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The Role of Housing Costs in Central Banks’ Inflation Targeting Regimes: The Cases of the Reserve Bank of Australia and the Bank of England 住房成本在中央银行通胀目标机制中的作用:澳大利亚储备银行和英格兰银行的案例
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.13060/23362839.2023.10.2.556
Mark Stephens
Since the 1990s it has become common for central banks to be charged with using interest rates to meet consumer price inflation (CPI) targets. This article examines the cases of the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) and the Bank of England (BoE) and finds that whereas the RBA’s CPI target includes a housing cost element, the BoE’s does not. Moreover, it finds that contrasting treatments of housing costs produce different results, depending on whether the index includes mortgage interest as a housing cost. Whilst central banks dislike CPIs that include an element of mortgage interest because of the apparently perverse outcome of increasing interest rates, they also lack credibility by excluding such an important element of the cost of living. Credibility demands that the 30-year consensus on inflation targeting by monetary policy be replaced by a broader set of tools – including fiscal policy – to control inflation.
自20世纪90年代以来,中央银行被指控使用利率来满足消费者价格通胀(CPI)目标已成为普遍现象。本文考察了澳大利亚储备银行(RBA)和英格兰银行(BoE)的案例,发现澳大利亚储备银行的CPI目标包括住房成本因素,而英国央行没有。此外,研究发现,对住房成本的不同处理会产生不同的结果,这取决于该指数是否将抵押贷款利息作为住房成本。尽管央行不喜欢包含抵押贷款利息因素的cpi,因为加息的结果显然是反常的,但它们也缺乏可信度,因为它们排除了生活成本中如此重要的一个因素。可信度要求用一套更广泛的工具(包括财政政策)来取代30年来关于货币政策设定通胀目标的共识,以控制通胀。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Neighbourly Relations and Cooperation in Residents’ Willingness to Renovate Multi-Family Buildings in Croatia 邻里关系与合作在克罗地亚居民翻新多户住宅楼意愿中的作用
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.13060/23362839.2023.10.2.555
Anamaria Klasić, Ratko Đokić
The inadequate legislation on multi-family housing management in Central and Eastern European post-socialist countries calls for the exploration of additional determinants of building renovation on the level of the community of residents in a building. To this end, we present here an analytical framework called the mediated-Renovation Decision (m-RD) model for simultaneously testing the direct and indirect effects that neighbourly relations, cooperation of the co-owners’ representative with the co-owners, and acceptance of the building co-ownership concept have on co-owners’ willingness to invest in building renovation. The model is based on assessments made by 325 co-owners’ representatives from multi-family buildings in Croatia. The results show that the quality of neighbourly relations affects the co-owner’s willingness to renovate not directly, but indirectly through the level of their acceptance of the building co-ownership concept. The other indirect effect of neighbourly relations – through the level of the representative’s cooperation with co-owners – was not significant. The demonstrated analytical value of the m-RD model advocates for more complex studies of the role of neighbourly relations in collective decision-making and actions in the housing domain.
中欧和东欧后社会主义国家关于多户住房管理的立法不足,要求在建筑物内居民社区一级探索建筑物翻新的其他决定因素。为此,我们在此提出了一个名为中介改造决策(m-RD)模型的分析框架,用于同时测试邻里关系、共有人代表与共有人的合作以及对共同所有权概念的接受对共有人投资建筑改造意愿的直接和间接影响。该模型基于克罗地亚多户建筑的325名共同业主代表的评估。研究结果表明,邻里关系的质量不是直接影响共有人的翻新意愿,而是通过他们对建筑共有权概念的接受程度间接影响共有人的翻新意愿。睦邻关系的另一个间接影响- -通过代表同共同所有人的合作程度- -并不显著。m-RD模型所展示的分析价值提倡对邻里关系在住房领域集体决策和行动中的作用进行更复杂的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Institutional Formation in Tumultuous Times: Reforming English Social Housing Regulation Post-Grenfell 动荡时期的制度形成:格伦费尔事件后英国社会住房法规的改革
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.13060/23362839.2023.10.2.559
Michael Marshall
English social housing regulation theoretically exists to promote the social purpose of the sector, yet the success of regulation against this objective has been questioned amidst concerns with the quality of service provided by landlords. Following the Grenfell Tower fire, the government initiated a reform process to reverse a policy of regulatory passivity on consumer standards. This paper conceives of regulatory reform as a case of institutional formation; a dynamic process that shapes conduct via rules, practices and narratives. It fills an empirical gap on how regulatory practice has responded to an ambiguous institutional environment where the governmental narrative was committed to improving standards, but formal legislation lagged. Quantitative text analysis demonstrates that the Regulator of Social Housing (RSH) has re-emphasised consumer standards post-Grenfell. But the process of institutional formation has been punctuated by social, political and economic crises, and the power of the regulator to enforce improved standards has been limited by legislative delays.
