Present study has been carried out to understand the mating strategies of Eremurus himalaicus Baker., important medicinal endemic plant, for its sustainable utilization. The inflorescence architecture, large numbers of attractive flowers, presence of sterile flowers which give specific arrangement to inflorescence, the coloured, attractive androecia and nectaries attract the pollinators. Protoandry, moderate to high pollen ovule ratio, unique movement of stigma away from dehiscing anthers, movement of pedicels and breeding experiment revealed that the species is primarily geitonogamous but xanogamy though rare is also operative. The exine sculpture and pollen size depicts that both anemophily and entomophily is operative in the species. Present study may provide important information for the conservation of this endemic medicinal plant species which has been categorized as threatened by various authors.
{"title":"Inflorescence architecture, floral part movements and pollinator attraction by androecia – contrivance for successful mating in Eremurus himalaicus Baker","authors":"A. H. Ganie, B. A. Tali, Z. Reshi, I. A. Nawchoo","doi":"10.17581/bp.2021.10206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17581/bp.2021.10206","url":null,"abstract":"Present study has been carried out to understand the mating strategies of Eremurus himalaicus Baker., important medicinal endemic plant, for its sustainable utilization. The inflorescence architecture, large numbers of attractive flowers, presence of sterile flowers which give specific arrangement to inflorescence, the coloured, attractive androecia and nectaries attract the pollinators. Protoandry, moderate to high pollen ovule ratio, unique movement of stigma away from dehiscing anthers, movement of pedicels and breeding experiment revealed that the species is primarily geitonogamous but xanogamy though rare is also operative. The exine sculpture and pollen size depicts that both anemophily and entomophily is operative in the species. Present study may provide important information for the conservation of this endemic medicinal plant species which has been categorized as threatened by various authors.","PeriodicalId":37724,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Pacifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67435548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Ignatova, O. Pisarenko, O. Kuznetsova, M. Ignatov
Tayloria rudolphiana is documented in Altai Mountains, Russia as the first occurrence in North Asia. Previously this species was known in a limited range in Central Europe in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, where it at present is critically endangered to vulnerable. There are two disjunctive localities in China, a recent one in Hubei and a hundred year old collection in Yunnan. Our finding in Altai, in spruce forests in middle mountain zone in moderate abundance is important for assessment of the species conservation status. Molecular barcoding data of the plastid rps4 and trnL–F sequences support the species identity.
{"title":"Tayloria rudolphiana in Russia, а range extension of worldwide rare moss species","authors":"E. Ignatova, O. Pisarenko, O. Kuznetsova, M. Ignatov","doi":"10.17581/bp.2021.10205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17581/bp.2021.10205","url":null,"abstract":"Tayloria rudolphiana is documented in Altai Mountains, Russia as the first occurrence in North Asia. Previously this species was known in a limited range in Central Europe in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, where it at present is critically endangered to vulnerable. There are two disjunctive localities in China, a recent one in Hubei and a hundred year old collection in Yunnan. Our finding in Altai, in spruce forests in middle mountain zone in moderate abundance is important for assessment of the species conservation status. Molecular barcoding data of the plastid rps4 and trnL–F sequences support the species identity.","PeriodicalId":37724,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Pacifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67435492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wood and bark structure of Androstachys johnsonii and Hyaenanche globosa (Picrodendraceae) is described. Two species share simple perforation plates, minute to small intervessel pits, and nonseptate fibres; these traits also reported in other Picrodendraceae. Androstachys is distinctive in having scanty paratracheal axial parenchyma and uniseriate rays with vessel-ray pits restricted to marginal cells. Bordered pits on fibre walls is an ancestral condition for the African Picrodendraceae. High vessel frequency and vessel grouping in Androstachys can be adaptive for semi-arid climate with wet summer. Both genera share the subepidermal phellogen initiation and the presence of thick-walled fibers and sclereids in secondary phloem. In Hyaenanche, the bark is dilated by stretching and divisions of parenchyma cells with formation of pseudocortex. Androstachys shows no ray dilatation, but sclerification of its parenchyma can make substantial contribution in bark expansion. Abundant trichomes on epidermis of young shoots of Androstachys are presumably involved in the water uptake from mists.
