Introduction: Splenectomy has long been used to treat benign hematological abnormalities such as immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), some hemolytic anemias- especially hereditary spherocytosis and thalassemia, and prehepatic portal hypertension. The discovery that splenectomized individuals are more vulnerable to encapsulated organism infection has been attributed to the spleen's lack of filtration and the development of anticarbohydrate antibodies. Recent research in such splenectomized patients suggests that the lack of this specific anticarbohydrate antibody in these participants is attributable to a decreased number of Memory B cells (a subgroup of B lymphocytes in charge of T-independent responses). Traditional vaccinations, which are given to splenectomized patients to protect them from being infected by encapsulated organisms, can only act in the presence of both the spleen and its functioning marginal zone. As a Result, the study will look at the level of memory B cells in the blood after three months and 1-year post-splenectomy. Aim of the study: The objective of the study was to observe the short- and long-term effects of splenectomy on memory B cells in children. Methods: This prospective case-control study was conducted at the Pediatric Surgery Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh. The study duration was one year, from July 2015 to August 2016. A total of 26 children were selected through a purposive sampling technique for this study, where the control group consisted of 10 children, and the case group consisted of 16 splenectomized children. Result: Among the case group participants, 56.25% were from the oldest age group of 12-15 years, and 37.5% were from the age group of 8-11-years. Male prevalence was high in both the control and the case group. Beta thalassemia was the primary indication for splenectomy for 81.25% of case group patients. Mean B lymphocyte was 39700.2 in the control group, 3655.3 at the 3-month follow-up of case group participants, and 3381.7 for those who had follow-up1-year after splenectomy. The mean amount of IgM memory B cells in the control group was 17.92%; at the 3-month follow-up of the case, it was 18.96%, and at the 1-year follow-up, it was 4.34%. Conclusion: In post-splenectomy individuals, immunological constitutions in memory B cells do not support a T-independent response and, therefore, vaccination. TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 39-44
{"title":"Short and Long Term Effects of Splenectomy on Memory B Cell Level in Children","authors":"Shantona Rani Paul, M. Islam, Md. Nowshad Ali, Smawia Shahid, Md Zamil Hossain","doi":"10.3329/taj.v35i1.61142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/taj.v35i1.61142","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Splenectomy has long been used to treat benign hematological abnormalities such as immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), some hemolytic anemias- especially hereditary spherocytosis and thalassemia, and prehepatic portal hypertension. The discovery that splenectomized individuals are more vulnerable to encapsulated organism infection has been attributed to the spleen's lack of filtration and the development of anticarbohydrate antibodies. Recent research in such splenectomized patients suggests that the lack of this specific anticarbohydrate antibody in these participants is attributable to a decreased number of Memory B cells (a subgroup of B lymphocytes in charge of T-independent responses). Traditional vaccinations, which are given to splenectomized patients to protect them from being infected by encapsulated organisms, can only act in the presence of both the spleen and its functioning marginal zone. As a Result, the study will look at the level of memory B cells in the blood after three months and 1-year post-splenectomy. \u0000Aim of the study: The objective of the study was to observe the short- and long-term effects of splenectomy on memory B cells in children. Methods: This prospective case-control study was conducted at the Pediatric Surgery Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh. The study duration was one year, from July 2015 to August 2016. A total of 26 children were selected through a purposive sampling technique for this study, where the control group consisted of 10 children, and the case group consisted of 16 splenectomized children. \u0000Result: Among the case group participants, 56.25% were from the oldest age group of 12-15 years, and 37.5% were from the age group of 8-11-years. Male prevalence was high in both the control and the case group. Beta thalassemia was the primary indication for splenectomy for 81.25% of case group patients. Mean B lymphocyte was 39700.2 in the control group, 3655.3 at the 3-month follow-up of case group participants, and 3381.7 for those who had follow-up1-year after splenectomy. The mean amount of IgM memory B cells in the control group was 17.92%; at the 3-month follow-up of the case, it was 18.96%, and at the 1-year follow-up, it was 4.34%. \u0000Conclusion: In post-splenectomy individuals, immunological constitutions in memory B cells do not support a T-independent response and, therefore, vaccination. \u0000TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 39-44","PeriodicalId":373921,"journal":{"name":"TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129848623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Muhatarima Tabassum, Md. Kafil Uddin, Md Ahmed Ali, SM Emdadul Haque, Md Raseul Kabir, Md Amjad Hossain Pramanik
