement pattern) predicted changes in product scores (e.g., outcome performance) controlling sex and developmental factors of age and anthropometrics. Children (n = 135; Mage = 53.4 months) completed a battery of five motor skills (throwing, kicking, standing long jump, running, and hopping), assessed with both process and product scores. The relationship among process and product scores were examined using Spearman rank correlations; longitudinal relationships were examined using linear-mixed models with random intercepts. There were weak to strong correlations in process and product scores (range = .04-.77). Controlling for age, sex, and anthropometrics, there was a small inverse linear relationship between process scores of the hop and hopping speed. These results provide novel insight into motor development performance trends in early childhood. These data challenge traditional assumptions that, in general, longitudinal changes in children's process scores do not necessarily reflect changes in product scores.
{"title":"Motor Development in Early Childhood (3-5 Year Olds): Investigating Longitudinal Changes in Children's Movement Patterns and Outcome Performance.","authors":"Kara K Palmer, David F Stodden, Bryan M Terlizzi, Adam Pennell, Michael A Nunu, Leah E Robinson","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2024-0094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2024-0094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a common assumption that changes in developmental movement patterns (process) leads to better skill outcome performance (product); however, limited longitudinal data evaluate this assumption. This study examined (a) the longitudinal relationship among process and product motor skill scores across early childhood (3.5-6 years) and (b) the extent to which changes in children's process scores (e.g., movement pattern) predicted changes in product scores (e.g., outcome performance) controlling sex and developmental factors of age and anthropometrics. Children (<i>n</i> = 135; <i>M</i> <sub>age</sub> = 53.4 months) completed a battery of five motor skills (throwing, kicking, standing long jump, running, and hopping), assessed with both process and product scores. The relationship among process and product scores were examined using Spearman rank correlations; longitudinal relationships were examined using linear-mixed models with random intercepts. There were weak to strong correlations in process and product scores (range = .04-.77). Controlling for age, sex, and anthropometrics, there was a small inverse linear relationship between process scores of the hop and hopping speed. These results provide novel insight into motor development performance trends in early childhood. These data challenge traditional assumptions that, in general, longitudinal changes in children's process scores do not necessarily reflect changes in product scores.</p>","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"13 2","pages":"389-410"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12382372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144972739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2024-0016
Stephanie A Palmer, Katherine Q Scott-Andrews, Nancy G Ramirez, Alec McKheen, Leah E Robinson
Indoor and outdoor home space may support physical activity (PA) and enhance motor skills (MS). However, there is limited knowledge about how indoor and outdoor home space affect PA and MS parent-child dyads. This cross-sectional study examined whether indoor and outdoor home spaces affect PA and MS in children and their parents. MS was measured with the Test of Gross Motor Development-3, and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was assessed using accelerometry in 43 and 48 parent-child dyads, respectively. Indoor and outdoor home spaces were self-reported through an online questionnaire. Multiple regression models were fit to determine the relationship between indoor and outdoor home space and MS and MVPA in children and parents separately. Controlling for theory-based covariates, outdoor home space was positively associated with children's MVPA (p < .05) and parents' MS (p < .05) but negatively associated with parents' MVPA (p < .05). Indoor home space was negatively associated with parents' MS (p < .05). No other significant findings emerged. Findings suggest indoor and outdoor home spaces may play unique roles in supporting PA and MS among parent-child dyads and should be investigated in more rigorous studies.
