Pub Date : 2020-12-31DOI: 10.18472/SUSTDEB.V11N3.2020.33813
Letícia Palazzi Perez, S. Rodrigues-Filho, J. Marengo, Diogo Victor Santos, L. Mikosz
One of the main consequences of climate change in Brazil is the increase in the occurrence of extreme rainfall, which in turn trigger Hydrometeorological disasters; the Brazilian continental dimension, the regional characteristics of biomes and socioeconomic inequality are conditioning factors for the impacts of extreme events in the country. This work analyzes Brazil’s socioeconomic and urban infrastructure vulnerability, combined with the regional exposure of the population, based on disasters observed and future scenarios for the occurrence of rainfall extremes. As a result, it points out that climate change impact differently on large Brazilian regions, due to population density and the poor quality of urban infrastructure services.
{"title":"Climate change and disasters: analysis of the Brazilian regional inequality","authors":"Letícia Palazzi Perez, S. Rodrigues-Filho, J. Marengo, Diogo Victor Santos, L. Mikosz","doi":"10.18472/SUSTDEB.V11N3.2020.33813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18472/SUSTDEB.V11N3.2020.33813","url":null,"abstract":"One of the main consequences of climate change in Brazil is the increase in the occurrence of extreme rainfall, which in turn trigger Hydrometeorological disasters; the Brazilian continental dimension, the regional characteristics of biomes and socioeconomic inequality are conditioning factors for the impacts of extreme events in the country. This work analyzes Brazil’s socioeconomic and urban infrastructure vulnerability, combined with the regional exposure of the population, based on disasters observed and future scenarios for the occurrence of rainfall extremes. As a result, it points out that climate change impact differently on large Brazilian regions, due to population density and the poor quality of urban infrastructure services. ","PeriodicalId":37646,"journal":{"name":"Sustentabilidade em Debate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47452151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-02DOI: 10.18472/sustdeb.v11n2.2020.27073
Marlon Fernandes De Souza, Paulo Henrique Góes Pinto, Raphael B. Alves Teixeira, C. D. O. L. Nascimento, R. Nóbrega
A saturação das zonas de influência portuária acentua impactos ambientais e conflitos socioespaciais, demandando alternativas logísticas. O porto seco possibilita a descentralização de atividades aduaneiras, de manuseio e armazenagem, mitigando parte dos problemas, além de estimular a economia na região onde é inserido. Dessa forma, a sua localização é crucial para a eficiência dos sistemas logísticos de importação e exportação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição espacial dos portos secos em Minas Gerais e identificar os melhores locais para uma nova instalação. A metodologia agregou dois métodos reconhecidos de definição locacional: a Análise Multicritério Espacial e o Problema de Localização-Alocação. O primeiro, em consonância com as práticas mais atuais no planejamento de transporte, integrou critérios sociais, ambientais e técnicos. O segundo, adotou o resultado da análise multicritério como demanda ponderada e aplicou uma meta heurística para solução do problema de otimização. Os resultados evidenciam a disparidade regional e a deficiência de infraestruturas logísticas no norte de Minas. Todos os cenários apontam a região de Montes Claros como candidata à instalação de um porto seco. A possibilidade de conciliar sociedade, ambiente e economia no planejamento de infraestrutura foi demonstrada.
{"title":"Dry port location optimization to foster sustainable regional development","authors":"Marlon Fernandes De Souza, Paulo Henrique Góes Pinto, Raphael B. Alves Teixeira, C. D. O. L. Nascimento, R. Nóbrega","doi":"10.18472/sustdeb.v11n2.2020.27073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v11n2.2020.27073","url":null,"abstract":"A saturação das zonas de influência portuária acentua impactos ambientais e conflitos socioespaciais, demandando alternativas logísticas. O porto seco possibilita a descentralização de atividades aduaneiras, de manuseio e armazenagem, mitigando parte dos problemas, além de estimular a economia na região onde é inserido. Dessa forma, a sua localização é crucial para a eficiência dos sistemas logísticos de importação e exportação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição espacial dos portos secos em Minas Gerais e identificar os melhores locais para uma nova instalação. A metodologia agregou dois métodos reconhecidos de definição locacional: a Análise Multicritério Espacial e o Problema de Localização-Alocação. O primeiro, em consonância com as práticas mais atuais no planejamento de transporte, integrou critérios sociais, ambientais e técnicos. O segundo, adotou o resultado da análise multicritério como demanda ponderada e aplicou uma meta heurística para solução do problema de otimização. Os resultados evidenciam a disparidade regional e a deficiência de infraestruturas logísticas no norte de Minas. Todos os cenários apontam a região de Montes Claros como candidata à instalação de um porto seco. A possibilidade de conciliar sociedade, ambiente e economia no planejamento de infraestrutura foi demonstrada.","PeriodicalId":37646,"journal":{"name":"Sustentabilidade em Debate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41344027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.24017
Adriana Aparecida Silva, Divina Aparecida Leonel Lunas, P. S. Bicalho, Roseli Martins Tristão Maciel
It is still under strong impact from the Brumadinho dam failure that this article was written. Our main goal is to approach, in the midst of so many social groups hit by this announced tragedy, the reality of the village Naô Xohã, whose population lives on the banks of the Paraopeba River, also victimized by this environmental disaster of consequences not yet dimensioned. As it is a contemporary theme, several press releases were used to compose the narrative, as well as to build a comprehensive review of the literature on the Movement of People Affected by Dams and on socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The proposition, however, is based on an interdisciplinary approach to the theme, which is the impact of the Brumadinho dam failure in Naô Xohã village, mainly due to the pollution that spread over the Paraopeba River. To this end, a fruitful dialogue was established between history, geography, economics and environmental issues.
