Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1873158
Luis Murillo Orejuela, Lina Restrepo-Plaza
ABSTRACT The aftermath of over 50 years of uninterrupted conflict is not only underdevelopment and casualties. It is also the loss of social ties, the mistrust, and the difficulties to build a society where victims live with those who once were their perpetrators. These difficulties are many times linked to strong negative affect, prejudice, and skepticism towards forgiveness and reintegration. This paper uses the 2016-Americas Barometer database to provide empirical evidence of how Colombians’ attitudes towards the FARC-EP shape the probability of believing in forgiveness and supporting the reintegration process. We find that for demobilization to be successful a society needs (i) to reduce the perception of danger when surrounded by former rebels, (ii) to enhance perceptions of friendliness and hard-working on behalf of the ex-combatants, and (iii) to be more educated and allow the victims to speak up.
{"title":"Reintegration and forgiveness to ex-combatants in Colombia","authors":"Luis Murillo Orejuela, Lina Restrepo-Plaza","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1873158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1873158","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aftermath of over 50 years of uninterrupted conflict is not only underdevelopment and casualties. It is also the loss of social ties, the mistrust, and the difficulties to build a society where victims live with those who once were their perpetrators. These difficulties are many times linked to strong negative affect, prejudice, and skepticism towards forgiveness and reintegration. This paper uses the 2016-Americas Barometer database to provide empirical evidence of how Colombians’ attitudes towards the FARC-EP shape the probability of believing in forgiveness and supporting the reintegration process. We find that for demobilization to be successful a society needs (i) to reduce the perception of danger when surrounded by former rebels, (ii) to enhance perceptions of friendliness and hard-working on behalf of the ex-combatants, and (iii) to be more educated and allow the victims to speak up.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"36 - 48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21665095.2021.1873158","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43585926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1967769
S. Subramanian
ABSTRACT It is widely acknowledged that the distribution of Covid cases and that of Covid deaths by age constitute a factor that deserves to be taken into account in assessing and comparing quantitative indicators of Covid-related mortality. The single most widely employed measure of Covid mortality is the so-called Case Fatality Rate (CFR), which is just the ratio of Covid deaths to Covid cases. The CFR is essentially a measure of central tendency. The present note outlines a procedure, drawing on the standard literature on income inequality, for deriving a measure of Covid mortality which supplements information on average mortality with information on its dispersion across a population’s age cohorts.
{"title":"Age and covid fatality","authors":"S. Subramanian","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1967769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1967769","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It is widely acknowledged that the distribution of Covid cases and that of Covid deaths by age constitute a factor that deserves to be taken into account in assessing and comparing quantitative indicators of Covid-related mortality. The single most widely employed measure of Covid mortality is the so-called Case Fatality Rate (CFR), which is just the ratio of Covid deaths to Covid cases. The CFR is essentially a measure of central tendency. The present note outlines a procedure, drawing on the standard literature on income inequality, for deriving a measure of Covid mortality which supplements information on average mortality with information on its dispersion across a population’s age cohorts.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"236 - 243"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45227090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1961595
J. Siedenburg
ABSTRACT This paper shares findings from a detailed empirical analysis of seven development projects in Kenya that supported remote pastoral communities facing food insecurity and other difficulties linked to environmental degradation and climate change. The projects sought to address these challenges by trialing various livelihood innovations in partnership with communities. These project activities were assessed using a tailored cost–benefit analysis methodology to identify those offering the best use of scarce funds, thus informing future policy and programing for such areas. This evidence suggests that (a) the difficulties communities face are creating a desperate situation, and (b) some of the innovations trialed hold promise while others are problematic. The evidence presented includes an array of local voices that vividly convey community-level dynamics and prospects. This evidence is set in context using the literatures on human security and its wider impacts, notably migration from the Sahel. This analysis found the circumstances of pastoral communities can significantly impact neighboring regions, with ongoing instability posing a threat while smart interventions that create local opportunities offer more synergistic outcomes. The paper concludes by calling for greater recognition of the options facing such communities and their wider significance as a basis for scaled up support measures.
