Journal of Motor Learning and Development最新文献_第4页

Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test Anterior Reach Asymmetry and Noncontact Lower Limb Injury in Subelite Young Male Soccer Players With Different Training Experiences 不同训练经验的亚青少年男子足球运动员下肢前伸不对称与非接触性下肢损伤

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2022-0003

Dirk Krombholz, Peter Leinen, T. Muehlbauer, Stefan Panzer

Poor single-leg balance performance is associated with an increased risk of sustaining lower limb injuries in team sports. However, it is unclear whether this relationship is modified by the level of training experience (years of training experience). The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether soccer players’ single-leg balance performance is related to lower limb injuries in noncontact situations with different levels of training experience. Subelite young male soccer players performed the Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test with the dominant and the nondominant leg at the beginning of the preseason. Due to COVID-19 rules, the occurrence of lower limb injuries during the second half of the competitive season was documented. The odds of injury were calculated based on a previously reported Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test cut-off score for side-to-side anterior reach difference (≥4 cm). Twelve soccer players sustained a lower leg injury in noncontact situations. Only four of them had an anterior reach difference equal to or above the cut-off score. Soccer training experience has no significant influence on the association between Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test anterior reach asymmetry and noncontact lower limb injury in young male players.

在团体运动中，单腿平衡能力差与持续下肢损伤的风险增加有关。然而，目前尚不清楚这种关系是否会受到培训经验水平(培训经验年数)的影响。本研究的目的是评估不同训练经验水平的足球运动员在非接触情况下的单腿平衡表现是否与下肢损伤有关。青少年男子足球运动员在季前赛开始时用优势腿和非优势腿进行了下季度y平衡测试。由于COVID-19规则，记录了比赛后半段下肢受伤的情况。损伤的几率是根据先前报道的Lower Quarter Y-Balance Test两侧前路到达差(≥4 cm)的截止分数计算的。12名足球运动员在非接触情况下小腿受伤。其中只有4人的前达差等于或高于分界点。足球训练经验对年轻男性运动员下肢Y-Balance测试前伸不对称与非接触性下肢损伤的关系无显著影响。

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引用次数: 2

Interrater Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition Following Raters’ Agreement on Measurement Criteria 大肌肉运动发展测验的互估者信度-第三版:根据评分者对测量标准的一致意见

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2022-0068

Aida Carballo-Fazanes, E. Rey, N. Valentini, Cristina Varela-Casal, C. Abelairas‐Gómez

We aimed to calculate interrater reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition (TGMD-3) after raters reached a consensus regarding measurement criteria. Three raters measured the fundamental movement skills of 25 children on the TGMD-3 at two different times: (a) once when simply following the measurement criteria in the TGMD-3 manual and (b) after a 9-month washout period, following the raters’ consensus building for the measurement criteria for each skill. After calculating and comparing the interrater reliability of these three raters across these two rating times, we found improved interrater reliability after the raters’ consensus-building discussions on ratings of both locomotor skills (moderate-to-good reliability on two of six skills initially and at least moderate-to-excellent on four of six skills following criteria consensus building) and ball skills (moderate-to-good reliability on one of seven skills initially and at least moderate-to-excellent reliability on four of seven skills following criteria consensus building). For subtest scores and overall test scores, raters achieved at least moderate-to-good reliability on their second, postconsensus-building ratings. Based on this improved reliability following consensus building, we recommend that researchers include rater consensus building before assessing children’s fundamental movement skills or guiding curriculum interventions in physical education from TGMD-3 data.

我们的目的是在评分者就测量标准达成共识后，计算大肌肉动作发展测试第三版(TGMD-3)的相互信度。三名评分者在两个不同的时间测量了25名儿童在TGMD-3上的基本运动技能:(a)一次，简单地遵循TGMD-3手册中的测量标准;(b)在9个月的冲洗期之后，遵循评分者对每个技能的测量标准的共识。在计算和比较了这三个评价者在这两个评价期的互估信度后，我们发现，在评判员对运动技能(最初六项技能中的两项具有中等到良好的可靠性，在标准共识建立之后，六项技能中的四项具有至少中等到优秀的可靠性)和球类技能(最初七项技能中的一项具有中等到良好的可靠性，在标准共识建立之后，七项技能中的四项具有至少中等到优秀的可靠性)的评级进行讨论后，评判员的信度得到了改善。对于子测试分数和总体测试分数，评分者在他们的第二次，即建立共识后的评分中至少达到了中等到良好的可靠性。基于共识构建后可靠性的提高，我们建议研究人员在评估儿童基本运动技能或根据TGMD-3数据指导体育课程干预之前，包括更多的共识构建。

