Windows are one of the weakest building components concerning high thermal losses. Traditional windows cannot adapt to external and internal environmental conditions. On the other hand, smart windows such as electrochromic (EC) windows do not emit greenhouse gases and adapt to environmental conditions and increase indoor environmental quality. The combination of EC windows and building integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV) is called photovoltachromic (PVC) windows. This paper aims to find optimal window to wall ratio (WWR) ranges of PVC windows in a high-rise office building model in four different cities in Iran. This paper uses several simulations to find the optimal WWR ranges of PVC windows using Radiance and EnergyPlus. First, the minimum acceptable WWR value in each climate condition was identified using several simulations without any optimization tools. Afterward, traditional windows were replaced with EC windows and results indicated that energy consumption of the building reduced up to 15.94%. In the next stage, BIPV was combined with EC windows, and results indicated that BIPV reduced energy consumption of the building up to 7.55%. Finally, simulation results showed that PVC windows reduced energy consumption of the building up to 16.31% in Kermanshah, 19.69% in Tehran, 18.59% in Yazd and 17.36% in Bandar Abbas. Also, the optimal WWR range of PVC windows in Kermanshah was 80-90%, while it was 70-80% in Tehran, Yazd and Bandar Abbas. Simulation results indicated that cooling degree days (CDD) of the site, where buildings were located, effected on the optimal WWR range of PVC windows in high-rise office buildings. An analytical approach was used to validate simulation results, and it showed that simulation results had 1.60-6.22% error.
{"title":"Optimal Window to Wall Ratio Ranges of Photovoltachromic Windows in High-Rise Office Buildings of Iran","authors":"Soheil Fathi, A. Kavoosi","doi":"10.15627/JD.2021.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15627/JD.2021.10","url":null,"abstract":"Windows are one of the weakest building components concerning high thermal losses. Traditional windows cannot adapt to external and internal environmental conditions. On the other hand, smart windows such as electrochromic (EC) windows do not emit greenhouse gases and adapt to environmental conditions and increase indoor environmental quality. The combination of EC windows and building integrated photovoltaic system (BIPV) is called photovoltachromic (PVC) windows. This paper aims to find optimal window to wall ratio (WWR) ranges of PVC windows in a high-rise office building model in four different cities in Iran. This paper uses several simulations to find the optimal WWR ranges of PVC windows using Radiance and EnergyPlus. First, the minimum acceptable WWR value in each climate condition was identified using several simulations without any optimization tools. Afterward, traditional windows were replaced with EC windows and results indicated that energy consumption of the building reduced up to 15.94%. In the next stage, BIPV was combined with EC windows, and results indicated that BIPV reduced energy consumption of the building up to 7.55%. Finally, simulation results showed that PVC windows reduced energy consumption of the building up to 16.31% in Kermanshah, 19.69% in Tehran, 18.59% in Yazd and 17.36% in Bandar Abbas. Also, the optimal WWR range of PVC windows in Kermanshah was 80-90%, while it was 70-80% in Tehran, Yazd and Bandar Abbas. Simulation results indicated that cooling degree days (CDD) of the site, where buildings were located, effected on the optimal WWR range of PVC windows in high-rise office buildings. An analytical approach was used to validate simulation results, and it showed that simulation results had 1.60-6.22% error.","PeriodicalId":37388,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Daylighting","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47887034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many recent studies in the field of the kinetic facade developed the grid-based modular forms through primary kinetic movements which are restricted in the simple shapes. However, learning from biological analogies reveals that plants and trees provide adjustable daylighting strategies by means of multilayered and curvature morphological changes. This research builds on a relevant literature study, observation, biomimicry morphological approach (top-down), and parametric daylighting simulation to develop a multilayered biomimetic kinetic facade form, inspired by tree morphology to improve occupants’ daylight performance. The first part of the research uses a literature review to explore how biomimicry influences the kinetic facade’s functions. Then, the study applies the biomimicry morphological approach to extract the formal strategies of tress due to dynamic daylight. Concerning functional convergence, the biomimicry principles are translated to the kinetic facade form configuration and movements. The extracted forms and movements are translated into the design solutions for the kinetic facade resulting in the flexible form by using intersected-multilayered skin and kinetic vectors with curvature movements. The comprehensive annual climate-based metrics and luminance-based metric simulation (625 alternatives) confirm the high performance of the bio-inspired complex kinetic facade for improving occupants’ daylight performance and preventing visual discomfort in comparison with the simple plain window as the base case. The kinetic facade provides daylight performance improvement, especially the best case achieves spatial Daylight Autonomy, Useful Daylight Illuminance, and Exceed Useful Daylight Illuminance of 50.6, 85.5, 7.55 respectively.
