Journal of Motor Learning and Development最新文献_第4页

Performance Metrics From Product-Oriented Measures of Fundamental Motor Skills—A Comparison and Developmental Perspective 以产品为导向的基本运动技能的绩效指标——比较与发展的视角

Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2022-0074

Kara K. Palmer, Adam Pennell, Bryan Terlizzi, Michael A. Nunu, David F. Stodden, Leah E. Robinson

This study (a) examined the associations among different performance metrics derived from different strategies (i.e., maximum and average scores) and trials from product-oriented measures of motor skills, and (b) explored how different performance metrics from product-oriented assessments of motor skills change in young children with typical development. Children ( N = 279; 156 girls; M age = 4.44 years) completed a battery of product-oriented assessments for throwing (in meters per second, five trials); kicking (in meters per second, five trials); jumping (in centimeters, five trials); running (in meters per second, two trials); and hopping (in meters per second, four trials—two preferred foot, two nonpreferred foot). A total of 36 performance metrics were derived—throw ( n = 7), kick ( n = 7), jump ( n = 7), run ( n = 4), and hop ( n = 11). Intraclass correlations examined reliability among performance metrics for each skill; linear mixed models examined whether variations changed across early childhood. There was excellent reliability among all performance metrics for each skill (all ICC > .90). Linear mixed models revealed that children’s motor performance improved for two metrics of the throw, five variations of the jump, and three metrics of the hop (all p < .05). Researchers should be aware that some performance metrics from product-oriented assessments (e.g., maximum and average of three or five trials) are highly related and change, whereas others do not.

本研究(a)考察了不同策略(即最高分和平均分)和以产品为导向的运动技能测量试验得出的不同表现指标之间的关联，(b)探讨了典型发展幼儿运动技能的不同表现指标是如何从以产品为导向的评估中变化的。儿童(N = 279;156个女孩;(年龄= 4.44岁)完成了一系列以产品为导向的投掷评估(以米每秒为单位，五次试验);踢腿(米/秒，5次);跳远(以厘米为单位，5次);跑步(以米/秒为单位，两次试验);还有跳跃(以米每秒为单位，四次试验——两次首选脚，两次非首选脚)。总共得到了36个性能指标——投掷(n = 7)、踢(n = 7)、跳跃(n = 7)、跑(n = 4)和跳(n = 11)。班级内相关性检验了每项技能绩效指标之间的可靠性;线性混合模型检验了儿童早期是否会发生变化。每项技能的所有绩效指标(所有ICC >.90)。线性混合模型显示，儿童的运动表现在投掷的两个指标、跳跃的五个变化和跳跃的三个指标上都有所改善(p <. 05)。研究人员应该意识到，以产品为导向的评估中的一些绩效指标(例如，三次或五次试验的最大值和平均值)是高度相关的，并且会发生变化，而其他指标则不会。

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引用次数: 0

Infants born preterm demonstrate reduced task-specific exploration during the scaffolded kick-activated mobile task. 早产婴儿在支架式踢腿活动移动任务中表现出任务特异性探索减少。

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-12-01 Epub Date: 2022-11-11 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0062

Jeong Ah Kim, Sungwoo Park, Linda Fetters, Sandrah P Eckel, Masayoshi Kubo, Barbara Sargent

This study quantified the spatial exploration of 13 infants born very and extremely preterm (PT) at 4 months corrected age as they learned that moving their feet vertically to cross a virtual threshold activated an infant kick-activated mobile and compared results to 15 infants born full-term (FT) from a previously published study. Spatial exploration was quantified using two general spatial exploration variables (exploration volume, exploration path), two task-specific spatial variables (duration of time in the task-specific region of interest, vertical variance of kicks), and one non-task-specific spatial variable (horizontal variance of kicks). The infants born PT, similar to FT, increased their general spatial exploration and duration in the region of interest and did not change the vertical and horizontal variances of kicks. However, the infants born PT, compared to FT, spent less time in the task-specific region of interest and had a greater non-task-specific horizontal variance throughout the task. This may indicate that infants born PT and FT exhibit similar general spatial exploration, but infants born PT exhibit less task-specific spatial exploration. Future research is necessary to determine the contribution of learning and motor abilities to the differences in task-specific exploration between infants born PT and FT.