{"title":"The impact of the Brumadinho dam failure in Naô Xohâ village","authors":"Adriana Aparecida Silva, Divina Aparecida Leonel Lunas, P. S. Bicalho, Roseli Martins Tristão Maciel","doi":"10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.24017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.24017","url":null,"abstract":"It is still under strong impact from the Brumadinho dam failure that this article was written. Our main goal is to approach, in the midst of so many social groups hit by this announced tragedy, the reality of the village Naô Xohã, whose population lives on the banks of the Paraopeba River, also victimized by this environmental disaster of consequences not yet dimensioned. As it is a contemporary theme, several press releases were used to compose the narrative, as well as to build a comprehensive review of the literature on the Movement of People Affected by Dams and on socioeconomic and environmental impacts. The proposition, however, is based on an interdisciplinary approach to the theme, which is the impact of the Brumadinho dam failure in Naô Xohã village, mainly due to the pollution that spread over the Paraopeba River. To this end, a fruitful dialogue was established between history, geography, economics and environmental issues.","PeriodicalId":37646,"journal":{"name":"Sustentabilidade em Debate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44628474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.24398
J. P. D. S. Filho, A. T. A. Rêgo, Anderson Rodrigues da Silva Lunes
Water is a natural resource, present in metabolic processes of living beings, which has been used for various purposes, especially human consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the system of supply and the quality of water for human consumption in rural communities of Chapada do Apodi, RN. The methodology consisted of identifying and evaluating the supply system as well as the quality of the water from the environmental perception and physical-chemical and biological analyses in water. Electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and Total Residue showed standards required for human consumption according to values presented by current legislation. On the other hand, the results for pH parameters, total coliforms, and coliforms Escherichia coli type termotolerantes showed disagreement in accordance with the laws concerning the limits established for water bodies of water intended for human consumption. The infrastructural conditions of water supply systems, as well as the physical and chemical parameters of untreated water, were considered unsatisfactory.
水是一种自然资源，存在于生物的代谢过程中，被用于各种目的，尤其是人类的消费。本研究旨在评估RN Chapada do Apodi农村社区的供水系统和人类饮用水质量。该方法包括从环境感知和水中的物理化学和生物分析中识别和评估供水系统以及水质。电导率、浊度、溶解氧和总残留物显示了人类消费所需的标准值根据现行立法提出。另一方面，pH参数、总大肠菌群和大肠杆菌-大肠杆菌型termotolerantes的结果显示，根据有关人类饮用水水体限值的法律，存在分歧。供水系统的基础设施条件以及未经处理的水的物理和化学参数被认为不令人满意。
{"title":"Management of water resources in semi-arid: assessment of the drinking water supply in rural communities of Chapada do Apodi-RN","authors":"J. P. D. S. Filho, A. T. A. Rêgo, Anderson Rodrigues da Silva Lunes","doi":"10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.24398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.24398","url":null,"abstract":"Water is a natural resource, present in metabolic processes of living beings, which has been used for various purposes, especially human consumption. This study aimed to evaluate the system of supply and the quality of water for human consumption in rural communities of Chapada do Apodi, RN. The methodology consisted of identifying and evaluating the supply system as well as the quality of the water from the environmental perception and physical-chemical and biological analyses in water. Electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and Total Residue showed standards required for human consumption according to values presented by current legislation. On the other hand, the results for pH parameters, total coliforms, and coliforms Escherichia coli type termotolerantes showed disagreement in accordance with the laws concerning the limits established for water bodies of water intended for human consumption. The infrastructural conditions of water supply systems, as well as the physical and chemical parameters of untreated water, were considered unsatisfactory.","PeriodicalId":37646,"journal":{"name":"Sustentabilidade em Debate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46110803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.23799
Fabiana D. Pereira, I. Vieira
The objective of this paper was to evaluate the degree of anthropic transformation of a river basin in the Amazon region. We used the digital data of the TerraClass Project to calculate the Anthropic Transformation Index - ATI. In order to verify spatial and temporal changes along a decade in the Gurupi river basin, we used the database of the years 2004 and 2014. The results showed an increase of anthropic changes in the basin over a decade, as a result of forest cover conversion into agricultural and pastures areas. Although the Gurupi river basin remains at a regular level of degradation after a decade, the intensification of land use and land cover change is a threat to the few rainforest remnants of the river basin, which can lead the region to the next level of degradation, if effective forest protection, conservation and restoration actions are not implemented in the region.