Background: Stroke is one of the most common, most fatal, and debilitating neurologic diseases. Numerous risk factors are involved in the development of strokes, such as hypertension, cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. In addition, other factors may influence the disease's development or course, like uric acid serum level. Objective: To determine the association between serum uric acid (SUA) levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke and clinical outcomes. Material and method: This was a longitudinal descriptive study carried out among one hundred and twenty consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) admitted to the Department of Neuromedicine, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital ( during a period of two years from July'2015 to July' '2017 were included in the study. 12.11 years. Of 120 patients with AIS, 60.8% were male, and 39.2% were female. The study revealed that AIS patients with high SUA levels have significantly lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores in comparison to normal SUA levels (p<0.001). There is also a considerably higher modified Rankin Score (mRS) at discharge (4.02 ± 1.47), at one month (4.03 ± 1.01), and at three months (4.21 ± 1.12) (p< 0.001). Thus in our study, mRS analysis showed a significant clinical deterioration in patients with high SUA levels. A comparison of clinical outcomes of AIS patients by MRS between high and normal SUA levels revealed that at three months of follow-up, there is significant deterioration in patients with high SUA levels (p<0.001). There was significantly less improvement with high SUA levels (p<0.001).In this study, a total of 20 patients died at different intervals; at discharge (11), at one month (3), and three months (6). The study showed that patients with high SUA levels had significantly increased mortality in comparison to patients having normal SUA levels. It was statistically significant at discharge and one month (p<0.01 and p<0.05) but not significant at three months (p>0.05). Conclusion: A significant association was found between high serum uric acid levels and the clinical outcome of AIS patients. Estimation of serum uric acid offers a simple, inexpensive, quick, and non-invasive method for identifying such high-risk patients. TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 63-69
背景:中风是最常见、最致命、最使人衰弱的神经系统疾病之一。许多危险因素与中风的发生有关，如高血压、吸烟、高脂血症和糖尿病。此外，其他因素也可能影响疾病的发展或病程，如血清尿酸水平。目的:探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者血清尿酸(SUA)水平与临床预后的关系。材料与方法:本研究是一项纵向描述性研究，纳入Rajshahi医学院附属医院神经内科连续收治的120例急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者(2015年7月至2017年7月为期两年)。12.11年。120例AIS患者中，男性占60.8%，女性占39.2%。研究显示，与SUA水平正常的AIS患者相比，SUA水平高的AIS患者的格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分明显较低(p0.05)。结论:高血尿酸水平与AIS患者的临床预后有显著相关性。血清尿酸的测定提供了一种简单、廉价、快速、无创的方法来识别这类高危患者。泰姬酒店2022;35: no - 1:63 -69
{"title":"Association of Serum Uric Acid Levels in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke and Clinical Outcome","authors":"Muhatarima Tabassum, Md. Kafil Uddin, Md Ahmed Ali, SM Emdadul Haque, Md Raseul Kabir, Md Amjad Hossain Pramanik","doi":"10.3329/taj.v35i1.61146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/taj.v35i1.61146","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Stroke is one of the most common, most fatal, and debilitating neurologic diseases. Numerous risk factors are involved in the development of strokes, such as hypertension, cigarette smoking, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. In addition, other factors may influence the disease's development or course, like uric acid serum level. \u0000Objective: To determine the association between serum uric acid (SUA) levels in patients with acute ischemic stroke and clinical outcomes. \u0000Material and method: This was a longitudinal descriptive study carried out among one hundred and twenty consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) admitted to the Department of Neuromedicine, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital ( during a period of two years from July'2015 to July' '2017 were included in the study. 12.11 years. Of 120 patients with AIS, 60.8% were male, and 39.2% were female. The study revealed that AIS patients with high SUA levels have significantly lower Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores in comparison to normal SUA levels (p<0.001). There is also a considerably higher modified Rankin Score (mRS) at discharge (4.02 ± 1.47), at one month (4.03 ± 1.01), and at three months (4.21 ± 1.12) (p< 0.001). Thus in our study, mRS analysis showed a significant clinical deterioration in patients with high SUA levels. A comparison of clinical outcomes of AIS patients by MRS between high and normal SUA levels revealed that at three months of follow-up, there is significant deterioration in patients with high SUA levels (p<0.001). There was significantly less improvement with high SUA levels (p<0.001).In this study, a total of 20 patients died at different intervals; at discharge (11), at one month (3), and three months (6). The study showed that patients with high SUA levels had significantly increased mortality in comparison to patients having normal SUA levels. It was statistically significant at discharge and one month (p<0.01 and p<0.05) but not significant at three months (p>0.05). \u0000Conclusion: A significant association was found between high serum uric acid levels and the clinical outcome of AIS patients. Estimation of serum uric acid offers a simple, inexpensive, quick, and non-invasive method for identifying such high-risk patients. \u0000TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 63-69","PeriodicalId":373921,"journal":{"name":"TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128215242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md Mottalib Hossain Khan, Md. Ahsanul Haque, Md. Shahidul Alam, F. Kabir, Md Azraf Hossain, M. Parvez