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引用次数: 0

Performance Metrics From Product-Oriented Measures of Fundamental Motor Skills—A Comparison and Developmental Perspective 以产品为导向的基本运动技能的绩效指标——比较与发展的视角

Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2022-0074

Kara K. Palmer, Adam Pennell, Bryan Terlizzi, Michael A. Nunu, David F. Stodden, Leah E. Robinson

This study (a) examined the associations among different performance metrics derived from different strategies (i.e., maximum and average scores) and trials from product-oriented measures of motor skills, and (b) explored how different performance metrics from product-oriented assessments of motor skills change in young children with typical development. Children ( N = 279; 156 girls; M age = 4.44 years) completed a battery of product-oriented assessments for throwing (in meters per second, five trials); kicking (in meters per second, five trials); jumping (in centimeters, five trials); running (in meters per second, two trials); and hopping (in meters per second, four trials—two preferred foot, two nonpreferred foot). A total of 36 performance metrics were derived—throw ( n = 7), kick ( n = 7), jump ( n = 7), run ( n = 4), and hop ( n = 11). Intraclass correlations examined reliability among performance metrics for each skill; linear mixed models examined whether variations changed across early childhood. There was excellent reliability among all performance metrics for each skill (all ICC > .90). Linear mixed models revealed that children’s motor performance improved for two metrics of the throw, five variations of the jump, and three metrics of the hop (all p < .05). Researchers should be aware that some performance metrics from product-oriented assessments (e.g., maximum and average of three or five trials) are highly related and change, whereas others do not.

本研究(a)考察了不同策略(即最高分和平均分)和以产品为导向的运动技能测量试验得出的不同表现指标之间的关联，(b)探讨了典型发展幼儿运动技能的不同表现指标是如何从以产品为导向的评估中变化的。儿童(N = 279;156个女孩;(年龄= 4.44岁)完成了一系列以产品为导向的投掷评估(以米每秒为单位，五次试验);踢腿(米/秒，5次);跳远(以厘米为单位，5次);跑步(以米/秒为单位，两次试验);还有跳跃(以米每秒为单位，四次试验——两次首选脚，两次非首选脚)。总共得到了36个性能指标——投掷(n = 7)、踢(n = 7)、跳跃(n = 7)、跑(n = 4)和跳(n = 11)。班级内相关性检验了每项技能绩效指标之间的可靠性;线性混合模型检验了儿童早期是否会发生变化。每项技能的所有绩效指标(所有ICC >.90)。线性混合模型显示，儿童的运动表现在投掷的两个指标、跳跃的五个变化和跳跃的三个指标上都有所改善(p <. 05)。研究人员应该意识到，以产品为导向的评估中的一些绩效指标(例如，三次或五次试验的最大值和平均值)是高度相关的，并且会发生变化，而其他指标则不会。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic Lower Limb Alignment During Jumping in Preschool Children: Normative Profiles and Sex Differences 学龄前儿童跳跃过程中动态下肢对齐:规范概况和性别差异

Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2023-0013

Steen Harsted, Lise Hestbæk, Anders Holsgaard-Larsen, Henrik Hein Lauridsen

The natural development of static lower limb varus/valgus alignments during early childhood is well understood. However, our understanding of dynamic lower limb frontal plane alignments is limited, and we lack normative descriptions of this phenomenon for both boys and girls. This study investigated dynamic lower limb alignment during jump-landings in preschool children, focusing on associations with sex, age, and motor performance. Dynamic lower limb alignment was measured as the Knee-to-Ankle Separation Ratio (KASR) in 605 children aged 3–6 years using markerless motion capture. Based on KASR measurements, we categorized the children into three kinematic groups: Valgus, Intermediate, and Varus. Median KASR scores were 0.86 (0.80–0.96) overall, 0.89 (0.81–0.98) for boys, and 0.85 (0.78–0.92) for girls. Over 75% of the children exhibited some level of dynamic knee valgus during jump-landings (KASR < 1). However, roughly two-thirds of the children in the Valgus group were girls. Age-adjusted differences in motor performance were small and only statistically significant for jump height and length in girls. These findings suggest that dynamic knee valgus during jump-landings is a common occurrence in preschool children, especially among girls. The potential relationship between dynamic lower limb alignment and age and motor performance warrants further investigation.