{"title":"Physical Activity and Motor Skills in Parent-Child Dyads: Associations With Indoor and Outdoor Home Space.","authors":"Stephanie A Palmer, Katherine Q Scott-Andrews, Nancy G Ramirez, Alec McKheen, Leah E Robinson","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2024-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2024-0016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indoor and outdoor home space may support physical activity (PA) and enhance motor skills (MS). However, there is limited knowledge about how indoor and outdoor home space affect PA and MS parent-child dyads. This cross-sectional study examined whether indoor and outdoor home spaces affect PA and MS in children and their parents. MS was measured with the Test of Gross Motor Development-3, and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was assessed using accelerometry in 43 and 48 parent-child dyads, respectively. Indoor and outdoor home spaces were self-reported through an online questionnaire. Multiple regression models were fit to determine the relationship between indoor and outdoor home space and MS and MVPA in children and parents separately. Controlling for theory-based covariates, outdoor home space was positively associated with children's MVPA (<i>p</i> < .05) and parents' MS (<i>p</i> < .05) but negatively associated with parents' MVPA (<i>p</i> < .05). Indoor home space was negatively associated with parents' MS (<i>p</i> < .05). No other significant findings emerged. Findings suggest indoor and outdoor home spaces may play unique roles in supporting PA and MS among parent-child dyads and should be investigated in more rigorous studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"13 1","pages":"231-245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12001579/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144056977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Logan T. Markwell, Joei R. Velten, Julie A. Partridge, Jared M. Porter
Previous research has shown practice within an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment improves performance in a physical environment. Increased user motivation is one possible advantage of practicing in VR. One recent study showed that an enriched gaming environment led to higher levels of engagement, resulting in a direct learning benefit. The purpose of this study was to compare the intrinsic motivation, engagement, and transfer of learning between VR practice and physical practice of the same motor skill. Participants ( n = 61) were randomly assigned to a physical ( n = 30) or a VR practice group ( n = 31) in which they performed a golf putting task. Analyses showed VR practice led to a significantly greater increase in average intrinsic motivation inventory score than physical practice. Analyses for performance showed there was a significant ( p < .001) improvement in accuracy (i.e., radial error) from pre- to posttest, but the two groups did not differ. Overall, these results partially support our hypotheses suggesting that VR practice led to a greater increase in motivation compared with physical practice. Additionally, these results suggest that VR practice was similarly effective at improving accuracy compared with physical practice. Future research directions are discussed.
{"title":"Virtual Motivation: The Psychological and Transfer of Learning Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality Practice","authors":"Logan T. Markwell, Joei R. Velten, Julie A. Partridge, Jared M. Porter","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2022-0084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2022-0084","url":null,"abstract":"Previous research has shown practice within an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment improves performance in a physical environment. Increased user motivation is one possible advantage of practicing in VR. One recent study showed that an enriched gaming environment led to higher levels of engagement, resulting in a direct learning benefit. The purpose of this study was to compare the intrinsic motivation, engagement, and transfer of learning between VR practice and physical practice of the same motor skill. Participants ( n = 61) were randomly assigned to a physical ( n = 30) or a VR practice group ( n = 31) in which they performed a golf putting task. Analyses showed VR practice led to a significantly greater increase in average intrinsic motivation inventory score than physical practice. Analyses for performance showed there was a significant ( p < .001) improvement in accuracy (i.e., radial error) from pre- to posttest, but the two groups did not differ. Overall, these results partially support our hypotheses suggesting that VR practice led to a greater increase in motivation compared with physical practice. Additionally, these results suggest that VR practice was similarly effective at improving accuracy compared with physical practice. Future research directions are discussed.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135817969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James O. Brown, Alex Chatburn, David L. Wright, Maarten A. Immink
Posttraining meditation has been shown to promote wakeful memory stabilization of explicit motor sequence information in learners who are experienced meditators. We investigated the effect of single-session mindfulness meditation on wakeful and sleep-dependent forms of implicit motor memory consolidation in meditation naïve adults. Immediately after training with a target implicit motor sequence, participants ( N = 20, eight females, 23.9 ± 3.3 years) completed either a 10-min mindfulness meditation ( N = 10) or a control listening task before exposure to task interference induced by training with a novel implicit sequence. Target sequence performance was tested following 5-hr wakeful and 15-hr postsleep periods. Bayesian inference was applied to group comparisons of mean reaction time (RT) changes across training, interference, wakeful, and postsleep timepoints. Relative to control conditions, posttraining meditation reduced RT slowing between target sequence training and interference sequence introduction (BF 10 [Bayes factors] = 6.61) and supported RT performance gains over the wakeful period (BF 10 = 8.34). No group differences in postsleep RT performance were evident (BF 10 = 0.38). These findings illustrate that posttraining mindfulness meditation expedites wakeful, but not sleep-dependent, offline learning with implicit motor sequences. Previous meditation experience is not required to obtain wakeful consolidation gains from posttraining mindfulness meditation.
