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Life in the hole: The impact of solitary confinement in the United States 监狱里的生活:美国单独监禁的影响
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-04-16 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12523
Eman Tadros, Amber Carufel, Jennifer Smith

An estimated 84,000 incarcerated individuals face solitary confinement in the United States criminal justice system. Solitary confinement is seen as a cruel punishment, with lasting effects, for incarcerated individuals. Human rights organisations, medical associations, policymakers, and incarcerated people have argued for the discontinuation of solitary confinement. After being in solitary confinement for an extended period, incarcerated people can suffer worsening and future mental health issues, physical health concerns and issues with relationships during and after serving their time in prison. This article reviews the available research and the purpose of the article is to show the detrimental effects solitary confinement has on incarcerated individuals. Clinical and policy implications for prisons that use solitary confinement are discussed to dissuade usage.

据估计,在美国刑事司法系统中,有84,000名被监禁者面临单独监禁。单独监禁被视为一种残忍的惩罚,对被监禁的人有持久的影响。人权组织、医疗协会、政策制定者和被监禁的人都主张停止单独监禁。在长期单独监禁之后,被监禁的人在服刑期间和服刑后可能会出现日益恶化的精神健康问题、身体健康问题以及人际关系问题。这篇文章回顾了现有的研究,文章的目的是显示单独监禁对被监禁的人的有害影响。对使用单独监禁的监狱的临床和政策影响进行了讨论,以劝阻使用。
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引用次数: 0
The palimpsest of outdoor penal labour in California, 1915–2000 1915年至2000年,加州户外劳役的重述
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12503
Philip Goodman, Kaitlyn Quinn

In this article we examine the curious stability of outdoor penal labour in California in the 20th century against a shifting social and penal field. Analysing state archival data on prison highway and forestry camps between 1915 and 2000, we frame the persistence of these practices as evidence of a penal labour palimpsest. We demonstrate how the agency and interpretive innovation of penal administrators – as the architects and interpreters of this palimpsest – served as a stabilising mechanism akin to, but distinct from, existing theories of path dependence. Zooming out from the intricacies of the historical record, we position this case as revealing some of the limits of strict theories of path dependence and, instead, as offering a more dynamic understanding of the complex, intersecting and malleable ways in which history matters.

在这篇文章中,我们研究了20世纪加州户外刑罚劳动的奇特稳定性,以应对不断变化的社会和刑罚领域。我们分析了1915年至2000年间有关监狱高速公路和森林营地的国家档案数据,将这些做法的持续存在作为刑事劳动重写的证据。我们展示了刑罚管理者的代理和解释创新——作为这个重写本的建筑师和解释者——如何作为一种稳定机制,类似于现有的路径依赖理论,但又不同于现有的路径依赖理论。从错综复杂的历史记录中缩小,我们将这个案例定位为揭示严格的路径依赖理论的一些局限性,相反,为历史问题的复杂,交叉和可塑方式提供更动态的理解。
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引用次数: 0
Europeanisation of post-Soviet prisons: A comparative case study of prison policy transfer from Norway to Latvia and Lithuania 后苏联监狱的欧洲化:从挪威到拉脱维亚和立陶宛监狱政策转移的比较案例研究
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12512
Nadejda Burciu

Despite shared history and a common ambition to comply with European standards, post-Soviet countries differ in the way in which they reform prisons. By investigating two most-similar cases of policy transfer from Norway – the establishment of the Olaine Drug Centre in Latvia and the Pravieniškės Drug Unit in Lithuania – this article explains why outcomes diverge and how Western-European carceral individualism clashes with path-dependent carceral collectivism. Where leadership is unstable, with limited powers, the informal legacies are strong, and policy-transfer strategy is fragmented, as in Lithuania, the outcome is likely to be non-transformative. Where, on the contrary, leadership is stable, enjoying larger discretionary powers and the intervention strategy is holistic, as in Latvia, the import of foreign institutional models is likely to be successful.