{"title":"Biomimetic Kinetic Shading Facade Inspired by Tree Morphology for Improving Occupant’s Daylight Performance","authors":"S. M. Hosseini, F. Fadli, M. Mohammadi","doi":"10.15627/JD.2021.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15627/JD.2021.5","url":null,"abstract":"Many recent studies in the field of the kinetic facade developed the grid-based modular forms through primary kinetic movements which are restricted in the simple shapes. However, learning from biological analogies reveals that plants and trees provide adjustable daylighting strategies by means of multilayered and curvature morphological changes. This research builds on a relevant literature study, observation, biomimicry morphological approach (top-down), and parametric daylighting simulation to develop a multilayered biomimetic kinetic facade form, inspired by tree morphology to improve occupants’ daylight performance. The first part of the research uses a literature review to explore how biomimicry influences the kinetic facade’s functions. Then, the study applies the biomimicry morphological approach to extract the formal strategies of tress due to dynamic daylight. Concerning functional convergence, the biomimicry principles are translated to the kinetic facade form configuration and movements. The extracted forms and movements are translated into the design solutions for the kinetic facade resulting in the flexible form by using intersected-multilayered skin and kinetic vectors with curvature movements. The comprehensive annual climate-based metrics and luminance-based metric simulation (625 alternatives) confirm the high performance of the bio-inspired complex kinetic facade for improving occupants’ daylight performance and preventing visual discomfort in comparison with the simple plain window as the base case. The kinetic facade provides daylight performance improvement, especially the best case achieves spatial Daylight Autonomy, Useful Daylight Illuminance, and Exceed Useful Daylight Illuminance of 50.6, 85.5, 7.55 respectively.","PeriodicalId":37388,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Daylighting","volume":"8 1","pages":"65-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49417272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. L. Verso, Federica Giuliani, F. Caffaro, F. Basile, Fabio Peron, T. D. Mora, L. Bellia, F. Fragliasso, M. Beccali, M. Bonomolo, F. Nocera, V. Costanzo
This study comes from an integrated approach combining daylighting and thermal aspects of building spaces. Several room configurations derived from the combination of four main design variables are tested. Width-to-Depth-Ratio (WDR), Window-to-Wall-Ratio (WWR), orientation, and climate conditions are simultaneously investigated to find the best solutions that enhance the Daylight Availability and, at the same time, diminish solar gains and total energy use (lighting plus cooling and heating). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is the statistical technique used to outline design guidelines for Mexican climate regions, namely arid, tropical, and temperate. Hence, optimal values for WDR and WWR were recommended for specific orientations and climates. Therefore, PCA is set as the basis of a methodology to define design strategies for specific locations and climates that further lead to updating high-performance standards in buildings at regional levels. Results also showed that climate conditions, such as seasonal cloud cover, temperature, and solar radiation, are crucial when establishing target limits for the actual daylit and over lit areas. The temperate climate was able to endure up to 60% as over lit area. Instead, the arid and tropical climates tolerated up to 50% and 40%, respectively, as over lit areas.
{"title":"An Approach to Determine Specific Targets of Daylighting Metrics and Solar Gains for Different Climatic Regions","authors":"D. A. Chi","doi":"10.15627/jd.2021.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15627/jd.2021.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study comes from an integrated approach combining daylighting and thermal aspects of building spaces. Several room configurations derived from the combination of four main design variables are tested. Width-to-Depth-Ratio (WDR), Window-to-Wall-Ratio (WWR), orientation, and climate conditions are simultaneously investigated to find the best solutions that enhance the Daylight Availability and, at the same time, diminish solar gains and total energy use (lighting plus cooling and heating). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is the statistical technique used to outline design guidelines for Mexican climate regions, namely arid, tropical, and temperate. Hence, optimal values for WDR and WWR were recommended for specific orientations and climates. Therefore, PCA is set as the basis of a methodology to define design strategies for specific locations and climates that further lead to updating high-performance standards in buildings at regional levels. Results also showed that climate conditions, such as seasonal cloud cover, temperature, and solar radiation, are crucial when establishing target limits for the actual daylit and over lit areas. The temperate climate was able to endure up to 60% as over lit area. Instead, the arid and tropical climates tolerated up to 50% and 40%, respectively, as over lit areas.","PeriodicalId":37388,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Daylighting","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44283894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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