Background: Dermatophytosis is considered one of the most common public health problems in the world and is the most commonly diagnosed skin disease in Bangladesh. The prevalence and types of dermatophyte infections vary with climate conditions, age, lifestyle, and population migration patterns. Depending upon the anatomical site of the lesion, dermatophytes are classified into different varieties. Objective: To isolate dermatophytes and their antifungal susceptibility pattern by agar-based disc diffusion method in the Rajshahi region. Materials and Methods: Clinical samples (e.g., skin scrapings, nail clipping, and hair plucking) were collected under aseptic precautions. The identification of dermatophytes was performed through a microscopic examination using 10% KOH mount, mycological culture, and species identification by lactophenol cotton blue mount from culture. In addition, all dermatophytes isolates were subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing using the agar-based disc diffusion method. Results: Out of 171 samples, Trichophyton rubrum was the predominant dermatophyte species with 76(71.7%), followed by T.mentagrophyte were 15(14.2%), E. floccosum were 12(11.3%), and M. canis were 03(2.8%). Voriconazole and Itraconazole were more effective drugs. Griseofulvin was the least effective drug, followed by Fluconazole. Conclusion: Despite several treatment options being available for cutaneous fungal infections, Due to the increasing trend of antifungal drug resistance among dermatophytes, treatment should be based on antifungal sensitivity testing. The disc diffusion method is a simple and valuable method for the evaluation of antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes. TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 99-106
背景:皮肤癣被认为是世界上最常见的公共卫生问题之一，也是孟加拉国最常见的皮肤病。皮肤真菌感染的患病率和类型随气候条件、年龄、生活方式和人口迁移模式而变化。根据病变的解剖部位，皮癣菌被分为不同的品种。目的:用琼脂盘片扩散法分离拉吉沙希地区皮肤真菌及其药敏规律。材料和方法:临床标本(如刮皮、剪指甲、拔毛)在无菌注意事项下采集。采用10% KOH培养基、真菌学培养和培养后的乳酚棉蓝培养基进行菌种鉴定。此外，采用琼脂盘片扩散法对所有分离的皮癣菌进行抗真菌药敏试验。结果:171份样本中，以红毛癣菌76种(71.7%)为优势种，其次为芒植毛癣菌15种(14.2%)、絮凝毛癣菌12种(11.3%)、犬支原体03种(2.8%)。伏立康唑和伊曲康唑疗效较好。灰黄霉素是效果最差的药物，其次是氟康唑。结论:尽管皮肤真菌感染有多种治疗方案，但由于皮肤真菌耐药趋势日益明显，治疗应以抗真菌药敏试验为基础。盘片扩散法是一种简便而有价值的皮肤真菌药敏评价方法。泰姬酒店2022;35: no - 1:99 -106
{"title":"Agar-Based Disc Diffusion Assay for Susceptibility Testing of Dermatophytes in the Rajshahi Region","authors":"Md Mottalib Hossain Khan, Md. Ahsanul Haque, Md. Shahidul Alam, F. Kabir, Md Azraf Hossain, M. Parvez","doi":"10.3329/taj.v35i1.61164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/taj.v35i1.61164","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Dermatophytosis is considered one of the most common public health problems in the world and is the most commonly diagnosed skin disease in Bangladesh. The prevalence and types of dermatophyte infections vary with climate conditions, age, lifestyle, and population migration patterns. Depending upon the anatomical site of the lesion, dermatophytes are classified into different varieties. Objective: To isolate dermatophytes and their antifungal susceptibility pattern by agar-based disc diffusion method in the Rajshahi region. \u0000Materials and Methods: Clinical samples (e.g., skin scrapings, nail clipping, and hair plucking) were collected under aseptic precautions. The identification of dermatophytes was performed through a microscopic examination using 10% KOH mount, mycological culture, and species identification by lactophenol cotton blue mount from culture. In addition, all dermatophytes isolates were subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing using the agar-based disc diffusion method. \u0000Results: Out of 171 samples, Trichophyton rubrum was the predominant dermatophyte species with 76(71.7%), followed by T.mentagrophyte were 15(14.2%), E. floccosum were 12(11.3%), and M. canis were 03(2.8%). Voriconazole and Itraconazole were more effective drugs. Griseofulvin was the least effective drug, followed by Fluconazole. \u0000Conclusion: Despite several treatment options being available for cutaneous fungal infections, Due to the increasing trend of antifungal drug resistance among dermatophytes, treatment should be based on antifungal sensitivity testing. The disc diffusion method is a simple and valuable method for the evaluation of antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes. \u0000TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 99-106","PeriodicalId":373921,"journal":{"name":"TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132144930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Shameem, K. L. Saha, Md. Belal Uddin, Jesmin Jahan, A. N. H. Bhuiyan, Ahsan Kabir Masoom