尽管有共同的历史和遵循欧洲标准的共同目标,后苏联国家在改革监狱的方式上有所不同。通过调查来自挪威的两个最相似的政策转移案例——拉脱维亚的Olaine药物中心和立陶宛的Pravieniškės药物部门——本文解释了为什么结果不同,以及西欧的狱卒个人主义如何与路径依赖的狱卒集体主义发生冲突。在领导层不稳定、权力有限、非正式遗产强大、政策转移战略支离破碎的地方(如立陶宛),结果很可能不会带来变革。相反,在领导层稳定、享有更大的自由裁量权、干预战略是整体的地方(如拉脱维亚),引进外国机构模式可能会取得成功。
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引用次数: 2
Community corrections at a critical juncture: Privatisation, race, and the redefinition of the community after Attica 关键时刻的社区矫正:私有化、种族和阿提卡之后的社区重新定义
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12505
Nicole Kaufman

Critical junctures can propel a reorientation of state, civil society, and market. I examine this process during an influential historical moment in the early 1970s, when actors ranging from incarcerated organisers to political elites worked to redefine the role of community organisations in corrections. These efforts resulted in a policy privatising the delivery of community-based correctional services in the case I study in Wisconsin, USA. Using archival records, I demonstrate how this policy was situated in leaders’ anxieties about the control of Black men. I trace historically emergent relationships among racialised social control, privatisation and NGOs, which reverberate in the non-profit sector today. The research invites further examination of moments of contingency in criminal justice policy after exceptional violence by the state.

关键时刻可以推动国家、公民社会和市场的重新定位。我在20世纪70年代初一个有影响力的历史时刻考察了这一过程,当时,从被监禁的组织者到政治精英,都在努力重新定义社区组织在矫正中的角色。我在美国威斯康辛州研究的案例中,这些努力导致了一项将社区惩教服务私有化的政策。利用档案记录,我展示了这一政策是如何被置于领导人对控制黑人的焦虑之中的。我追溯了历史上种族化的社会控制、私有化和非政府组织之间的新兴关系,这些关系在今天的非营利部门引起了反响。这项研究促使人们进一步研究在国家实施特殊暴力后刑事司法政策中的偶然性时刻。
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引用次数: 0
Path dependence and criminal justice reform: Introducing the special issue 路径依赖与刑事司法改革:专题介绍
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12520
Thomas Guiney, Ashley Rubin, Henry Yeomans
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引用次数: 0
A developmental model of sentencing evolution: The emergence of the politics of probation in Chile 量刑演变的发展模式:智利缓刑政治的出现
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12510
Javier Wilenmann, Maite Gambardella

This article builds a developmental model of probation evolution based on the dynamics generated by its feedback effects, illustrating its claims through a case study of Chile's recent probation politics. The article posits that probation emerges out of the negative infrastructural and political feedback effects of the prison. As probation generalises, it creates its own growing negative political feedback. In time, the field can enter a state that we label the politics of probation, providing for substantial political conflict and fluctuance. The article shows how different actors mediate in the conflict around the politics of probation.

本文基于反馈效应产生的动态,构建了一个缓刑演变的发展模型,并通过对智利近期缓刑政治的案例研究来说明其主张。本文认为,缓刑产生于监狱的负面基础设施和政治反馈效应。随着缓刑的普遍化,它自己也产生了越来越多的负面政治反馈。随着时间的推移,这个领域可能会进入一种我们称之为试用期政治的状态,提供大量的政治冲突和波动。这篇文章展示了不同的参与者如何在围绕缓刑政治的冲突中进行调解。
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引用次数: 0
Sentencing: New trajectories in law By E.A.O. Freer, Abingdon: Routledge. 2021. pp. 131. £44.99 (hbk); pp. 146. £16.99 (pbk). ISBN: 9780067862619; 9781032063027 《量刑:法律的新轨迹》,E.A.O.Freer著,阿宾顿:劳特利奇。2021年,第131页。44.99英镑(hbk);第146页。16.99英镑(pbk)。ISBN:9780067862619;9781032063027
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12518
Avril M. Brandon