{"title":"A Single Session of Mindfulness Meditation Expedites Immediate Motor Memory Consolidation to Improve Wakeful Offline Learning","authors":"James O. Brown, Alex Chatburn, David L. Wright, Maarten A. Immink","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2022-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2022-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Posttraining meditation has been shown to promote wakeful memory stabilization of explicit motor sequence information in learners who are experienced meditators. We investigated the effect of single-session mindfulness meditation on wakeful and sleep-dependent forms of implicit motor memory consolidation in meditation naïve adults. Immediately after training with a target implicit motor sequence, participants ( N = 20, eight females, 23.9 ± 3.3 years) completed either a 10-min mindfulness meditation ( N = 10) or a control listening task before exposure to task interference induced by training with a novel implicit sequence. Target sequence performance was tested following 5-hr wakeful and 15-hr postsleep periods. Bayesian inference was applied to group comparisons of mean reaction time (RT) changes across training, interference, wakeful, and postsleep timepoints. Relative to control conditions, posttraining meditation reduced RT slowing between target sequence training and interference sequence introduction (BF 10 [Bayes factors] = 6.61) and supported RT performance gains over the wakeful period (BF 10 = 8.34). No group differences in postsleep RT performance were evident (BF 10 = 0.38). These findings illustrate that posttraining mindfulness meditation expedites wakeful, but not sleep-dependent, offline learning with implicit motor sequences. Previous meditation experience is not required to obtain wakeful consolidation gains from posttraining mindfulness meditation.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"263 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136261409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Andrea H. Mason, Alejandra S. Padilla, Kristen A. Pickett
Previous studies have identified patterns of coordinated control when adults combine gait and grasping. What remains unclear is whether the coordination of these two tasks differs between adolescent and adult groups. Groups of adults and adolescents were asked to walk across an instrumented gait mat in three conditions: walk forward, walk and grasp a small target, and walk and grasp a large target. Spatiotemporal measures of gait/gait variability and grasp/grasp variability were quantified. Both adolescents and young adults exhibited decreased velocity, decreased step-extremity ratio, and increased percent of gait cycle spent in double support when grasping compared to walking alone. The major influence of grasping was seen during the final step before grasp in both groups. Change scores between walk forward and walk and grasp conditions were larger for adolescents. Furthermore, spatiotemporal measures of gait and grasping were more variable in adolescents. These results suggest that superimposing grasp onto gait is more challenging for adolescents than young adults. The challenges associated with combining these two tasks is particularly evident in the last step prior to object contact and suggests that the increased planning and execution demands required to perform these coordinated skills affects adolescents to a greater extent than young adults.