Introduction: One to three per 1,000 live births suffers from significant hearing impairment. However, 2 to 4 per 100 infants who survived neonatal intensive care have some degree of sensorineural hearing loss. If hearing impairment in newborns is detected earlier, early management can prevent undesirable and often irreversible damage due to late detection. Early detection and the treatment of hearing impairment in children are essential for the development of communication skills, social skills, emotional well-being, and positive self-esteem. Unfortunately, this disability remains undetected for many newborns until it is too late to prevent undesirable and often irreversible damage. Unfortunately, not many studies were done on this topic in Bangladesh. The magnitude of the burden of hearing impairment in the study place might be identified by this study. The objective of the study: Hearing screening was done to see the status of hearing impairment in newborns admitted to NICU. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted in the department of neonatology, BSMMU. Newborn admitted to the NICU during the study period was the study population. The newborn who met the inclusion criteria was screened with TEOAE close to discharge from the NICU or before one month of age. A second screen was done with TEOAE again after one month of 1st screen but prior to 3 months of postnatal age if referred in 1st screen. Diagnostic ABR was done prior to 3 months of the postnatal age if referred in both the 1st and 2nd screen. Results: 426 valid recordings from 493 newborns admitted to the NICU enrolled consecutively constitute the basis of this study. Fourteen newborns were found to have hearing impairment among 426 newborns (3.3%). 2 newborns had unilateral hearing loss, and their hearing losses were moderate in nature. The other 12 newborns in their 24 ears had different grades of hearing loss. It was mild hearing loss in 3 ears, moderate in 9 ears, severe in 8 ears, and profound in 4 ears. Conclusion: Hearing screening showed that 3.3% of newborns in the NICU have a hearing impairment. It is still an underestimation considering the number of newborns who were lost to follow-up. TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 77-82
每1000名活产婴儿中就有1至3人患有严重的听力障碍。然而，每100名在新生儿重症监护中存活下来的婴儿中，有2至4名患有某种程度的感音神经性听力损失。如果早期发现新生儿听力障碍，早期管理可以防止由于发现晚而造成的不良和往往不可逆转的损害。儿童听力障碍的早期发现和治疗对于发展沟通技能、社交技能、情感健康和积极自尊至关重要。不幸的是，对于许多新生儿来说，这种残疾一直没有被发现，直到为时已晚，无法防止不良的、往往是不可逆转的损害。不幸的是，孟加拉国对这一主题的研究并不多。本研究可以确定研究地的听力损害负担程度。研究目的:通过听力筛查了解新生儿入住NICU的听力障碍状况。方法:一项前瞻性观察研究在BSMMU新生儿科进行。研究期间入住NICU的新生儿为研究人群。符合纳入标准的新生儿在新生儿重症监护病房出院前或1个月前接受TEOAE筛查。第二次筛查是在第一次筛查的一个月后进行的，但如果在第一次筛查中提及，则在出生后3个月之前。如果在第一次和第二次筛查中提及，则在出生后3个月之前进行诊断性ABR。结果:连续入组的493例新生儿的426条有效录音构成了本研究的基础。426名新生儿中有14名(3.3%)存在听力障碍。新生儿单侧听力损失2例，属中度听力损失。另外12名新生儿在他们的24只耳朵中有不同程度的听力损失。轻度听力损失3耳，中度听力损失9耳，重度听力损失8耳，重度听力损失4耳。结论:新生儿重症监护病房新生儿听力筛查显示，3.3%的新生儿存在听力障碍。考虑到失去随访的新生儿数量，这仍然是一个低估。泰姬酒店2022;35: no - 1:77 -82
{"title":"Hearing Screening to Evaluate the Status of Newborn Hearing Impairment in the NICU of a Tertiary Hospital","authors":"M. Shameem, K. L. Saha, Md. Belal Uddin, Jesmin Jahan, A. N. H. Bhuiyan, Ahsan Kabir Masoom","doi":"10.3329/taj.v35i1.61159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/taj.v35i1.61159","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: One to three per 1,000 live births suffers from significant hearing impairment. However, 2 to 4 per 100 infants who survived neonatal intensive care have some degree of sensorineural hearing loss. If hearing impairment in newborns is detected earlier, early management can prevent undesirable and often irreversible damage due to late detection. Early detection and the treatment of hearing impairment in children are essential for the development of communication skills, social skills, emotional well-being, and positive self-esteem. Unfortunately, this disability remains undetected for many newborns until it is too late to prevent undesirable and often irreversible damage. Unfortunately, not many studies were done on this topic in Bangladesh. The magnitude of the burden of hearing impairment in the study place might be identified by this study. The objective of the study: Hearing screening was done to see the status of hearing impairment in newborns admitted to NICU. \u0000Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted in the department of neonatology, BSMMU. Newborn admitted to the NICU during the study period was the study population. The newborn who met the inclusion criteria was screened with TEOAE close to discharge from the NICU or before one month of age. A second screen was done with TEOAE again after one month of 1st screen but prior to 3 months of postnatal age if referred in 1st screen. Diagnostic ABR was done prior to 3 months of the postnatal age if referred in both the 1st and 2nd screen. \u0000Results: 426 valid recordings from 493 newborns admitted to the NICU enrolled consecutively constitute the basis of this study. Fourteen newborns were found to have hearing impairment among 426 newborns (3.3%). 2 newborns had unilateral hearing loss, and their hearing losses were moderate in nature. The other 12 newborns in their 24 ears had different grades of hearing loss. It was mild hearing loss in 3 ears, moderate in 9 ears, severe in 8 ears, and profound in 4 ears. \u0000Conclusion: Hearing screening showed that 3.3% of newborns in the NICU have a hearing impairment. It is still an underestimation considering the number of newborns who were lost to follow-up. \u0000TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 77-82","PeriodicalId":373921,"journal":{"name":"TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130554026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human Monkeypox Outbreak in the Non-endemic Countries- Should We be Concerned?","authors":"Md Azizul Haque","doi":"10.3329/taj.v35i1.61131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/taj.v35i1.61131","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract not available \u0000TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: I-II","PeriodicalId":373921,"journal":{"name":"TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124060662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abul Kalam Mohammad Asad, R. Barman, Md Munimul Huq, Mir Nowazesh Ali, M. I. I. Wahed
Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent and chronic oral diseases, particularly in childhood, associated with multifactorial causation. Objective: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries, oral hygiene status, and associated risk factors among school-going children of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional design type of descriptive study was carried out among primary school-going children of 5-13 years of age in the Rajshahi district. The sample size was 2000, and that was selected purposively. Data were collected through a partially structured questionnaire. Descriptive variables were explained with mean and standard deviation. The Chi-square test was applied to see the relationship with qualitative variables. Statistical significance was found by applying relevant statistical tests at an appropriate probability level (p<0.05 or <0.01). Results: A total of 2000 children between 5-13 years of age participated in this survey. The study findings showed a high prevalence of dental caries among 8–10-years old school children. Most (56.9%) of the respondents' fathers were workers, and most (86.3%) of the respondents' mothers were homemakers. It was found that 64.2% of the respondents' fathers and 74.05% of the respondents' mothers had below SSC level of education. About 60% of the respondents brushed their teeth twice a day, and a good number (81.0%) brushed their teeth before breakfast. The majority (68.80%) of the respondents had a family history of dental problems, and 45.6% had average oral hygiene. A large number (49.6%) of the respondents' favorite food was junk food. The relationship of age of the respondents with oral hygiene status was found to be statistically significant (p <0.001) but not with sex, parents' education, and occupation (p >0.05 each). The relationship of oral hygiene status of the respondents was found to be statistically significant with the frequency of tooth brushing (p <0.05), time of tooth brushing (p <0.01), family history of dental problems (p <0.05), most favorite food (p <.001), dental plaque index (p <0.001) and dental caries index (p <0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of dental caries was higher among school-going children in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 125-136
{"title":"Prevalence of Dental Caries, Oral Hygiene Status, and Associated Risk Factors Among Schoolgoing Children of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh","authors":"Abul Kalam Mohammad Asad, R. Barman, Md Munimul Huq, Mir Nowazesh Ali, M. I. I. Wahed","doi":"10.3329/taj.v35i1.61167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/taj.v35i1.61167","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Dental caries is one of the most prevalent and chronic oral diseases, particularly in childhood, associated with multifactorial causation. \u0000Objective: The study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental caries, oral hygiene status, and associated risk factors among school-going children of Rajshahi District in Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional design type of descriptive study was carried out among primary school-going children of 5-13 years of age in the Rajshahi district. The sample size was 2000, and that was selected purposively. Data were collected through a partially structured questionnaire. Descriptive variables were explained with mean and standard deviation. The Chi-square test was applied to see the relationship with qualitative variables. Statistical significance was found by applying relevant statistical tests at an appropriate probability level (p<0.05 or <0.01). \u0000Results: A total of 2000 children between 5-13 years of age participated in this survey. The study findings showed a high prevalence of dental caries among 8–10-years old school children. Most (56.9%) of the respondents' fathers were workers, and most (86.3%) of the respondents' mothers were homemakers. It was found that 64.2% of the respondents' fathers and 74.05% of the respondents' mothers had below SSC level of education. About 60% of the respondents brushed their teeth twice a day, and a good number (81.0%) brushed their teeth before breakfast. The majority (68.80%) of the respondents had a family history of dental problems, and 45.6% had average oral hygiene. A large number (49.6%) of the respondents' favorite food was junk food. The relationship of age of the respondents with oral hygiene status was found to be statistically significant (p <0.001) but not with sex, parents' education, and occupation (p >0.05 each). The relationship of oral hygiene status of the respondents was found to be statistically significant with the frequency of tooth brushing (p <0.05), time of tooth brushing (p <0.01), family history of dental problems (p <0.05), most favorite food (p <.001), dental plaque index (p <0.001) and dental caries index (p <0.001). \u0000Conclusions: The prevalence of dental caries was higher among school-going children in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. \u0000TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 125-136","PeriodicalId":373921,"journal":{"name":"TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131120979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md. Asadur Rahman, Md. Khorshed Alam, N. Rahman, A. Alam, F. Alam, A. Rahman