这项研究量化了13名在4个月校正年龄时出生的极早产（PT）婴儿的空间探索，因为他们了解到垂直移动双脚以越过虚拟阈值会激活婴儿踢腿激活的移动设备，并将结果与之前发表的一项研究中的15名足月出生（FT）婴儿进行了比较。空间探索使用两个通用空间探索变量（探索量、探索路径）、两个特定任务的空间变量（在特定任务感兴趣区域的持续时间、踢球的垂直方差）和一个非特定任务空间变量（踢球的水平方差）进行量化。出生于PT的婴儿，与FT类似，增加了他们在感兴趣区域的一般空间探索和持续时间，并且没有改变踢的垂直和水平变化。然而，与FT相比，出生于PT的婴儿在感兴趣的特定任务区域花费的时间更少，并且在整个任务中具有更大的非特定任务水平方差。这可能表明出生于PT和FT的婴儿表现出相似的一般空间探索，但出生于PT的婴儿表现较少的任务特异性空间探索。未来的研究是必要的，以确定学习和运动能力对出生于PT和FT的婴儿在特定任务探索方面的差异的贡献。

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引用次数: 0

Quantifying Infant Exploratory Learning. 量化婴儿探索性学习。

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0029

Jeong Ah Kim, Sungwoo Park, Linda Fetters, Sandrah P Eckel, Masayoshi Kubo, Barbara Sargent

Exploration is considered essential to infant learning, but few studies have quantified infants' task exploration. The purpose of this study was to quantify how infants explored task space with their feet while learning to activate a kick-activated mobile. Data were analyzed from fifteen 4-month-old infants who participated in a 10-min mobile task on 2-3 consecutive days. Infants learned that their vertical leg movements above a systematically increased threshold height activated the mobile. Five kinematic variables were analyzed: 1) exploration space volume, 2) exploration path length, 3) duration of time in the region of interest around the threshold that activated the mobile, 4) task-specific vertical variance of kicks, and 5) non-task-specific horizontal variance of kicks. The infants increased their general spatial exploration, volume and path, and the infants adapted their exploration by maintaining their feet within the region of interest although the task-specific region increased in height as the threshold increased. The infants used task-specific strategies quantified by the increased variance of kicks in the vertical direction and no change in the horizontal variance of kicks. Quantifying infants' task exploration may provide critical insights into how learning emerges in infancy and enable researchers to more systematically describe, interpret, and support learning.

探索被认为是婴儿学习的关键，但很少有研究量化婴儿的任务探索。这项研究的目的是量化婴儿在学习激活踢动式移动设备时如何用脚探索任务空间。研究人员分析了15名4个月大的婴儿的数据，这些婴儿连续2-3天参加了一个10分钟的移动任务。婴儿了解到，他们的腿部垂直运动高于系统地增加的阈值高度会激活移动设备。分析了五个运动学变量:1)勘探空间体积，2)勘探路径长度，3)激活移动阈值附近感兴趣区域的时间持续时间，4)特定任务的踢脚垂直方差，以及5)非特定任务的踢脚水平方差。婴儿增加了他们的总体空间探索，体积和路径，婴儿通过将脚保持在感兴趣的区域来适应他们的探索，尽管任务特定区域的高度随着阈值的增加而增加。婴儿使用的任务特定策略是通过纵向踢腿的方差增加和水平踢腿的方差不变来量化的。量化婴儿的任务探索可以为婴儿学习如何出现提供重要的见解，并使研究人员能够更系统地描述、解释和支持学习。

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引用次数: 2

The Development of Bilateral Skill Symmetry: Insights From Gaelic Football Players and Coaches 双边技术对称的发展:来自盖尔足球运动员和教练的见解

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0066

Karol Dillon, Paul Kinnerk, Ian Sherwin, P. Kearney

Developing players who are adept at using both sides of the body (i.e., bilateral skill) is a challenge for coaches in many sports. With players being required to execute a range of skills with hand and foot on both sides of the body, Gaelic football provides an ideal natural laboratory for the study of laterality. Previous quantitative research has produced equivocal findings regarding the importance of bilateral skill performance in sport. In light of this equivocality, this paper utilized a qualitative approach to distill the beliefs and experiences of 14 players and five coaches who had performed at the highest level in Gaelic football. Three higher order categories were produced from the transcripts: the importance of being bilaterally skilled, the potential to develop bilateral skill, and methods to develop bilateral skills. Overall, this study highlights lessons for the design of future quantitative studies of bilateral skill in sport and should stimulate reflection on current practice regarding both short- and long-term bilateral skill development on the part of researchers, applied sport scientists, and coaches.