在儿童早期，静态下肢内翻/外翻排列的自然发展是很好的理解。然而，我们对动态下肢额平面对齐的理解是有限的，我们缺乏对男孩和女孩这一现象的规范描述。本研究调查了学龄前儿童起跳时的动态下肢对齐，重点研究了其与性别、年龄和运动表现的关系。采用无标记运动捕捉技术对605名3-6岁儿童进行动态下肢对齐测量，测量膝关节与踝关节分离比(KASR)。基于KASR测量，我们将患儿分为三个运动组:外翻、中度和内翻。总体KASR评分中位数为0.86(0.80-0.96)，男孩为0.89(0.81-0.98)，女孩为0.85(0.78-0.92)。超过75%的儿童在起跳时表现出一定程度的动态膝外翻(KASR <然而，瓦尔格斯组中大约三分之二的孩子是女孩。运动表现的年龄调整差异很小，只有女孩的跳跃高度和长度有统计学意义。这些发现表明，在起跳时，动态膝外翻在学龄前儿童中很常见，尤其是在女孩中。动态下肢对齐与年龄和运动表现之间的潜在关系值得进一步研究。

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引用次数: 0

Infants born preterm demonstrate reduced task-specific exploration during the scaffolded kick-activated mobile task. 早产婴儿在支架式踢腿活动移动任务中表现出任务特异性探索减少。

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0062

Jeong Ah Kim, Sungwoo Park, Linda Fetters, Sandrah P Eckel, Masayoshi Kubo, Barbara Sargent

This study quantified the spatial exploration of 13 infants born very and extremely preterm (PT) at 4 months corrected age as they learned that moving their feet vertically to cross a virtual threshold activated an infant kick-activated mobile and compared results to 15 infants born full-term (FT) from a previously published study. Spatial exploration was quantified using two general spatial exploration variables (exploration volume, exploration path), two task-specific spatial variables (duration of time in the task-specific region of interest, vertical variance of kicks), and one non-task-specific spatial variable (horizontal variance of kicks). The infants born PT, similar to FT, increased their general spatial exploration and duration in the region of interest and did not change the vertical and horizontal variances of kicks. However, the infants born PT, compared to FT, spent less time in the task-specific region of interest and had a greater non-task-specific horizontal variance throughout the task. This may indicate that infants born PT and FT exhibit similar general spatial exploration, but infants born PT exhibit less task-specific spatial exploration. Future research is necessary to determine the contribution of learning and motor abilities to the differences in task-specific exploration between infants born PT and FT.

这项研究量化了13名在4个月校正年龄时出生的极早产（PT）婴儿的空间探索，因为他们了解到垂直移动双脚以越过虚拟阈值会激活婴儿踢腿激活的移动设备，并将结果与之前发表的一项研究中的15名足月出生（FT）婴儿进行了比较。空间探索使用两个通用空间探索变量（探索量、探索路径）、两个特定任务的空间变量（在特定任务感兴趣区域的持续时间、踢球的垂直方差）和一个非特定任务空间变量（踢球的水平方差）进行量化。出生于PT的婴儿，与FT类似，增加了他们在感兴趣区域的一般空间探索和持续时间，并且没有改变踢的垂直和水平变化。然而，与FT相比，出生于PT的婴儿在感兴趣的特定任务区域花费的时间更少，并且在整个任务中具有更大的非特定任务水平方差。这可能表明出生于PT和FT的婴儿表现出相似的一般空间探索，但出生于PT的婴儿表现较少的任务特异性空间探索。未来的研究是必要的，以确定学习和运动能力对出生于PT和FT的婴儿在特定任务探索方面的差异的贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Quantifying Infant Exploratory Learning. 量化婴儿探索性学习。

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0029

Jeong Ah Kim, Sungwoo Park, Linda Fetters, Sandrah P Eckel, Masayoshi Kubo, Barbara Sargent

Exploration is considered essential to infant learning, but few studies have quantified infants' task exploration. The purpose of this study was to quantify how infants explored task space with their feet while learning to activate a kick-activated mobile. Data were analyzed from fifteen 4-month-old infants who participated in a 10-min mobile task on 2-3 consecutive days. Infants learned that their vertical leg movements above a systematically increased threshold height activated the mobile. Five kinematic variables were analyzed: 1) exploration space volume, 2) exploration path length, 3) duration of time in the region of interest around the threshold that activated the mobile, 4) task-specific vertical variance of kicks, and 5) non-task-specific horizontal variance of kicks. The infants increased their general spatial exploration, volume and path, and the infants adapted their exploration by maintaining their feet within the region of interest although the task-specific region increased in height as the threshold increased. The infants used task-specific strategies quantified by the increased variance of kicks in the vertical direction and no change in the horizontal variance of kicks. Quantifying infants' task exploration may provide critical insights into how learning emerges in infancy and enable researchers to more systematically describe, interpret, and support learning.