Abstract: Sore throat manifested by throat pain is a troublesome issue or discomfort for which physicians are used to prescribing antibiotics, but most often, it is found that the patient is not responding to the drug, which gives rise to the question of drug-resistant or whether there is any infection at all? Nonspecific throat pain also imparts serious public health problems. Self-medication, inadvertent and inadequate doses of antibiotics frequently prescribed by both village doctors and registered MBBS doctors is really a public health problem in developing countries like Bangladesh. Aims: The aims of this study are to isolate the common organisms in chronic throat infection and to find out the effectiveness of various commonly used antibiotics. Methods: The samples were collected randomly from sore throat patients via a throat swab in 5 ml of 1% sterilized saline water, and the sample was brought to the laboratory and was inoculated within two hours in both blood agar and nutrient agar (NA) media and samples were incubated at 37°C overnight. Then pure colonies were transferred to Mueller Hinton agar, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 27(24%) out of 111 samples yield positive growth. In a large number of samples, 84 (76%) did not show any isolation of the pathogenic organism. The predominant organism is a Staphylococcus aureus (55.55%). Thereafter, streptococcus (18.51%), Klebsiellapneumone (14.81%)and Pseudomonas (11.11%).Amoxiclav is the most resistant drug, along with cefuroxime, azithromycin, and doxycycline, respectively. Levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin show intermediate sensitivity. The most sensitive drug used in chronic sore throat found is linezolid though not frequently used, and other sensitive drugs are moxifloxacin and ceftriaxone. Conclusion: Throat pain or soreness does not always indicate that patient has been infected by bacteria. Rationale and ethical prescription, as well as microbiological sensitivity testing, are considered to avoid drug-resistant strains. TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 25-31
摘要:以咽喉疼痛为表现的咽喉痛是一个令人头疼的问题或不适，医生已经习惯了开具抗生素，但大多数情况下，发现患者对药物没有反应，这就产生了耐药性或是否有感染的问题。非特异性喉咙痛也会带来严重的公共卫生问题。在孟加拉国等发展中国家，乡村医生和注册MBBS医生经常开出的自行用药、疏忽和剂量不足的抗生素确实是一个公共卫生问题。目的:本研究的目的是分离慢性咽喉感染的常见病原菌，并了解各种常用抗生素的疗效。方法:从咽喉痛患者用咽拭子随机抽取5 ml 1%无菌盐水标本，带至实验室，于2 h内分别接种于血琼脂和营养琼脂(NA)培养基中，37℃孵育过夜。将纯菌落转移到Mueller Hinton琼脂上，采用Kirby Bauer圆盘扩散法进行药敏试验。结果:111个样品中有27个(24%)样品为正生长。在大量样本中，84份(76%)未显示任何病原生物的分离。主要病原菌为金黄色葡萄球菌(55.55%)。其次是链球菌(18.51%)、克雷伯肺炎(14.81%)和假单胞菌(11.11%)。阿莫昔拉夫是最耐药的药物，其次是头孢呋辛、阿奇霉素和强力霉素。左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星为中等敏感性。治疗慢性喉咙痛最敏感的药物是利奈唑胺，但并不经常使用，其他敏感药物是莫西沙星和头孢曲松。结论:咽喉疼痛或疼痛并不一定表明患者感染了细菌。考虑到合理和合乎伦理的处方，以及微生物敏感性测试，以避免耐药菌株。泰姬酒店2022;35: no - 1:25 -31
{"title":"Isolation, Identification, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Bacterial Pathogens at Chronic Sore Throat Patients Attending Outpatient Department of a Tertiary Care Hospital","authors":"Md. Asadur Rahman, Md. Khorshed Alam, N. Rahman, A. Alam, F. Alam, A. Rahman","doi":"10.3329/taj.v35i1.61140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/taj.v35i1.61140","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Sore throat manifested by throat pain is a troublesome issue or discomfort for which physicians are used to prescribing antibiotics, but most often, it is found that the patient is not responding to the drug, which gives rise to the question of drug-resistant or whether there is any infection at all? Nonspecific throat pain also imparts serious public health problems. Self-medication, inadvertent and inadequate doses of antibiotics frequently prescribed by both village doctors and registered MBBS doctors is really a public health problem in developing countries like Bangladesh. \u0000Aims: The aims of this study are to isolate the common organisms in chronic throat infection and to find out the effectiveness of various commonly used antibiotics. \u0000Methods: The samples were collected randomly from sore throat patients via a throat swab in 5 ml of 1% sterilized saline water, and the sample was brought to the laboratory and was inoculated within two hours in both blood agar and nutrient agar (NA) media and samples were incubated at 37°C overnight. Then pure colonies were transferred to Mueller Hinton agar, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. \u0000Results: A total of 27(24%) out of 111 samples yield positive growth. In a large number of samples, 84 (76%) did not show any isolation of the pathogenic organism. The predominant organism is a Staphylococcus aureus (55.55%). Thereafter, streptococcus (18.51%), Klebsiellapneumone (14.81%)and Pseudomonas (11.11%).Amoxiclav is the most resistant drug, along with cefuroxime, azithromycin, and doxycycline, respectively. Levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin show intermediate sensitivity. The most sensitive drug used in chronic sore throat found is linezolid though not frequently used, and other sensitive drugs are moxifloxacin and ceftriaxone. \u0000Conclusion: Throat pain or soreness does not always indicate that patient has been infected by bacteria. Rationale and ethical prescription, as well as microbiological sensitivity testing, are considered to avoid drug-resistant strains. \u0000TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 25-31","PeriodicalId":373921,"journal":{"name":"TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125913821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tanzila Rawnuck, Md. Selim Reza, Mohammad Fatteh Ul Islam, Shahanaj Parveen, H. Begum, Muhammad Mahbub ul Alam