在许多体育项目中，培养熟练使用身体两侧的运动员(即双侧技术)对教练来说是一个挑战。由于球员需要在身体两侧用手和脚执行一系列技术，盖尔足球为研究侧边性提供了一个理想的天然实验室。以前的定量研究已经产生了模棱两可的结果关于双边技能表现的重要性在运动中。鉴于这种模糊性，本文利用定性方法提取了14名球员和5名教练的信念和经验，他们在盖尔足球中表现得最高水平。从抄本中产生了三个更高层次的类别:双边技能的重要性，发展双边技能的潜力，以及发展双边技能的方法。总的来说，这项研究强调了未来双边运动技能定量研究设计的经验教训，并应激发研究人员、应用运动科学家和教练对短期和长期双边技能发展的当前实践的反思。

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引用次数: 1

The Effect of Large Visual Illusion and External Focus of Attention on Gaze Behavior and Learning of Dart Throw Skill 大视错觉和外部注意焦点对注视行为和掷飞镖技能学习的影响

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2022-0043

Somayeh Bahrami, B. Abdoli, A. Farsi, M. Aghdaei, Thomas Simpson

Research has shown that large visual illusions and an external focus of attention can improve novice’s motor learning. However, the combined effects of these approaches and the underlying mechanisms have yet to be studied. Therefore, the present study examined the effects of a large visual illusion and an external focus on the learning of a dart throwing task in novices and measured the perceptual mechanisms underpinning learning using quiet eye. Forty novice participants were randomly divided into four groups: large visual illusion, external focus of attention, combined large visual illusion and external focus of attention, and control group. The study consisted of a pretest, a practice phase, an immediate retention test, a 24-hr retention test, and a transfer test. Results revealed that all groups increased throwing accuracy and quiet eye duration from pretest to immediate retention. In the immediate retention, 24-hr retention, and transfer test, large visual illusion had greater accuracy and longer quiet eye duration than the control group. In addition, there were no significant differences between the visual illusion and external focus groups for throwing accuracy and quiet eye duration. The findings suggest that combining large visual illusion and external focus can independently improve motor learning but combining these manipulations does not have additive benefits.

研究表明，大的视觉错觉和外部注意力集中可以提高新手的运动学习。然而，这些方法的综合效果和潜在的机制还有待研究。因此，本研究考察了大视错觉和外部聚焦对初学者投掷飞镖任务学习的影响，并利用静眼测量了支持学习的知觉机制。将40名新手随机分为4组:大视错觉组、外部注意焦点组、大视错觉与外部注意焦点组合组和对照组。研究包括一个预试、一个练习阶段、一个即时记忆测试、一个24小时记忆测试和一个转移测试。结果显示，从测试前到即时保持，所有组的投掷准确性和静眼持续时间都有所增加。在即时保持、24小时保持和转移测试中，大视错觉的准确性和静眼持续时间均高于对照组。此外，视错觉组和外部焦点组在投掷准确性和静眼持续时间上无显著差异。研究结果表明，结合大视错觉和外部聚焦可以独立地改善运动学习，但结合这些操作并没有附加的好处。

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引用次数: 1

A Commentary on Whitall and Colleagues’ 2020 Article “Motor Development Research: II. The First Two Decades of the 21st Century Shaping Our Future” 惠特尔等人2020年文章《运动发展研究:2》述评二十一世纪头二十年塑造我们的未来

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2022-0009

C. Gabbard

This commentary reflects on the discussions of Whitall et al.’s paper “Motor Development Research: II. The First Two Decades of the 21st Century Shaping Our Future.” Comments focus on (a) the emergence and importance of the Developmental Systems approach to motor development, (b) the perceived ambiguity between Dynamic and Developmental Systems approaches, and (c) a case for the evolution of Developmental Motor Neuroscience from the field of Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience.