{"title":"Wood and bark anatomy of South African Picrodendraceae with systematic and ecological implications","authors":"R. Maruta, A. Oskolski","doi":"10.17581/bp.2021.10209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17581/bp.2021.10209","url":null,"abstract":"Wood and bark structure of Androstachys johnsonii and Hyaenanche globosa (Picrodendraceae) is described. Two species share simple perforation plates, minute to small intervessel pits, and nonseptate fibres; these traits also reported in other Picrodendraceae. Androstachys is distinctive in having scanty paratracheal axial parenchyma and uniseriate rays with vessel-ray pits restricted to marginal cells. Bordered pits on fibre walls is an ancestral condition for the African Picrodendraceae. High vessel frequency and vessel grouping in Androstachys can be adaptive for semi-arid climate with wet summer. Both genera share the subepidermal phellogen initiation and the presence of thick-walled fibers and sclereids in secondary phloem. In Hyaenanche, the bark is dilated by stretching and divisions of parenchyma cells with formation of pseudocortex. Androstachys shows no ray dilatation, but sclerification of its parenchyma can make substantial contribution in bark expansion. Abundant trichomes on epidermis of young shoots of Androstachys are presumably involved in the water uptake from mists.","PeriodicalId":37724,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Pacifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67435789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado, Jesús David Quintero Caleño, V. J. Bustos Urbano
The demand of medicinal plants for consumption is greatly increasing worldwide. The conventional breeding programs are generally dependent on the environment prone to biotic and abiotic stresses. These added to the low content of secondary metabolites at harvest, bring the need for artificial development of polyploid individuals as an alternative to increase productivity. Consequently, the present study evaluated the effect of different colchicine concentrations and exposure time, on Kalanchoe tubiflora leaf morphology and stomata. Initially, K. tubiflora seedlings were harvested and submitted to colchicine concentrations of 0, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 % and at two exposure times (24 and 48 hours). Subsequently, morphological measurements such as plant height, leaf width, leaves number, leaf length, leaf thickness and leaf volume every 15 days were made for 16 weeks after planting. Then, the stomata were characterized, taking into account the width, length, stomatal index and the number of chloroplasts per stoma. A significant increase in leaf morphology was found in colchicine treatments of 0.025 % at 48 h and 0.1 % at 24 h. A significant increase in stomatal morphology with the treatment of 0.025 % at 24 h was also recorded. This shows that the correct application of colchicine in term of quantity and time could produce greater growth in a short period and increase the biomass of K. tubiflora medicinal plant.
{"title":"Impact of colchicine on leaf morphology and stomatics of Kalanchoe tubiflora (Harv.) Raym.-Hamet (Crassulaceae)","authors":"Seir Antonio Salazar Mercado, Jesús David Quintero Caleño, V. J. Bustos Urbano","doi":"10.17581/bp.2021.10201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17581/bp.2021.10201","url":null,"abstract":"The demand of medicinal plants for consumption is greatly increasing worldwide. The conventional breeding programs are generally dependent on the environment prone to biotic and abiotic stresses. These added to the low content of secondary metabolites at harvest, bring the need for artificial development of polyploid individuals as an alternative to increase productivity. Consequently, the present study evaluated the effect of different colchicine concentrations and exposure time, on Kalanchoe tubiflora leaf morphology and stomata. Initially, K. tubiflora seedlings were harvested and submitted to colchicine concentrations of 0, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 % and at two exposure times (24 and 48 hours). Subsequently, morphological measurements such as plant height, leaf width, leaves number, leaf length, leaf thickness and leaf volume every 15 days were made for 16 weeks after planting. Then, the stomata were characterized, taking into account the width, length, stomatal index and the number of chloroplasts per stoma. A significant increase in leaf morphology was found in colchicine treatments of 0.025 % at 48 h and 0.1 % at 24 h. A significant increase in stomatal morphology with the treatment of 0.025 % at 24 h was also recorded. This shows that the correct application of colchicine in term of quantity and time could produce greater growth in a short period and increase the biomass of K. tubiflora medicinal plant.","PeriodicalId":37724,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Pacifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67435288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Turdiboev, E. Baikova, Feruz Akbarov, K. Baikov
We present a critical revision of information about rare and endangered endemic species Salvia baldshuanica (Lamiaceae), included in the Red Books of the USSR and Tajikistan. As the nomenclatural type had been missing, we assembled information on the original herbarium material performed a proper typification of the species name. A chorological analysis of the species distribution in Middle Asia was carried out. To assess the state of the current natural populations, a topographic mapping of localities (Sanglok mountains, two isolated local populations; Sarsaryak ridge, one local population) was made. A narrow edaphic confinement of plants of this species to gypsum-bearing mountain soils has been established. A taxonomic assessment of the key morphological traits of S. baldshuanica confirmed at least the sectional level of its position within the subgenus Leonia. The species was found in nature only three times – in 1883, 1937 and 1979, which confirms its exceptional rarity and high scientific interest.