{"title":"Age Differences in a Combined Walking and Grasping Task","authors":"Andrea H. Mason, Alejandra S. Padilla, Kristen A. Pickett","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2023-0032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2023-0032","url":null,"abstract":"Previous studies have identified patterns of coordinated control when adults combine gait and grasping. What remains unclear is whether the coordination of these two tasks differs between adolescent and adult groups. Groups of adults and adolescents were asked to walk across an instrumented gait mat in three conditions: walk forward, walk and grasp a small target, and walk and grasp a large target. Spatiotemporal measures of gait/gait variability and grasp/grasp variability were quantified. Both adolescents and young adults exhibited decreased velocity, decreased step-extremity ratio, and increased percent of gait cycle spent in double support when grasping compared to walking alone. The major influence of grasping was seen during the final step before grasp in both groups. Change scores between walk forward and walk and grasp conditions were larger for adolescents. Furthermore, spatiotemporal measures of gait and grasping were more variable in adolescents. These results suggest that superimposing grasp onto gait is more challenging for adolescents than young adults. The challenges associated with combining these two tasks is particularly evident in the last step prior to object contact and suggests that the increased planning and execution demands required to perform these coordinated skills affects adolescents to a greater extent than young adults.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135703859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michael A. Weise, J. A. Vicente, Belle P. Ponce de Leon, Makena Savola, Kimberly Hernandez, Sean P. Flanagan, J. Hinkel-Lipsker
Action observation, where a learner observes a model demonstrating a skill, has long been established in the literature as an effective means to acquire motor skills. Developments in virtual reality technology have made it possible for a 3D action observation viewing perspective, theoretically providing a viewing experience similar to observing a live performer. However, very little work has compared these two media and their effects on motor learning outcomes. In this current study, healthy novice participants to Olympic lifting (specifically the clean and jerk; n = 36) learned the exercise through observing a model demonstration in virtual reality (3D group) or on a computer screen (2D group). A third group (control) did not engage in action observation. Results indicate that following training, the 2D group more frequently used a three-step lifting pattern, and the 2D and 3D groups lifted with a significantly greater horizontal displacement compared with the control group. Also, the 2D group was more likely to use a proximal-to-distal joint coordination strategy during the second pull of the exercise. These results further the idea that only small parts of pertinent visual information are needed for action observation, and that virtual reality may provide too much information to novice learners.
{"title":"Virtual Reality for Action Observation Does Not Enhance Motor Learning of a Complex Weightlifting Task","authors":"Michael A. Weise, J. A. Vicente, Belle P. Ponce de Leon, Makena Savola, Kimberly Hernandez, Sean P. Flanagan, J. Hinkel-Lipsker","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2022-0069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2022-0069","url":null,"abstract":"Action observation, where a learner observes a model demonstrating a skill, has long been established in the literature as an effective means to acquire motor skills. Developments in virtual reality technology have made it possible for a 3D action observation viewing perspective, theoretically providing a viewing experience similar to observing a live performer. However, very little work has compared these two media and their effects on motor learning outcomes. In this current study, healthy novice participants to Olympic lifting (specifically the clean and jerk; n = 36) learned the exercise through observing a model demonstration in virtual reality (3D group) or on a computer screen (2D group). A third group (control) did not engage in action observation. Results indicate that following training, the 2D group more frequently used a three-step lifting pattern, and the 2D and 3D groups lifted with a significantly greater horizontal displacement compared with the control group. Also, the 2D group was more likely to use a proximal-to-distal joint coordination strategy during the second pull of the exercise. These results further the idea that only small parts of pertinent visual information are needed for action observation, and that virtual reality may provide too much information to novice learners.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79448782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of this study was to determine the associations of device-based assessments of physical activity (PA) and health-related fitness (HRF) with gross motor skills (GMS) in preschool-aged children. Participants were 3- to 5-year-old children (N = 316; 49.6% female) who participated in the 2012 National Youth Fitness Survey. GMS was assessed using the gross motor quotient calculated from the Test for Gross Motor Development—Second Edition. PA was assessed using wrist-worn ActiGraph GT3X accelerometers with raw triaxial acceleration data summarized using monitor-independent movement summary units (MIMS). Analyzed metrics included average MIMS per day and peak 30-min MIMS. HRF assessment consisted of a plank score and a sum of skinfold assessment. Weighted hierarchical regressions tested the associations between PA, HRF, and GMS variables with a secondary weighted mediation analysis that examined whether HRF mediated the association between PA and GMS. Peak 30-min MIMS significantly correlated with GMS (b = 0.17, p = .005). Plank scores had the strongest correlation with GMS (b = 0.23, p = .004), and weighted mediation analyses revealed that plank scores partially mediated the association between peak 30-min MIMS and GMS (indirect effect = 0.03, p = .01, 23.1% mediation). Peak 30-min MIMS significantly associated with GMS in preschool children, an association partially mediated by core muscular endurance.