这篇评论反映了Whitall等人的论文“运动发展研究:II”的讨论。21世纪的头二十年塑造我们的未来。”评论集中在(a)发展系统方法对运动发展的出现和重要性，(b)动态和发展系统方法之间的歧义，以及(c)从发展认知神经科学领域发展运动神经科学的一个案例。

引用次数: 0

Effects of Task Constraints on Countermovement Jump Kinematics Following a Short-Term Training 短期训练后任务约束对反动作跳跃运动学的影响

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0040

Amirhossein Emamian, Alireza Hashemi Oskouei, Rasoul Azreh, Kevin M Carroll

In previous studies, the acute effects of movement constraints on the countermovement jump performance are investigated; however, the longitudinal effects of implementing the constraint in a training regimen are not well studied. The purpose of this study was to examine the phenomenon of motor learning development due to application of task constraint in a training regimen following 6 weeks of training. Forty-five healthy adult males were randomly assigned to a control or one of two experimental constraint training groups (i.e., no arm swing or restricted knee flexion). Pre- and posttraining jump height and kinematic variables of six maximum effort countermovement jumps were compared longitudinally within the groups, and also compared between the groups. The findings of this study indicated that jump height significantly increased in all the groups while in the unrestricted control group it was increased greater than the experimental conditions (21% compared with 12% and 5.5%). However, the applied task constraints significantly improved some of the contributors to jump performance, establishing specific adaptation of kinematic variables to the constraint training. Therefore, constraint training approach could be suggested in case of demanding specific adaptation of kinematic variables of countermovement jump in a training regimen.

在以往的研究中，研究了运动约束对反向跳跃性能的急性影响;然而，在训练方案中实施约束的纵向效应尚未得到很好的研究。本研究的目的是在经过6周的训练后，观察任务约束在训练方案中的应用对运动学习发展的影响。45名健康成年男性被随机分配到对照组或两个实验性约束训练组中的一组(即没有手臂摆动或限制膝关节屈曲)。纵向比较组内和组间6个最大努力反动作跳的训练前后跳高和运动学变量。本研究结果表明，各实验组的跳高均显著提高，而非限制对照组的跳高比实验条件提高了21%(12%和5.5%)。然而，应用的任务约束显著提高了跳跃性能的一些贡献者，建立了运动变量对约束训练的特定适应。因此，在训练方案中对反动作跳跃的运动学变量有特定适应要求的情况下，可以提出约束训练方法。

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引用次数: 2

Fundamental Movement Skills and Physical Fitness Are Key Correlates of Tactical Soccer Skill in Grassroots Soccer Players Aged 8–14 Years 8 ~ 14岁基层足球运动员基本动作技能和身体素质是战术足球技能的关键相关因素

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0061

M. Duncan, N. Clarke, Lee Bolt, Emma L. J. Eyre, C. Roscoe

One hundred and twenty-one children (58 boys and 63 girls) aged 8–14 years (mean ± SD = 12 ± 1 years) who were regularly engaged in grassroots soccer participated in this study. Participants undertook assessments of fundamental movement skill (FMS) using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3, perceived ability using the Perceived Physical Ability Scale for Children, physical fitness via 15-m sprint time, standing long jump distance, and technical skill using the university of Ghent dribbling test. The Procedural Tactical Knowledge Test was employed as a measure of tactical skill from which metrics for positioning and movement and recognizing spaces were derived. Maturation was determined from anthropometric measures. Analysis of covariance examined gender differences in tactical skills accounting for FMS, fitness, perceived ability, technical skill, maturation, and age. Results indicated no significant differences in tactical skills between boys and girls (p > .05). For recognizing spaces, 56% of the variance was explained with FMS (p = .001), physical fitness (p = .02), and technical skill (p = .02) contributing to the model. For positioning and movement, a significant model explained 55% of the variance in this element of tactical behavior with FMS (p = .002) and technical skill (p = .02) significantly contributing to the model.

121名8-14岁(平均±SD = 12±1岁)经常参加基层足球运动的儿童(男58名，女63名)参加了本研究。参与者使用大肌肉运动发展测试-3对基本运动技能(FMS)进行评估，使用儿童感知身体能力量表对感知能力进行评估，使用15米短跑时间、立定跳远距离进行体能评估，使用根特大学运球测试进行技术技能评估。程序性战术知识测试被用作战术技能的衡量标准，定位、移动和识别空间的指标由此衍生。成熟度由人体测量测定。协方差分析检验了战术技能在FMS、适应性、感知能力、技术技能、成熟度和年龄方面的性别差异。结果显示，男孩和女孩在战术技能方面无显著差异(p > 0.05)。对于识别空间，56%的方差可以用FMS (p = .001)、身体素质(p = .02)和技术技能(p = .02)来解释。对于定位和移动，一个重要的模型解释了55%的战术行为因素的差异，FMS (p = .002)和技术技能(p = .02)对模型的贡献很大。