The author of this book, Elaine A.O. Freer, makes evident that the work does not attempt to cover all sentencing law, nor is it a systematic analysis of sentencing comments. Rather, the aim is to examine what can be understood as the five statutory sentencing aims and objectives that judges must consider in England and Wales: punishment; deterrence; rehabilitation; protection; and reparation (Sentencing Act 2020, s. 57(2)). Moreover, rather than viewing these aims from an abstract perspective, the author seeks to shed light on their implementation in practice – examining the process and purpose of sentencing, beyond the confines of its legalistic aspects. To do this, the author draws on cases in which the author, a practising barrister, was involved, and comments made by judges during sentencing. Chapters are titled and ordered by sentencing aim, allowing the reader to engage in the chapters on a stand-alone basis or as a whole. This book focuses only on the sentencing of adults.

The introductory chapter does, as the author notes, the ‘heavy lifting’ (p.19) in laying the foundations for this text. The author provides concise but comprehensive information on sentencing disposals in England and Wales, referencing legislation extensively throughout. This greatly enhances the accessibility of the book to a wide audience, appealing to those at all stages of academia, researchers and legal practitioners. Those with a limited background in law will find this chapter to be particularly insightful and relevant when engaging with the rest of the book.

The first chapter considers sentencing as a means of punishment. The author suggests that ‘the criminal justice system has adopted an overly simplistic obsession with punishment, driven by politicians’ misunderstanding of what the public actually want to happen to those who break the social contract by offending’ (p.21). To that end, they question whether imprisonment is the punishment or for punishment, discussing Sykes's (1958) pains of imprisonment. Reflecting on whether punishment can be administered via other sentence types, the author posits that legislature has overlooked the individual experience of punishment – that is, that each person experiences punishment differently, based on their own circumstances. For some, the deprivation of liberty through imprisonment may be less impactful than a community order sentence. Within this scope, the author notes the impact of gender, and the additional pains of imprisonment that can be observed in the 21st century. The author also reflects on public misunderstandings of sentences, fuelled in part by erroneous media reporting. The author concludes that a modern approach to punishment should consider the factors that lead to offending, and moreover, that increased public awareness of sentencing and the reasons why certain sentences are imposed, would be beneficial.