从理论上讲,英国社会住房监管的存在是为了促进该部门的社会目的,然而,由于对房东提供的服务质量的担忧,针对这一目标的监管是否成功受到了质疑。格伦费尔大厦火灾后,政府启动了一项改革进程,以扭转对消费者标准的被动监管政策。本文将监管改革视为制度形成的一个案例;通过规则、实践和叙述塑造行为的动态过程。它填补了监管实践如何应对模糊的制度环境的经验空白,在这种制度环境中,政府的叙述致力于提高标准,但正式立法滞后。定量文本分析表明,社会住房监管机构(RSH)重新强调消费者标准后格伦费尔。但制度形成的过程不时受到社会、政治和经济危机的干扰,监管机构执行改进标准的权力也因立法延误而受到限制。
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引用次数: 0
Testing Housing Price Drivers in Santiago de Chile: A Hedonic Price Approach 测试智利圣地亚哥的住房价格驱动因素:对冲价格法
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.13060/23362839.2023.10.2.558
F. Vergara-Perucich
Hedonic modelling is an empirical analysis technique that is widely used to review the housing market and unpack the main determinants of price. A correct determination of housing price drivers allows a weighted prediction of the value of each dwelling for sale or rent. This paper reviews the fundamental determinants of housing prices that have been published in the literature to see which ones have a better predictive fit for the case of the housing market in the city of Santiago, Chile. From a record of 456,000 property transactions, a dataset composed of 11 explanatory variables is elaborated. Through a semi-logarithmic regression, 4 variables that contribute to explaining the formation of housing prices in Santiago, Chile, are identified. The results indicate that the socioeconomic characterisation of urban areas where housing is traded, the price of copper on the London Metal Exchange, the mortgage interest rate, the age of residential buildings are the main drivers for the main drivers of prices in Santiago. Given the crisis of access to housing in Chile, the article provides relevant information for decision-makers in housing policy.
享乐模型是一种实证分析技术,广泛用于审查房地产市场,并揭示价格的主要决定因素。对房价驱动因素的正确判断,可以对每套待售或出租住宅的价值进行加权预测。本文回顾了已在文献中发表的房价的基本决定因素,以了解哪些因素对智利圣地亚哥市住房市场的情况有更好的预测。从45.6万笔房地产交易的记录中,阐述了一个由11个解释变量组成的数据集。通过半对数回归,确定了有助于解释智利圣地亚哥房价形成的4个变量。结果表明,住房交易城市地区的社会经济特征、伦敦金属交易所的铜价、抵押贷款利率、住宅建筑的年龄是圣地亚哥价格主要驱动因素的主要驱动因素。鉴于智利的住房危机,本文为住房政策的决策者提供了相关信息。
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引用次数: 0
Reframing Social Tectonics with the Sociology of Everyday Life: Insights from the Public Spaces of a Mixed Housing Neighbourhood 用日常生活社会学重塑社会结构:从混合住宅区的公共空间获得的启示
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.13060/23362839.2023.10.2.557
Timothy Wykes
Social mix policies aim to integrate residents living in diverse forms of housing. While numerous studies have showcased the limitations of social mix in achieving this objective, explanations for this tendency remain incomplete. Accordingly, this qualitative case study adopts insights from the sociology of everyday life and interaction ritual theory to elaborate on academic understandings of (non)-interaction between disparate groups in mixed housing communities. It draws primarily from observational fieldwork and semi-structured interview data gathered in the public spaces of a transitioning mid-sized city in Ontario, Canada. The findings report how everyday encounters among and between the urban poor and wealthier residents (re)produce patterns of group solidarity and conflict. The continued application of micro-sociological perspectives to housing mix research can chronicle and perhaps mend the gaps between government housing policy objectives and the experiences of residents living within relevant legislative jurisdictions.
社会混合政策旨在整合居住在不同形式住房中的居民。虽然许多研究表明社会混合在实现这一目标方面存在局限性,但对这一趋势的解释仍然不完整。因此,本定性案例研究采用日常生活社会学和互动仪式理论的见解,阐述了对混合住房社区中不同群体之间(非)互动的学术理解。它主要来自观察田野调查和半结构化访谈数据,这些数据收集于加拿大安大略省一个转型中型城市的公共空间。调查结果报告了城市穷人和富裕居民之间的日常接触如何(重新)产生群体团结和冲突的模式。继续将微观社会学观点应用于住房组合研究,可以记录并可能弥补政府住房政策目标与居住在有关立法管辖范围内的居民的经验之间的差距。
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引用次数: 0
Vertical Integration & Performance in Residential Real Estate 住宅地产的垂直整合与绩效
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.13060/23362839.2023.10.1.549
Grant Wilson, Jason Jogia, Gabriel Millard
Vertical integration is a growth strategy whereby a firm engages in multiple stages of the value chain. Although the benefits of vertical integration are well documented, few studies have examined its relevance in real estate. In response to this lack of research, this paper explores tenant perceptions of property managers’ vertical integration and effectiveness. The results of this international study show the benefits of vertical integration extend to residential real estate, such that renters are more trusting, loyal, committed, and desirable when they perceive their property manager as vertically integrated. This paper also uncovers a concering finding that many tenants are living in unaffordable rental accomodations, requiring further research. This study contributes to a large body of vertical integration literature and extends the empirical examinations to real estate and property management.