探索被认为是婴儿学习的关键，但很少有研究量化婴儿的任务探索。这项研究的目的是量化婴儿在学习激活踢动式移动设备时如何用脚探索任务空间。研究人员分析了15名4个月大的婴儿的数据，这些婴儿连续2-3天参加了一个10分钟的移动任务。婴儿了解到，他们的腿部垂直运动高于系统地增加的阈值高度会激活移动设备。分析了五个运动学变量:1)勘探空间体积，2)勘探路径长度，3)激活移动阈值附近感兴趣区域的时间持续时间，4)特定任务的踢脚垂直方差，以及5)非特定任务的踢脚水平方差。婴儿增加了他们的总体空间探索，体积和路径，婴儿通过将脚保持在感兴趣的区域来适应他们的探索，尽管任务特定区域的高度随着阈值的增加而增加。婴儿使用的任务特定策略是通过纵向踢腿的方差增加和水平踢腿的方差不变来量化的。量化婴儿的任务探索可以为婴儿学习如何出现提供重要的见解，并使研究人员能够更系统地描述、解释和支持学习。

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引用次数: 2

The Development of Bilateral Skill Symmetry: Insights From Gaelic Football Players and Coaches 双边技术对称的发展:来自盖尔足球运动员和教练的见解

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0066

Karol Dillon, Paul Kinnerk, Ian Sherwin, P. Kearney

Developing players who are adept at using both sides of the body (i.e., bilateral skill) is a challenge for coaches in many sports. With players being required to execute a range of skills with hand and foot on both sides of the body, Gaelic football provides an ideal natural laboratory for the study of laterality. Previous quantitative research has produced equivocal findings regarding the importance of bilateral skill performance in sport. In light of this equivocality, this paper utilized a qualitative approach to distill the beliefs and experiences of 14 players and five coaches who had performed at the highest level in Gaelic football. Three higher order categories were produced from the transcripts: the importance of being bilaterally skilled, the potential to develop bilateral skill, and methods to develop bilateral skills. Overall, this study highlights lessons for the design of future quantitative studies of bilateral skill in sport and should stimulate reflection on current practice regarding both short- and long-term bilateral skill development on the part of researchers, applied sport scientists, and coaches.

在许多体育项目中，培养熟练使用身体两侧的运动员(即双侧技术)对教练来说是一个挑战。由于球员需要在身体两侧用手和脚执行一系列技术，盖尔足球为研究侧边性提供了一个理想的天然实验室。以前的定量研究已经产生了模棱两可的结果关于双边技能表现的重要性在运动中。鉴于这种模糊性，本文利用定性方法提取了14名球员和5名教练的信念和经验，他们在盖尔足球中表现得最高水平。从抄本中产生了三个更高层次的类别:双边技能的重要性，发展双边技能的潜力，以及发展双边技能的方法。总的来说，这项研究强调了未来双边运动技能定量研究设计的经验教训，并应激发研究人员、应用运动科学家和教练对短期和长期双边技能发展的当前实践的反思。

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引用次数: 1

The Effect of Large Visual Illusion and External Focus of Attention on Gaze Behavior and Learning of Dart Throw Skill 大视错觉和外部注意焦点对注视行为和掷飞镖技能学习的影响

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2022-0043

Somayeh Bahrami, B. Abdoli, A. Farsi, M. Aghdaei, Thomas Simpson

Research has shown that large visual illusions and an external focus of attention can improve novice’s motor learning. However, the combined effects of these approaches and the underlying mechanisms have yet to be studied. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of a large visual illusion and an external focus on the learning of a dart throwing task in novices and measured the perceptual mechanisms underpinning learning using quiet eye. Forty novice participants were randomly divided into four groups: large visual illusion, external focus of attention, combined large visual illusion and external focus of attention, and control group. The study consisted of a pretest, a practice phase, an immediate retention test, a 24-hr retention test, and a transfer test. Results revealed that all groups increased throwing accuracy and quiet eye duration from pretest to immediate retention. In the immediate retention, 24-hr retention, and transfer test, large visual illusion had greater accuracy and longer quiet eye duration than the control group. In addition, there were no significant differences between the visual illusion and external focus groups for throwing accuracy and quiet eye duration. The findings suggest that combining large visual illusion and external focus can independently improve motor learning but combining these manipulations does not have additive benefits.