The second chapter reflects on sentencing to reduce

这本书的作者伊莱恩·a·o·弗里尔(Elaine A.O. Freer)明确表示,这本书并没有试图涵盖所有的量刑法,也不是对量刑评论的系统分析。相反,其目的是研究英格兰和威尔士法官必须考虑的五个法定量刑目的和目标:惩罚;威慑;康复;保护;和赔偿(《2020年量刑法》第57(2)条)。此外,作者不是从抽象的角度看待这些目标,而是试图阐明它们在实践中的执行情况- -在法律方面的限制之外审查量刑的程序和目的。为了做到这一点,提交人引用了作为执业大律师的提交人所参与的案件以及法官在判刑时的评论。章节的标题和顺序是根据量刑目标,允许读者在独立的基础上或作为一个整体参与章节。这本书只关注对成年人的判决。正如作者所指出的,引言一章在为本文奠定基础方面做了“繁重的工作”(第19页)。作者就英格兰和威尔士的量刑处置提供了简明而全面的资料,并在整个过程中广泛引用了立法。这大大提高了本书对广大读者的可访问性,吸引了学术界、研究人员和法律从业人员的各个阶段。那些在法律背景有限的人会发现这一章是特别有见地和相关时,参与其余的书。第一章论述量刑作为一种刑罚手段。作者认为,“刑事司法系统对惩罚采取了过于简单化的执念,这是由于政客们误解了公众对那些违反社会契约的人的实际期望”(第21页)。为此,他们讨论了赛克斯(Sykes, 1958)的监禁之痛,质疑监禁是惩罚还是为了惩罚。在反思惩罚是否可以通过其他刑罚类型来执行时,作者认为立法机构忽视了惩罚的个人经历——即每个人根据自己的情况不同地经历惩罚。对一些人来说,通过监禁剥夺自由的影响可能不如社区秩序判决。在这个范围内,作者注意到性别的影响,以及在21世纪可以观察到的监禁的额外痛苦。作者还反思了公众对句子的误解,部分原因是媒体的错误报道。作者的结论是,一种现代的惩罚方法应该考虑到导致犯罪的因素,而且,提高公众对量刑和判处某些判决的原因的认识将是有益的。第二章反思量刑对减少犯罪和威慑的作用。在这样做时,发件人指出,法官将惩罚和威慑混为一谈使得很难将第1章和第2章分开。事实上,作者认为惩罚和威慑可能是同一枚硬币的两面——一面回顾过去惩罚犯罪,另一面展望未来威慑未来犯罪。在此基础上,他们描述了一般威慑和特定威慑的概念,前者旨在威慑更广泛的社会,后者关注的是受到惩罚的个人。此外,作者还对比了初级和次级抵抗,前者是暂时停止犯罪行为,而后者是将罪犯的身份从罪犯转变为非罪犯。他们认为,在英格兰和威尔士,在讨论相关努力(例如,通过使用社区康复公司将国家缓刑服务的部分角色私有化)的同时,该系统努力为二级戒毒的发生提供机会。作者再次着眼于媒体的作用,认为要使判决充分震慑潜在的罪犯,就必须对其进行正确报道。最后,他们讨论了西塞罗首先提出的“达摩克利斯之剑”(第58 - 59页)。这表明,如果一个人知道他们将受到惩罚,并且他们的惩罚将是明确和立即的,他们就不太可能犯罪。通过这种方式,惩罚的威胁可能足以起到威慑作用。第三章回顾量刑作为康复的意义。用作者的话说,这一章“部分反对前一章,部分加强前一章,提供康复作为惩罚的对立面,但也可以作为惩罚本身”(第66页)。发件人指出,一项重大的批评,实际上是极大的耻辱,可能是改造只在量刑阶段出现,到那时被告已经被定罪- -其附带影响将会经历。
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引用次数: 0
Symbolic laws, de facto abolitions and path dependence: When death penalty policies remain stable 象征性法律、事实上的废除和路径依赖:当死刑政策保持稳定时
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12502
Ron Dudai

There is a growing tendency to perceive the death penalty as always ‘on the move’, often in a teleological trajectory inevitably leading to universal abolition. This article aims to question this tendency, noting that in many cases death penalty policies remain stable, especially in cases of de facto abolition. Such cases are overlooked in the literature, treated as brief interludes towards full abolition, though in fact they can be enduring and serve important symbolic functions. Informed by the historical-institutional approach, which rejects teleology in favour of path dependence and contingency, the article focuses on the Israeli case, where since 1967 the death penalty remained a lawful option in military courts with jurisdiction over Palestinians, but never applied. I argue that such remarkable stability is not due to inertia, but an unanticipated result of contingent events and processes leading over time to entrenchment of a ‘limbo’ arrangement, which constitute intentional, functional, policy.