Background: Dental caries has been a major problem in Bangladesh for decades. Oral diseases are the most common non-communicable diseases related to severe local and systemic disorders. Oral microorganisms can grow and spread in the oral mucosae and most commonly in biomaterials under polymicrobial biofilms, leading to several diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disorders. Aims: This study aimed to detect S. mutants and S. sobrinus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and to relate the link between their presence and dental caries. Materials and Methods: Streptococcusmutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) strains were isolated from individuals with no caries. However, they were isolated with high counts of those organisms in saliva samples. The saliva samples were collected from the patients who attended the outdoor Dhaka Dental College Hospital from March 2018 to December 2018. PCR was performed to detect the presence of different organisms. Results: Prevalence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was, respectively, 19% and 04%. About 68% of the saliva sample was not either positive for both bacterial species, whereas 09% was positive for both bacterial species. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that PCR is an easy, quick, and reliable method for detecting S. mutans and S. sobrinus in epidemiological studies. It was also observed that S. mutans was the most common organism than S. sobrinus to develop caries. TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 07-10
背景:几十年来，龋齿一直是孟加拉国的一个主要问题。口腔疾病是最常见的非传染性疾病，与严重的局部和全身性疾病有关。口腔微生物可以在口腔粘膜中生长和传播，最常见的是在多微生物生物膜下的生物材料中生长和传播，导致龋齿和牙周疾病等几种疾病。目的:利用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增技术检测突变链球菌和sobrinus，探讨其存在与龋病的关系。材料与方法:从无龋患者中分离出变形链球菌(S. mutans)和sobrinus链球菌(S. sobrinus)。然而，他们的唾液样本中这些微生物的数量很高。唾液样本采集自2018年3月至2018年12月在达卡牙科学院户外医院就诊的患者。采用PCR检测不同生物的存在。结果:变形链球菌和隐球菌的感染率分别为19%和04%。约68%的唾液样本对两种细菌均未呈阳性，而09%的唾液样本对两种细菌均呈阳性。结论:在流行病学研究中，PCR检测变形链球菌和sobrinus是一种简便、快速、可靠的方法。变形链球菌是比隐球菌更常见的龋病病原菌。泰姬酒店2022;35: no - 1,07 -10
{"title":"Detection of Streptococcus Mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in Saliva Samples","authors":"Tanzila Rawnuck, Md. Selim Reza, Mohammad Fatteh Ul Islam, Shahanaj Parveen, H. Begum, Muhammad Mahbub ul Alam","doi":"10.3329/taj.v35i1.61133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/taj.v35i1.61133","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Dental caries has been a major problem in Bangladesh for decades. Oral diseases are the most common non-communicable diseases related to severe local and systemic disorders. Oral microorganisms can grow and spread in the oral mucosae and most commonly in biomaterials under polymicrobial biofilms, leading to several diseases such as dental caries and periodontal disorders. Aims: This study aimed to detect S. mutants and S. sobrinus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and to relate the link between their presence and dental caries. \u0000Materials and Methods: Streptococcusmutans (S. mutans) and Streptococcus sobrinus (S. sobrinus) strains were isolated from individuals with no caries. However, they were isolated with high counts of those organisms in saliva samples. The saliva samples were collected from the patients who attended the outdoor Dhaka Dental College Hospital from March 2018 to December 2018. PCR was performed to detect the presence of different organisms. \u0000Results: Prevalence of S. mutans and S. sobrinus was, respectively, 19% and 04%. About 68% of the saliva sample was not either positive for both bacterial species, whereas 09% was positive for both bacterial species. \u0000Conclusion: This study demonstrated that PCR is an easy, quick, and reliable method for detecting S. mutans and S. sobrinus in epidemiological studies. It was also observed that S. mutans was the most common organism than S. sobrinus to develop caries. \u0000TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 07-10","PeriodicalId":373921,"journal":{"name":"TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association","volume":"100 5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115550189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Grade III and Grade IV sacral pressure sores are required surgical closure. The gluteal fascio-cutaneous rotation advancement flap with V-Y closure was performed in our hospital on 50 cases of sacral sore from 2017 to 2019. The largest defects closed with a unilateral flap were up to 14 cm, and a bilateral flap needed to close 15-22 cm in diameter. In 1.5 to 24 months of follow-up time, none of the patients developed wound dehiscence or flap necrosis requiring repeated surgery. The V-Y rotation advancement flap technique is simple, can be performed quickly, has minimal associated morbidity, and has a good outcome. Furthermore, we can use the same flap design in recurrent cases. TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 33-38
III级和IV级的骶骨压疮需要手术治疗。2017年至2019年，我院对50例骶部溃疡行臀筋膜-皮肤旋转推进皮瓣V-Y闭合。单侧皮瓣最大缺损达14 cm，双侧皮瓣需关闭直径15-22 cm。随访1.5 ~ 24个月，无一例患者出现创面裂开或皮瓣坏死，无需重复手术。V-Y旋转推进皮瓣技术简单，可快速完成，相关发病率低，效果好。此外，我们可以使用相同的皮瓣设计复发病例。泰姬酒店2022;35: no - 1:33 -38