{"title":"Notes on Salvia baldshuanica (Lamiaceae), an endemic species from Middle Asia","authors":"O. Turdiboev, E. Baikova, Feruz Akbarov, K. Baikov","doi":"10.17581/bp.2021.10203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17581/bp.2021.10203","url":null,"abstract":"We present a critical revision of information about rare and endangered endemic species Salvia baldshuanica (Lamiaceae), included in the Red Books of the USSR and Tajikistan. As the nomenclatural type had been missing, we assembled information on the original herbarium material performed a proper typification of the species name. A chorological analysis of the species distribution in Middle Asia was carried out. To assess the state of the current natural populations, a topographic mapping of localities (Sanglok mountains, two isolated local populations; Sarsaryak ridge, one local population) was made. A narrow edaphic confinement of plants of this species to gypsum-bearing mountain soils has been established. A taxonomic assessment of the key morphological traits of S. baldshuanica confirmed at least the sectional level of its position within the subgenus Leonia. The species was found in nature only three times – in 1883, 1937 and 1979, which confirms its exceptional rarity and high scientific interest.","PeriodicalId":37724,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Pacifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67435302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A complete inventory of the Russian Far East section of the vascular plants collection stored at the Krasnoborov Herbarium (NS) of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS was made. As a result, 4423 unrecorded herbarium sheets and 457 previously unregistered species were added to the collection. Type specimens of 4 taxa which had been described from the Russian Far East were found and digitized: Anemone tamarae Kharkev., Chrysosplenium schagae Kharkev. & Vyschin, Potentilla anjuica V.V. Petrovsky и Tephroseris schistosa (Kharkev.) Barkalov. The updated catalogue of the collection, consisting of 3248 taxa, was published on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility portal, GBIF.org. A taxonomic and historical analysis of the collections, as well as a list of the leading collectors, is presented.
{"title":"Biological collections: An inventory of Russian Far East section in I.M. Krasnoborov Herbarium (NS)","authors":"E. Gatilova, Irina V. Han, N. Kovtonyuk","doi":"10.17581/bp.2021.10204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17581/bp.2021.10204","url":null,"abstract":"A complete inventory of the Russian Far East section of the vascular plants collection stored at the Krasnoborov Herbarium (NS) of the Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS was made. As a result, 4423 unrecorded herbarium sheets and 457 previously unregistered species were added to the collection. Type specimens of 4 taxa which had been described from the Russian Far East were found and digitized: Anemone tamarae Kharkev., Chrysosplenium schagae Kharkev. & Vyschin, Potentilla anjuica V.V. Petrovsky и Tephroseris schistosa (Kharkev.) Barkalov. The updated catalogue of the collection, consisting of 3248 taxa, was published on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility portal, GBIF.org. A taxonomic and historical analysis of the collections, as well as a list of the leading collectors, is presented.","PeriodicalId":37724,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Pacifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67435430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruchira R. Sutar, S. Gaikwad, Sachin Mapari, B. Behera
Lichens are a stable symbiotic association between photobiont (algae and/or cyanobacteria) and mycobiont (fungi). They are utilized in traditional medicine for ages and documented in various pharmacopeia throughout the world. India is having a rich diversity of lichen species represented by about 2400 species. The tribal inhabitant around forests and other difficult terrains acquired unique knowledge about the use of much wide flora and fauna. Most of these are either lesser known or unknown to the outside world. The treasure of traditional knowledge if subjected to scientific scrutiny could benefit humankind in many ways. They produce unique secondary metabolites through various metabolic pathways and are known to exhibit a wide array of bioactivities. We have reviewed the literature for traditional knowledge of the lichen species and biological activities reported to study its inter-relationship. It was observed that that still a major percentage of lichens have remained unexplored. These lichens may have immense potential; and if analysed could be used in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic industries, and many more.
{"title":"Lichens: traditional use and biological activities","authors":"Ruchira R. Sutar, S. Gaikwad, Sachin Mapari, B. Behera","doi":"10.17581/bp.2021.10202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17581/bp.2021.10202","url":null,"abstract":"Lichens are a stable symbiotic association between photobiont (algae and/or cyanobacteria) and mycobiont (fungi). They are utilized in traditional medicine for ages and documented in various pharmacopeia throughout the world. India is having a rich diversity of lichen species represented by about 2400 species. The tribal inhabitant around forests and other difficult terrains acquired unique knowledge about the use of much wide flora and fauna. Most of these are either lesser known or unknown to the outside world. The treasure of traditional knowledge if subjected to scientific scrutiny could benefit humankind in many ways. They produce unique secondary metabolites through various metabolic pathways and are known to exhibit a wide array of bioactivities. We have reviewed the literature for traditional knowledge of the lichen species and biological activities reported to study its inter-relationship. It was observed that that still a major percentage of lichens have remained unexplored. These lichens may have immense potential; and if analysed could be used in pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic industries, and many more.","PeriodicalId":37724,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Pacifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67435293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Orchis militaris L. is a rare species at the territory of Russia and in many of its regions. This species has been studied for a long time, but the genome size of its representatives in natural conditions has not been studied yet. This assessment is of great importance for the development of measures for the rare species preservation in natural conditions and in the tissue culture. Chromosome counts were completed by flow cytometric data and morphological observations in order to study the species intrapopulation variability. Here, the flow cytometric data on genome size and DNA content of O. militaris from the Asian part of Russia are presented for the first time.