本研究的目的是确定基于设备的身体活动(PA)和健康相关健身(HRF)评估与学龄前儿童大肌肉运动技能(GMS)的关联。参与者为3- 5岁的儿童(N = 316;49.6%女性)，参加了2012年全国青少年健康调查。使用大肌肉运动发展测试第二版计算的大肌肉运动商来评估GMS。使用腕戴式ActiGraph GT3X加速度计评估PA，使用独立于监测器的运动汇总单元(MIMS)汇总原始三轴加速度数据。分析的指标包括每天的平均MIMS和峰值30分钟的MIMS。HRF评估包括平板支撑评分和皮褶评估之和。加权层次回归检验了PA、HRF和GMS变量之间的关联，并进行了二次加权中介分析，以检验HRF是否介导了PA和GMS之间的关联。峰值30min MIMS与GMS显著相关(b = 0.17, p = 0.005)。平板支撑评分与GMS的相关性最强(b = 0.23, p = 0.004)，加权中介分析显示，平板支撑评分部分介导了30分钟MIMS峰值与GMS之间的关联(间接效应= 0.03,p = 0.004)。01, 23.1%调解)。学龄前儿童的峰值30分钟MIMS与GMS显著相关，这种关联部分由核心肌肉耐力介导。
{"title":"Associations of Monitor-Independent Movement Summary and Health-Related Fitness With Gross Motor Skills in Young Children","authors":"R. Burns, You Fu, Yang Bai, W. Byun","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2022-0073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2022-0073","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to determine the associations of device-based assessments of physical activity (PA) and health-related fitness (HRF) with gross motor skills (GMS) in preschool-aged children. Participants were 3- to 5-year-old children (N = 316; 49.6% female) who participated in the 2012 National Youth Fitness Survey. GMS was assessed using the gross motor quotient calculated from the Test for Gross Motor Development—Second Edition. PA was assessed using wrist-worn ActiGraph GT3X accelerometers with raw triaxial acceleration data summarized using monitor-independent movement summary units (MIMS). Analyzed metrics included average MIMS per day and peak 30-min MIMS. HRF assessment consisted of a plank score and a sum of skinfold assessment. Weighted hierarchical regressions tested the associations between PA, HRF, and GMS variables with a secondary weighted mediation analysis that examined whether HRF mediated the association between PA and GMS. Peak 30-min MIMS significantly correlated with GMS (b = 0.17, p = .005). Plank scores had the strongest correlation with GMS (b = 0.23, p = .004), and weighted mediation analyses revealed that plank scores partially mediated the association between peak 30-min MIMS and GMS (indirect effect = 0.03, p = .01, 23.1% mediation). Peak 30-min MIMS significantly associated with GMS in preschool children, an association partially mediated by core muscular endurance.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83588345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mandy S. Plumb, Megan Charity, Kimberly Milla, B. Bodt, N. Getchell
Background: Previous research suggests that children with or at risk of probable developmental coordination disorder (pDCD) activate different areas of the brain when performing certain motor skills compared with typically developing (TD) children. This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy to compare prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity in TD and pDCD during the completion of manual (three-dimensional [3D]) and computerized versions (two-dimensional) of the Tower of Hanoi (ToH) puzzle. Method: A total of 12 children (TD and pDCD; one female/11 male, , SD ± 1.52 years) performed the two-dimensional and 3D conditions of the ToH disk tasks, with equivalent executive function but different motor requirements, with functional near-infrared spectroscopy to compare PFC activity. Results: Interestingly, brain oxygenation levels were more apparent in the 3D versus two-dimensional ToH. In the 3D, there were large differences between pairs of discordant sibling sets and this was located to the right medial PFC, with pDCD exhibiting less activation in this region. Conclusion: While only exploratory, we have identified potential differences in the right medial PFC region, which differs within sibling sets with different pDCD status. These results concur with previous studies and are an area that needs to be explored further with a larger cohort of TD and pDCD.