{"title":"V-Y Rotation Advancement Flap for Sacral Sore: Experiences at Rajshahi","authors":"A. Nazneen, Md Nafis Alam Adnan","doi":"10.3329/taj.v35i1.61141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/taj.v35i1.61141","url":null,"abstract":"Grade III and Grade IV sacral pressure sores are required surgical closure. The gluteal fascio-cutaneous rotation advancement flap with V-Y closure was performed in our hospital on 50 cases of sacral sore from 2017 to 2019. The largest defects closed with a unilateral flap were up to 14 cm, and a bilateral flap needed to close 15-22 cm in diameter. In 1.5 to 24 months of follow-up time, none of the patients developed wound dehiscence or flap necrosis requiring repeated surgery. The V-Y rotation advancement flap technique is simple, can be performed quickly, has minimal associated morbidity, and has a good outcome. Furthermore, we can use the same flap design in recurrent cases. \u0000TAJ 2022; 35: No-1: 33-38","PeriodicalId":373921,"journal":{"name":"TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133169619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. A. Sayed, F. Begum, S. Islam, Md Ismail Hossain Khan, Md. Belal Uddin
Introduction: A large number of babies are being delivered in our country prematurely. Renal function and glucose metabolism are not fully developed in these babies Resulting in disturbance of their homeostasis. Objectives: This study was conducted to measure serum creatinine and serum glucose in term and preterm infants and compare their values to find out any significant difference. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included a total of hundred cases of neonates (term babies 50, preterm babies 50) who were admitted to the Paediatric inpatient department or delivered in the obstetrics department of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital during the period of July 2012 to December 2012. Data were collected from the parents who gave written informed consent. To test the Results, whether they were statistically significant or not, ‘z' test was applied. Result: Among the total 100 neonates in the term group, the male-female ratio was 1:1.5, and in the preterm group, it was 1:1. In the preterm groups, 20 (20%) babies had a gestational age between 35-37 weeks, 15 (15%) babies had a gestational age between 32-34 weeks, and the rest 15 (15%) babies were in between 28-31 weeks. Here, man serum creatinine value in term babies was 0.89 ±0.16 mg/dl, whereas that in the preterm babies was 1.02±0.36. In the term babies, serum creatinine value > 0.9 mg/dl was in 36%, and in the preterm babies, it was in 48%. Values of serum creatinine were found higher in the preterm neonates, which was statistically significant (Z = 2.338, P < 0.05). This study also showed mean serum glucose level in the term babies 4.14±2 mmol/l and in the preterm 3.46 ±1.92. Hypoglycemia was found in 14% of term babies and 46% of preterm babies. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the means of the two groups (z test value 1.735 and p-value >0.05). Conclusion: Raised serum creatinine is common in preterm babies. But, hypoglycemia may occur in both groups without any significant difference. TAJ 2021; 34: No-2: 64-70
{"title":"Comparative study of Serum Creatinine and Serum Glucose Level between Term and Preterm Neonates in a Tertiary Care Hospital","authors":"M. A. Sayed, F. Begum, S. Islam, Md Ismail Hossain Khan, Md. Belal Uddin","doi":"10.3329/taj.v34i2.58557","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/taj.v34i2.58557","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: A large number of babies are being delivered in our country prematurely. Renal function and glucose metabolism are not fully developed in these babies Resulting in disturbance of their homeostasis.\u0000Objectives: This study was conducted to measure serum creatinine and serum glucose in term and preterm infants and compare their values to find out any significant difference. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included a total of hundred cases of neonates (term babies 50, preterm babies 50) who were admitted to the Paediatric inpatient department or delivered in the obstetrics department of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital during the period of July 2012 to December 2012. Data were collected from the parents who gave written informed consent. To test the Results, whether they were statistically significant or not, ‘z' test was applied.\u0000Result: Among the total 100 neonates in the term group, the male-female ratio was 1:1.5, and in the preterm group, it was 1:1. In the preterm groups, 20 (20%) babies had a gestational age between 35-37 weeks, 15 (15%) babies had a gestational age between 32-34 weeks, and the rest 15 (15%) babies were in between 28-31 weeks. Here, man serum creatinine value in term babies was 0.89 ±0.16 mg/dl, whereas that in the preterm babies was 1.02±0.36. In the term babies, serum creatinine value > 0.9 mg/dl was in 36%, and in the preterm babies, it was in 48%. Values of serum creatinine were found higher in the preterm neonates, which was statistically significant (Z = 2.338, P < 0.05). This study also showed mean serum glucose level in the term babies 4.14±2 mmol/l and in the preterm 3.46 ±1.92. Hypoglycemia was found in 14% of term babies and 46% of preterm babies. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the means of the two groups (z test value 1.735 and p-value >0.05).\u0000Conclusion: Raised serum creatinine is common in preterm babies. But, hypoglycemia may occur in both groups without any significant difference.\u0000TAJ 2021; 34: No-2: 64-70","PeriodicalId":373921,"journal":{"name":"TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125368111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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