军国兰花(Orchis militaris L.)是俄罗斯境内及其许多地区的稀有物种。该物种已被研究了很长时间，但其代表物种在自然条件下的基因组大小尚未被研究。这对制定自然条件下的珍稀物种保护措施和组织培养具有重要意义。利用流式细胞仪数据和形态学观察完成染色体计数，研究种群内变异。本文首次采用流式细胞术测定了俄罗斯亚洲地区军状芽孢杆菌的基因组大小和DNA含量。
{"title":"Low variability of Orchis militaris L. in a local population in the Altay Territory, Russia: evidence from morphometrical and caryological analyses","authors":"Y. Zaytseva, A. Nabieva, E. Zhmud","doi":"10.17581/bp.2021.10210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17581/bp.2021.10210","url":null,"abstract":"Orchis militaris L. is a rare species at the territory of Russia and in many of its regions. This species has been studied for a long time, but the genome size of its representatives in natural conditions has not been studied yet. This assessment is of great importance for the development of measures for the rare species preservation in natural conditions and in the tissue culture. Chromosome counts were completed by flow cytometric data and morphological observations in order to study the species intrapopulation variability. Here, the flow cytometric data on genome size and DNA content of O. militaris from the Asian part of Russia are presented for the first time.","PeriodicalId":37724,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Pacifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67435361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Present communication records polymorphic and polyploid nature of the forest grass species M. effusum having wide distribution over different continents and countries. Globally the 4 x plants are widely distributed. The West Himalayan plants, collected at 3000 m alt. and more, are also sporting chromosome number of 2n = 28 based on basic number of x = 7. Further meiotic course analysis of Western Himalayan plants follows diploid like behaviour possibly directed by diploidization. This communication also calls the attention to cytogeography of intraspecific cytotypes of M. effusum, where diploid plants (2n = 14) have also been reported, but only 2 times – from the Kola Peninsula, Russia and from the Switzerland mountains. Perhaps these are relict populations, which deserve to be proved, studied and protected.
{"title":"Milium effusum (Poaceae: Poeae: Miliinae): species of systematic and cytological interest with notes on polymorphic nature and cytogeography","authors":"Jaswant Singh, V. Singhal, N. Probatova","doi":"10.17581/bp.2021.10211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17581/bp.2021.10211","url":null,"abstract":"Present communication records polymorphic and polyploid nature of the forest grass species M. effusum having wide distribution over different continents and countries. Globally the 4 x plants are widely distributed. The West Himalayan plants, collected at 3000 m alt. and more, are also sporting chromosome number of 2n = 28 based on basic number of x = 7. Further meiotic course analysis of Western Himalayan plants follows diploid like behaviour possibly directed by diploidization. This communication also calls the attention to cytogeography of intraspecific cytotypes of M. effusum, where diploid plants (2n = 14) have also been reported, but only 2 times – from the Kola Peninsula, Russia and from the Switzerland mountains. Perhaps these are relict populations, which deserve to be proved, studied and protected.","PeriodicalId":37724,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Pacifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67435467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The third largest angiosperm family, Leguminosae, exhibits a relatively wide range of variation in morphology of gynoecium. Some of gynoecial patterns found in this taxon are of special interest, as they resemble ones previously described in the earliest angiosperms. The different orientations of carpels in legumes appear easily switchable through changes in flower symmetry and floral meristem sizes. Regardless of orientation of a single carpel with respect to the inflorescence axis, the placenta-bearing suture invariably remains adaxial as related to the floral axis. This conclusion relaxes the existing controversies between the supposed megasporophyll- derived nature of the carpel and observed diversity of placentation in known Mesozoic angiosperms.
{"title":"Spatial orientation of gynoecium in legumes and beyond: Commentary to the paper of Wang et al. (2021)","authors":"A. Sinjushin","doi":"10.17581/bp.2021.10207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17581/bp.2021.10207","url":null,"abstract":"The third largest angiosperm family, Leguminosae, exhibits a relatively wide range of variation in morphology of gynoecium. Some of gynoecial patterns found in this taxon are of special interest, as they resemble ones previously described in the earliest angiosperms. The different orientations of carpels in legumes appear easily switchable through changes in flower symmetry and floral meristem sizes. Regardless of orientation of a single carpel with respect to the inflorescence axis, the placenta-bearing suture invariably remains adaxial as related to the floral axis. This conclusion relaxes the existing controversies between the supposed megasporophyll- derived nature of the carpel and observed diversity of placentation in known Mesozoic angiosperms.","PeriodicalId":37724,"journal":{"name":"Botanica Pacifica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67435638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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