{"title":"Prefrontal Cortex Activity in Siblings With and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder: An Exploratory Study","authors":"Mandy S. Plumb, Megan Charity, Kimberly Milla, B. Bodt, N. Getchell","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2021-0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2021-0065","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Previous research suggests that children with or at risk of probable developmental coordination disorder (pDCD) activate different areas of the brain when performing certain motor skills compared with typically developing (TD) children. This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy to compare prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity in TD and pDCD during the completion of manual (three-dimensional [3D]) and computerized versions (two-dimensional) of the Tower of Hanoi (ToH) puzzle. Method: A total of 12 children (TD and pDCD; one female/11 male, , SD ± 1.52 years) performed the two-dimensional and 3D conditions of the ToH disk tasks, with equivalent executive function but different motor requirements, with functional near-infrared spectroscopy to compare PFC activity. Results: Interestingly, brain oxygenation levels were more apparent in the 3D versus two-dimensional ToH. In the 3D, there were large differences between pairs of discordant sibling sets and this was located to the right medial PFC, with pDCD exhibiting less activation in this region. Conclusion: While only exploratory, we have identified potential differences in the right medial PFC region, which differs within sibling sets with different pDCD status. These results concur with previous studies and are an area that needs to be explored further with a larger cohort of TD and pDCD.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84481699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study assessed whether trunk flexor and extensor strength were predictors of time to stability (TTS) and center of pressure (CoP) during hop and hold tasks in children. Seventeen boys (age, 10.1 ± 1.6 years; height, 1.45 ± 0.11 m; mass, 26.7 ± 7.83 kg) undertook isokinetic strength assessments of concentric and eccentric trunk flexors/extensors at 60°/s, and anterior/medial hop tasks. Hierarchical multiple regressions determined whether concentric and eccentric trunk flexor/extensor peak torques predict TTS using a composite score (CompX CompY CompZ) and CoPX and CoPY. Concentric trunk flexors were the strongest predictor for TTS CompXY, with concentric flexion and eccentric extension predicting TTS CompY. All muscle actions were also strong predictors for CoPY during hop tasks. These findings have implications for the assessment of trunk musculature strength and measures of postural control within a young healthy population. The development of trunk musculature strength may aid improvements in dynamic balance tasks in children, with implications for fall and injury risk. To improve trunk musculature strength and the potential to maintain postural control, a combination of concentric and eccentric exercises with other training modalities appears relevant due to the increased relevance to the demands of balance maintenance.
{"title":"The Influence of Isokinetic Trunk Flexor and Extensor Strength on Dynamic Balance in Children","authors":"S. Eustace, M. Wdowski, J. Tallis, Michael Duncan","doi":"10.1123/jmld.2022-0078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2022-0078","url":null,"abstract":"This study assessed whether trunk flexor and extensor strength were predictors of time to stability (TTS) and center of pressure (CoP) during hop and hold tasks in children. Seventeen boys (age, 10.1 ± 1.6 years; height, 1.45 ± 0.11 m; mass, 26.7 ± 7.83 kg) undertook isokinetic strength assessments of concentric and eccentric trunk flexors/extensors at 60°/s, and anterior/medial hop tasks. Hierarchical multiple regressions determined whether concentric and eccentric trunk flexor/extensor peak torques predict TTS using a composite score (CompX CompY CompZ) and CoPX and CoPY. Concentric trunk flexors were the strongest predictor for TTS CompXY, with concentric flexion and eccentric extension predicting TTS CompY. All muscle actions were also strong predictors for CoPY during hop tasks. These findings have implications for the assessment of trunk musculature strength and measures of postural control within a young healthy population. The development of trunk musculature strength may aid improvements in dynamic balance tasks in children, with implications for fall and injury risk. To improve trunk musculature strength and the potential to maintain postural control, a combination of concentric and eccentric exercises with other training modalities appears relevant due to the increased relevance to the demands of balance maintenance.","PeriodicalId":37368,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Motor Learning and Development","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84147873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号