{"title":"Anthropic transformation in the Gurupi river basin, eastern Amazon","authors":"Fabiana D. Pereira, I. Vieira","doi":"10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.23799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.23799","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this paper was to evaluate the degree of anthropic transformation of a river basin in the Amazon region. We used the digital data of the TerraClass Project to calculate the Anthropic Transformation Index - ATI. In order to verify spatial and temporal changes along a decade in the Gurupi river basin, we used the database of the years 2004 and 2014. The results showed an increase of anthropic changes in the basin over a decade, as a result of forest cover conversion into agricultural and pastures areas. Although the Gurupi river basin remains at a regular level of degradation after a decade, the intensification of land use and land cover change is a threat to the few rainforest remnants of the river basin, which can lead the region to the next level of degradation, if effective forest protection, conservation and restoration actions are not implemented in the region. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":37646,"journal":{"name":"Sustentabilidade em Debate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45896591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.2719
Mireya Eugenia Valencia Perafan
Claudia Leal. Landscapes of Freedom – Building a Postemancipation Society in the Rainforests of Western Colombia. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. 2018. 336 p. ISBN – 13: 978-0-8165-3674-0 (cloth). US$55.00. Figures, maps, graphs, tables, bibliography and index.
{"title":"The paradox of the autonomy of Afro-descendants in the Colombian Pacific","authors":"Mireya Eugenia Valencia Perafan","doi":"10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.2719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.2719","url":null,"abstract":"Claudia Leal. Landscapes of Freedom – Building a Postemancipation Society in the Rainforests of Western Colombia. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. 2018. 336 p. ISBN – 13: 978-0-8165-3674-0 (cloth). US$55.00. Figures, maps, graphs, tables, bibliography and index.","PeriodicalId":37646,"journal":{"name":"Sustentabilidade em Debate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47635545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-31DOI: 10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.27112
A. Cunha, C. B. M. Cruz, G. Fonseca
The Atlantic Forest (AF) is one of the most biodiverse and threatened biomes on the planet, but the existence of two official boundaries (AF Biome and Domain – AF Law) causes uncertainties, with consequences for public policies and the conservation of remnants. In order to understand the biogeography and its influence for protection of the AF, the areas of the two boundaries and the overlap with states and ecoregions they occupy were compared. Our results, supported by the literature, indicate that the Legal boundary is broader and more representative of AF’s current and evolutionary heterogeneity and diversity, and provides a more adequate legal basis for its conservation and sustainable use, especially in the northeast region, where the biggest difference between both limits were encountered. Thus, the term Legal Atlantic Forest should be increasingly used, in order to reinforce the full application of laws governing the protection and sustainable use of the biome.