垂直整合是一种企业参与价值链多个阶段的增长战略。尽管垂直整合的好处有充分的文献记载,但很少有研究考察其在房地产中的相关性。针对这一研究不足,本文探讨了租户对物业管理者垂直整合和有效性的看法。这项国际研究的结果表明,垂直整合的好处延伸到了住宅房地产,因此,当租房者认为他们的物业经理是垂直整合的时,他们会更加信任、忠诚、忠诚和受欢迎。这篇论文还揭示了一个令人担忧的发现,即许多租户生活在负担不起的租房中,需要进一步研究。本研究为大量垂直整合文献做出了贡献,并将实证检验扩展到房地产和物业管理。
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引用次数: 0
Traces of Obduracy: Imaginaries of ‘Social Inertia’ in the Process of Introducing Collaborative Housing in the Czech Republic 顽固的痕迹:在捷克共和国引入合作住房过程中对“社会惯性”的想象
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.13060/23362839.2023.10.1.552
Petr Kodenko Kubala, Jan Malý Blažek, Václav Orcígr, Tomáš Hoření Samec, Markéta Káňová, D. Tichy, Jana Kubcová
This paper explores the sociotechnical change necessary for the introduction of collaborative housing projects into the Czech super-homeownership housing regime. To better understand the obduracy of the current housing system, we examine the major barriers and threats to the implementation of such projects through a series of workshops with non-experts in selected cities. Our findings suggest that the housing system’s obduracy is related to social imaginaries that we conceptualise as the ‘imaginary of social inertia’. This form of imaginary, along with other factors such as a lack of supporting legal and financial infrastructures, creates a complex network of obstacles that reduce the likelihood of such housing projects gaining ground. In conclusion, our research emphasises the role of imaginaries in studying obduracy and thus provides valuable insights into the processes of urban sociotechnical change.
本文探讨了将合作住房项目引入捷克超级住房所有权住房制度所必需的社会技术变革。为了更好地了解当前住房制度的顽固性,我们通过在选定的城市与非专家举行一系列讲习班,研究了实施此类项目的主要障碍和威胁。我们的研究结果表明,住房制度的顽固与社会想象有关,我们将其概念化为“社会惯性的想象”。这种形式的想象,加上缺乏法律和金融基础设施等其他因素,形成了一个复杂的障碍网络,降低了此类住房项目获得成功的可能性。总之,我们的研究强调了想象在研究顽固性中的作用,从而为城市社会技术变革的过程提供了有价值的见解。
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引用次数: 0
The Role of Mortgage Subsidies in the Croatian Economic Growth Strategy: a Political-Economy Approach to the SSK 抵押贷款补贴在克罗地亚经济增长战略中的作用:对SSK的政治-经济方法
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.13060/23362839.2023.10.1.553
Alejandro Fernández, Gojko Bežovan
Since 2017, Croatian housing policy has focused on promoting homeownership through the SSK programme – a form of mortgage subsidisation that covers a proportion of housing costs. Although this policy aimed to improve affordability and increase homeownership, a recent economic evaluation has shown that the SSK has in fact contributed to rising house prices and has been ineffective at raising the homeownership rate. While econometric research has identified the impact that the SSK has had on house price volatility and affordability, the underlying factors leading to the implementation of this subsidy, as well as its broader societal impacts, remain under-researched. Through a political-economy lens, this paper analyses the context that led to the inception of the SSK, its core targeting principles, and its impact on the housing market. We ask: How does this subsidy position the Croatian housing market within the national strategy for economic growth and social policy provision? We argue that this policy’s impact on housing markets is twofold. First, the SSK reinforces a shift towards financialised growth through increased asset prices. Second, this subsidy shifts the focus of social policy towards mortgage markets, thereby furthering the privatisation of the welfare state and favouring middle-income groups. This paper’s contribution resides in critically discussing the SSK beyond its stated goals and contextualising it within the broader model of economic growth dependent on private finance. Through interviews with relevant stakeholders, descriptive data indicators, and a review of policy documents, this paper characterises the Croatian growth strategy as a form of small-scale financialisation that relies on aligning social policy with mortgage markets. Finally, we position the SSK within a wider array of finance-led housing policies and suggest the formulation of a comprehensive housing strategy tailored to the broader segments of Croatian society.