越来越多的人倾向于认为死刑总是在"运动中",往往处于不可避免地导致普遍废除死刑的目的论轨道上。本文旨在质疑这一趋势,指出在许多情况下,死刑政策保持稳定,特别是在事实上废除死刑的情况下。这些案例在文献中被忽视,被视为全面废除的短暂插曲,尽管事实上它们可以持久并具有重要的象征作用。根据反对目的论而赞成路径依赖和偶然性的历史制度方法,文章着重讨论了以色列的案例,自1967年以来,在对巴勒斯坦人有管辖权的军事法院,死刑仍然是一种合法选择,但从未适用过。我认为,这种显著的稳定性不是由于惯性,而是偶然事件和过程的意外结果,随着时间的推移,这些事件和过程导致了“不确定”安排的巩固,这构成了有意的、功能性的政策。
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引用次数: 2
Explaining penal momentum: Path dependence, prison population forecasting and the persistence of high incarceration rates in England and Wales 解释刑罚动量:路径依赖,监狱人口预测和英格兰和威尔士高监禁率的持续存在
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12507
Thomas Guiney, Henry Yeomans

This article seeks to explain the persistence of high incarceration rates in England and Wales. Building upon recent theoretical work on path dependence, we identify prison population forecasting as a poorly understood positive feedback mechanism that helps to determine the overall scale, scope and reach of the prison estate by connecting capital expenditure decisions with ‘business as usual’ planning cycles that assume considerable policy continuity with the past. We illustrate this point with reference to recent controversies over women's imprisonment where the everyday, routinised working practices of the penal system have played an important role in sustaining prison expansionism long after the initial conditions that fuelled the mid-1990s prison boom have faded. Disrupting these self-fulfilling logics will not be easy and we conclude this article with a call for a more deliberative democratic politics that confronts penal momentum and invites greater consideration of the many possible futures of penal policy.

这篇文章试图解释英格兰和威尔士居高不下的监禁率。基于最近关于路径依赖的理论工作,我们将监狱人口预测确定为一种鲜为人知的正反馈机制,通过将资本支出决策与“一切照旧”的规划周期联系起来,假设与过去有相当大的政策连续性,有助于确定监狱产业的总体规模、范围和范围。我们通过最近关于女性监禁的争议来说明这一点,在1990年代中期推动监狱繁荣的初始条件消退后,刑罚系统的日常例行工作实践在维持监狱扩张方面发挥了重要作用。打破这些自我实现的逻辑并不容易,我们在本文的最后呼吁建立一个更审慎的民主政治,以对抗刑事势头,并邀请更多地考虑刑事政策的许多可能的未来。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond ‘stagnation and change’?: Path dependency, translation and the ‘layering’ over time of Irish penal policy 超越“停滞和变化”?路径依赖,翻译和“分层”随着时间的爱尔兰刑罚政策
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-03-20 DOI: 10.1111/hojo.12506
Claire Hamilton

In the past decade or so a significant body of work on ‘Hibernian exceptionalism’ to broader punitive trends has emerged. The dominant argument and characterisation of Irish penality within this broad schema is that it is exceptional for having been largely stagnant. This article takes issue with the stagnation or ‘stickiness’ that is often supposed to characterise the Irish penal system arguing that stagnation as a form of ‘path dependency’ fails to adequately account for key moments of penal change and downplays the temporal dynamics that are often apparent in policy development. Using two key ‘policy windows’ as case studies – the 1996 ‘moral panic’ over crime and the post-2011 turn to a more progressive penal politics – it argues that greater consideration should be given to the ‘translation’ and ‘layering’ of policy decisions and the growing complexity of policy space that may result.

在过去十年左右的时间里,出现了大量关于“爱尔兰例外论”与更广泛的惩罚趋势的研究。在这个广泛的框架中,爱尔兰刑罚的主要论点和特征是,它在很大程度上停滞不前,这是一个例外。本文对通常被认为是爱尔兰刑罚制度特征的停滞或“粘性”提出了质疑,认为停滞作为一种“路径依赖”的形式未能充分解释刑罚变化的关键时刻,并淡化了在政策制定中经常明显的时间动态。使用两个关键的“政策窗口”作为案例研究——1996年对犯罪的“道德恐慌”和2011年后转向更进步的刑罚政治——它认为应该更多地考虑政策决策的“翻译”和“分层”,以及可能导致的政策空间日益复杂。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Howard Journal of Crime and Justice
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