{"title":"Legal Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica Legal): integrating biogeography to public policies towards the conservation of the biodiversity hotspot","authors":"A. Cunha, C. B. M. Cruz, G. Fonseca","doi":"10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.27112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v10n3.2019.27112","url":null,"abstract":"The Atlantic Forest (AF) is one of the most biodiverse and threatened biomes on the planet, but the existence of two official boundaries (AF Biome and Domain – AF Law) causes uncertainties, with consequences for public policies and the conservation of remnants. In order to understand the biogeography and its influence for protection of the AF, the areas of the two boundaries and the overlap with states and ecoregions they occupy were compared. Our results, supported by the literature, indicate that the Legal boundary is broader and more representative of AF’s current and evolutionary heterogeneity and diversity, and provides a more adequate legal basis for its conservation and sustainable use, especially in the northeast region, where the biggest difference between both limits were encountered. Thus, the term Legal Atlantic Forest should be increasingly used, in order to reinforce the full application of laws governing the protection and sustainable use of the biome.","PeriodicalId":37646,"journal":{"name":"Sustentabilidade em Debate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49274095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-31DOI: 10.18472/sustdeb.v10n2.2019.25666
Rogério Marcos Magalhães
This article seeks to discuss the results of a survey that sought to identify, by means of indicators and social-economic information, if the exploitation of the baru nut (Dipteryx alata Vogel) - a Brazilian species from the savanna - represents a sustainable alternative to generate income for family farmers in Goias and the Federal District. The results showed that, under the current circumstances, the baru extrativism done by family farmers isn’t a sustainable income generation activity. This result considers the premise that for an activity to be sustainable, it needs to show equilibrium among the various factors of sustainability. The obstacles that the family farmers of the baru nut production chain face may be prejudicial to the proper exploitation of the nut, which could compromise the sustainability of the activity as a whole.
{"title":"A sustainability analysis of the exploitation of the baru almond (Dipteryx alata Vogel) in the Brazilian Savanna","authors":"Rogério Marcos Magalhães","doi":"10.18472/sustdeb.v10n2.2019.25666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v10n2.2019.25666","url":null,"abstract":"This article seeks to discuss the results of a survey that sought to identify, by means of indicators and social-economic information, if the exploitation of the baru nut (Dipteryx alata Vogel) - a Brazilian species from the savanna - represents a sustainable alternative to generate income for family farmers in Goias and the Federal District. The results showed that, under the current circumstances, the baru extrativism done by family farmers isn’t a sustainable income generation activity. This result considers the premise that for an activity to be sustainable, it needs to show equilibrium among the various factors of sustainability. The obstacles that the family farmers of the baru nut production chain face may be prejudicial to the proper exploitation of the nut, which could compromise the sustainability of the activity as a whole.","PeriodicalId":37646,"journal":{"name":"Sustentabilidade em Debate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42347685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-31DOI: 10.18472/sustdeb.v10n2.2019.26238
R. Rodrigues, M. C. Conceição, E. Bidone, Eduardo da Silva Matos, R. C. Cordeiro, Gracie Verde Selva
Brazil has always maintained a prominent position in negotiations within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, playing a major role in setting increasingly ambitious goals and encouraging consensus among Parties. With the purpose of reducing GHG emissions from the agricultural sector and disseminating and financing good agricultural practices, Brazil developed a platform of sustainable technologies and public policies, as the Low Carbon Agriculture Plan (the “ABC Plan”). This article reviews the main milestones of Brazil’s role in the international negotiation on climate change, how these factors affected the Brazilian agricultural sector between 2009 and 2018 and the authors’ personal view on this context. The objective is to provide an overview of Brazil’s actions regarding the agricultural sector which contribute to the voluntary commitment assumed by the Brazilian government at COPs 15 and 21 and to provide a critical analysis of how these actions are being implemented. The main results show that low carbon agriculture has been consolidated as the main Brazilian strategy for sustainable rural development,but it is vital for our country to continue with these actions.
{"title":"The actions of the Brazilian agricultural sector in the context of climate change negotiations","authors":"R. Rodrigues, M. C. Conceição, E. Bidone, Eduardo da Silva Matos, R. C. Cordeiro, Gracie Verde Selva","doi":"10.18472/sustdeb.v10n2.2019.26238","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v10n2.2019.26238","url":null,"abstract":"Brazil has always maintained a prominent position in negotiations within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, playing a major role in setting increasingly ambitious goals and encouraging consensus among Parties. With the purpose of reducing GHG emissions from the agricultural sector and disseminating and financing good agricultural practices, Brazil developed a platform of sustainable technologies and public policies, as the Low Carbon Agriculture Plan (the “ABC Plan”). This article reviews the main milestones of Brazil’s role in the international negotiation on climate change, how these factors affected the Brazilian agricultural sector between 2009 and 2018 and the authors’ personal view on this context. The objective is to provide an overview of Brazil’s actions regarding the agricultural sector which contribute to the voluntary commitment assumed by the Brazilian government at COPs 15 and 21 and to provide a critical analysis of how these actions are being implemented. The main results show that low carbon agriculture has been consolidated as the main Brazilian strategy for sustainable rural development,but it is vital for our country to continue with these actions.","PeriodicalId":37646,"journal":{"name":"Sustentabilidade em Debate","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48098931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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