自2017年以来,克罗地亚住房政策一直致力于通过SSK计划促进住房拥有,这是一种涵盖一定比例住房成本的抵押贷款补贴形式。尽管这项政策旨在提高负担能力和增加住房拥有率,但最近的一项经济评估表明,SSK实际上导致了房价上涨,并且在提高住房拥有率方面无效。虽然计量经济学研究已经确定了SSK对房价波动性和可负担性的影响,但导致实施这一补贴的根本因素及其更广泛的社会影响仍有待研究。本文从政治经济学的角度分析了SSK成立的背景、核心目标原则及其对住房市场的影响。我们问:这种补贴如何将克罗地亚住房市场纳入国家经济增长和社会政策提供战略?我们认为,这项政策对房地产市场的影响是双重的。首先,SSK通过提高资产价格强化了向金融化增长的转变。其次,这种补贴将社会政策的重点转移到抵押贷款市场,从而推动福利国家的私有化,并有利于中等收入群体。本文的贡献在于批判性地讨论了SSK超出其既定目标的问题,并将其置于依赖私人融资的更广泛的经济增长模式中。通过对相关利益相关者的采访、描述性数据指标和政策文件的审查,本文将克罗地亚的增长战略描述为一种小规模金融化形式,依赖于将社会政策与抵押贷款市场相协调。最后,我们将SSK定位在一系列更广泛的金融主导的住房政策中,并建议制定一项针对克罗地亚社会更广泛阶层的全面住房战略。
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引用次数: 0
Landlords vs Tenants = Top vs Bottom? Class Positions in Rental Housing in Germany 房东vs租客=顶层vs底层?德国出租房屋的阶级定位
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.13060/23362839.2023.10.1.554
Philipp Kadelke
Home ownership status is closely linked to social inequality in Germany, where tenants face several disadvantages in multiple dimensions. Even though Germany is one of the biggest renter and therefore landlord nations, in the context of the housing question it is the demand side that has been discussed and studied most. Less attention has been given to the supply side, particularly individual small-scale landlords. This article is one of the first attempts to shed light on the largest provider group that literally holds the keys to homes in its hands. Drawing on quantitative data, this article examines the socioeconomic profiles of landlords compared to tenants over time, finding landlords in the upper strata and witnessing long-term wealth divides in relation to tenants. Coupled with structural power imbalances during tenancies, this research seeks to stimulate research on private renting in the future from a class perspective.
在德国,房屋所有权状况与社会不平等密切相关,租户在多个方面面临着一些不利因素。尽管德国是最大的租房者之一,因此也是地主国家之一,但在住房问题的背景下,人们讨论和研究最多的是需求方面。对供应方面,特别是个体小房东的关注较少。这篇文章是第一批试图揭示最大的供应商集团的文章之一,他们实际上掌握着家庭的钥匙。利用定量数据,本文考察了房东与租客在一段时间内的社会经济状况,发现上层的房东,并见证了与租客相关的长期财富鸿沟。再加上租赁期间的结构性权力失衡,本研究旨在从阶级角度刺激未来对私人租赁的研究。
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引用次数: 0
Applying the AD-AS Model to the Housing Market of Post-Socialist Economies AD-AS模型在后社会主义经济住房市场中的应用
Q2 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.13060/23362839.2023.10.1.550
J. Łaszek, K. Olszewski
We propose applying the standard aggregate demand and aggregate supply model (AD-AS) to the housing market. It is a very simple and intuitive tool that can help shed light on the major forces at play in the market and that can supplement the use of the general equilibrium and dynamic stochastic equilibrium models (DSGE). The latter models are very sophisticated and aim to cover many aspects of the economy, but they require a significant number of long time series to estimate the model parameters. However, in many countries, such as post-socialist countries, the time series are short. Those models moreover cover only real house prices, but in certain situations we should consider real and nominal prices at the same time.
我们建议将标准的总需求和总供应模型(AD-AS)应用于住房市场。这是一个非常简单直观的工具,可以帮助揭示市场中的主要力量,并可以补充使用一般均衡和动态随机均衡模型(DSGE)。后一种模型非常复杂,旨在涵盖经济的许多方面,但它们需要大量的长时间序列来估计模型参数。然而,在许多国家,如后社会主义国家,时间序列很短。此外,这些模型只涵盖实际房价,但在某些情况下,我们应该同时考虑实际价格和名义价格。
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引用次数: 0
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Critical Housing Analysis
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