研究表明，大的视觉错觉和外部注意力集中可以提高新手的运动学习。然而，这些方法的综合效果和潜在的机制还有待研究。因此，本研究考察了大视错觉和外部聚焦对初学者投掷飞镖任务学习的影响，并利用静眼测量了支持学习的知觉机制。将40名新手随机分为4组:大视错觉组、外部注意焦点组、大视错觉与外部注意焦点组合组和对照组。研究包括一个预试、一个练习阶段、一个即时记忆测试、一个24小时记忆测试和一个转移测试。结果显示，从测试前到即时保持，所有组的投掷准确性和静眼持续时间都有所增加。在即时保持、24小时保持和转移测试中，大视错觉的准确性和静眼持续时间均高于对照组。此外，视错觉组和外部焦点组在投掷准确性和静眼持续时间上无显著差异。研究结果表明，结合大视错觉和外部聚焦可以独立地改善运动学习，但结合这些操作并没有附加的好处。

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引用次数: 1

A Commentary on Whitall and Colleagues’ 2020 Article “Motor Development Research: II. The First Two Decades of the 21st Century Shaping Our Future” 惠特尔等人2020年文章《运动发展研究:2》述评二十一世纪头二十年塑造我们的未来

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2022-0009

C. Gabbard

This commentary reflects on the discussions of Whitall et al.’s paper “Motor Development Research: II. The First Two Decades of the 21st Century Shaping Our Future.” Comments focus on (a) the emergence and importance of the Developmental Systems approach to motor development, (b) the perceived ambiguity between Dynamic and Developmental Systems approaches, and (c) a case for the evolution of Developmental Motor Neuroscience from the field of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience.

这篇评论反映了Whitall等人的论文“运动发展研究:II”的讨论。21世纪的头二十年塑造我们的未来。”评论集中在(a)发展系统方法对运动发展的出现和重要性，(b)动态和发展系统方法之间的歧义，以及(c)从发展认知神经科学领域发展运动神经科学的一个案例。

引用次数: 0

Effects of Task Constraints on Countermovement Jump Kinematics Following a Short-Term Training 短期训练后任务约束对反动作跳跃运动学的影响

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0040

Amirhossein Emamian, Alireza Hashemi Oskouei, Rasoul Azreh, Kevin M Carroll

In previous studies, the acute effects of movement constraints on the countermovement jump performance are investigated; however, the longitudinal effects of implementing the constraint in a training regimen are not well studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the phenomenon of motor learning development due to application of task constraint in a training regimen following 6 weeks of training. Forty-five healthy adult males were randomly assigned to a control or one of two experimental constraint training groups (i.e., no arm swing or restricted knee flexion). Pre- and posttraining jump height and kinematic variables of six maximum effort countermovement jumps were compared longitudinally within the groups, and also compared between the groups. The findings of this study indicated that jump height significantly increased in all the groups while in the unrestricted control group it was increased greater than the experimental conditions (21% compared with 12% and 5.5%). However, the applied task constraints significantly improved some of the contributors to jump performance, establishing specific adaptation of kinematic variables to the constraint training. Therefore, constraint training approach could be suggested in case of demanding specific adaptation of kinematic variables of countermovement jump in a training regimen.

在以往的研究中，研究了运动约束对反向跳跃性能的急性影响;然而，在训练方案中实施约束的纵向效应尚未得到很好的研究。本研究的目的是在经过6周的训练后，观察任务约束在训练方案中的应用对运动学习发展的影响。45名健康成年男性被随机分配到对照组或两个实验性约束训练组中的一组(即没有手臂摆动或限制膝关节屈曲)。纵向比较组内和组间6个最大努力反动作跳的训练前后跳高和运动学变量。本研究结果表明，各实验组的跳高均显著提高，而非限制对照组的跳高比实验条件提高了21%(12%和5.5%)。然而，应用的任务约束显著提高了跳跃性能的一些贡献者，建立了运动变量对约束训练的特定适应。因此，在训练方案中对反动作跳跃的运动学变量有特定适应要求的情况下，可以提出约束训练方法。

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引用次数: 2