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引用次数: 1

Applying the Principles of Motor Learning in Preventative Programs of Overuse Injuries in Young Athletes: A Scoping Review 在青少年运动员过度使用损伤预防项目中应用运动学习原则:范围回顾

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2021-0031

M. Shafizadeh, Shahab Parvinpour, W. Schöllhorn, Andrew Barnes

This study aimed to review the scope of overuse injury prevention programs in young players through the lens of application of motor learning principles. From 280 studies found in the initial search, 13 studies were selected based on a series of inclusion criteria. The selected studies were categorized based on the type of intervention resulting in multicomponent (two studies), Fédération Internationale de Football Association 11+ (five studies), neuromuscular training (two studies), Fédération Internationale de Football Association Medical Assessment and Research Center (two studies), educational (one study), and stability (one study). The studies that had an effective preventative role to reduce overuse injuries applied some principles of motor learning to their intervention, such as contextual interference, variability of practice, task constraints, the power law of practice, transfer of learning, and explicit methods. There is a gap in the literature related to explicit applications of motor learning principles in the design of preventative interventions for overuse injury.

本研究旨在通过运动学习原理的应用来回顾青少年运动员过度使用损伤预防计划的范围。从最初搜索的280项研究中，根据一系列纳入标准选择了13项研究。所选的研究根据干预类型进行分类，包括多组分干预(2项研究)、fcv国际足球协会11+(5项研究)、神经肌肉训练(2项研究)、fcv国际足球协会医学评估和研究中心(2项研究)、教育性干预(1项研究)和稳定性干预(1项研究)。对减少过度使用损伤具有有效预防作用的研究将运动学习的一些原则应用于他们的干预，如情境干扰、练习的可变性、任务约束、练习的幂次定律、学习迁移和明确的方法。有关运动学习原则在过度使用损伤预防性干预设计中的明确应用的文献存在空白。

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引用次数: 0

Low Prevalence of A Priori Power Analyses in Motor Behavior Research 先验功率分析在运动行为研究中的应用较少

IF 1.3 Q4 PSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL

Journal of Motor Learning and Development

Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2022-0042

B. McKay, Abbey Corson, Mary-Anne Vinh, Gianna Jeyarajan, Chitrini Tandon, Hugh Brooks, Julie Hubley, Michael J. Carter

A priori power analyses can ensure studies are unlikely to miss interesting effects. Recent metascience has suggested that kinesiology research may be underpowered and selectively reported. Here, we examined whether power analyses are being used to ensure informative studies in motor behavior. We reviewed every article published in three motor behavior journals between January 2019 and June 2021. Power analyses were reported in 13% of studies (k = 636) that tested a hypothesis. No study targeted the smallest effect size of interest. Most studies with a power analysis relied on estimates from previous experiments, pilot studies, or benchmarks to determine the effect size of interest. Studies without a power analysis reported support for their main hypothesis 85% of the time, while studies with a power analysis found support 76% of the time. The median sample sizes were n = 17.5 without a power analysis and n = 16 with a power analysis, suggesting the typical study design was underpowered for all but the largest plausible effect size. At present, power analyses are not being used to optimize the informativeness of motor behavior research. Adoption of this widely recommended practice may greatly enhance the credibility of the motor behavior literature.

先验的功率分析可以确保研究不会错过有趣的结果。最近的元科学表明，运动机能学研究可能力量不足，而且有选择性地报道。在这里，我们检查了功率分析是否被用于确保运动行为的信息研究。我们回顾了2019年1月至2021年6月期间发表在三份运动行为期刊上的每一篇文章。有13%的研究(k = 636)报告了检验假设的功效分析。没有研究以最小效应为目标。大多数有功效分析的研究依赖于先前实验、初步研究或基准的估计来确定感兴趣的效应大小。没有功效分析的研究报告85%的时间支持他们的主要假设，而有功效分析的研究发现76%的时间支持他们的主要假设。没有功效分析的中位数样本量为n = 17.5，有功效分析的中位数样本量为n = 16，这表明除了最大的似是而非的效应量外，典型研究设计的功效不足。目前，功率分析还没有被用于优化运动行为研究的信息量。采用这种广泛推荐的做法可以大大提高运动行为文献的可信度。

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引用次数: 3