{"title":"Perils facing Kenyan pastoralists, livelihood innovations and wider impacts: learning from project experience","authors":"J. Siedenburg","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1961595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1961595","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper shares findings from a detailed empirical analysis of seven development projects in Kenya that supported remote pastoral communities facing food insecurity and other difficulties linked to environmental degradation and climate change. The projects sought to address these challenges by trialing various livelihood innovations in partnership with communities. These project activities were assessed using a tailored cost–benefit analysis methodology to identify those offering the best use of scarce funds, thus informing future policy and programing for such areas. This evidence suggests that (a) the difficulties communities face are creating a desperate situation, and (b) some of the innovations trialed hold promise while others are problematic. The evidence presented includes an array of local voices that vividly convey community-level dynamics and prospects. This evidence is set in context using the literatures on human security and its wider impacts, notably migration from the Sahel. This analysis found the circumstances of pastoral communities can significantly impact neighboring regions, with ongoing instability posing a threat while smart interventions that create local opportunities offer more synergistic outcomes. The paper concludes by calling for greater recognition of the options facing such communities and their wider significance as a basis for scaled up support measures.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"218 - 235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44513874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1996254
T. Tran, Quang Vu, Dung Nguyen, H. Nguyen
Land scarcity has frequently been cited as the primary barrier preventing rural households from pursuing better livelihoods in Vietnam and other developing societies. In this paper, we investigate the role of landlessness and landholdings in the choice of livelihoods and in household income in the Red River Delta, the most densely populated region in Vietnam. Using data from the 2018 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey, our cluster analysis classifies five livelihoods pursued by local households, namely informal wage-earning jobs, formal wageearning jobs, nonfarm self-employment, agriculture, and non-labor livelihoods. Non-laboring, agricultural, or informal wage-earning households earn less per capita income on average than formal wage-earning or nonfarm self-employment households, according to both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Our regression analysis demonstrates that land scarcity is not a significant obstacle preventing rural people from seeking gainful livelihoods in the region. The finding suggests that improving education and supporting non-farm activities should be highpriority government policies for local households with limited land and education. Such policies are expected to help them not only transform their livelihoods but also improve their economic well-being. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 25 May 2021 Accepted 16 October 2021
{"title":"Landholdings, livelihood choices and household income in the Red River Delta, Vietnam","authors":"T. Tran, Quang Vu, Dung Nguyen, H. Nguyen","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1996254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1996254","url":null,"abstract":"Land scarcity has frequently been cited as the primary barrier preventing rural households from pursuing better livelihoods in Vietnam and other developing societies. In this paper, we investigate the role of landlessness and landholdings in the choice of livelihoods and in household income in the Red River Delta, the most densely populated region in Vietnam. Using data from the 2018 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey, our cluster analysis classifies five livelihoods pursued by local households, namely informal wage-earning jobs, formal wageearning jobs, nonfarm self-employment, agriculture, and non-labor livelihoods. Non-laboring, agricultural, or informal wage-earning households earn less per capita income on average than formal wage-earning or nonfarm self-employment households, according to both descriptive and inferential statistical analyses. Our regression analysis demonstrates that land scarcity is not a significant obstacle preventing rural people from seeking gainful livelihoods in the region. The finding suggests that improving education and supporting non-farm activities should be highpriority government policies for local households with limited land and education. Such policies are expected to help them not only transform their livelihoods but also improve their economic well-being. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 25 May 2021 Accepted 16 October 2021","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44087595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1974918
P. Musyoka, J. Onjala, L. Mureithi
Kenyan households, as in many rural areas in developing countries, suffer frequently from effects of shocks. Yet, they have limited access to effective coping strategies. Vulnerable households end ...
{"title":"Determinants of distress sales of farmland in rural Kenya","authors":"P. Musyoka, J. Onjala, L. Mureithi","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1974918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1974918","url":null,"abstract":"Kenyan households, as in many rural areas in developing countries, suffer frequently from effects of shocks. Yet, they have limited access to effective coping strategies. Vulnerable households end ...","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47761705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.2002704
F. Birhanu, Abrham Seyoum Tsehay, Dawit Alemu Bimerew
{"title":"The effects of commercialization of cereal crops on multidimensional poverty and vulnerability to multidimensional poverty among farm households in Ethiopia","authors":"F. Birhanu, Abrham Seyoum Tsehay, Dawit Alemu Bimerew","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.2002704","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.2002704","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"60335865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1892500
N. Odhiambo
ABSTRACT In this study, the causal relationship between health expenditure and economic growth is examined using panel data from sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2008–2017. The study decomposes health expenditure into two components: public health expenditure and private health expenditure. In order to establish whether the causal relationship between health expenditure and economic growth depends on a country's level of income, the study divides the studied countries into two groups: low-income countries and middle-income countries. In order to address the omission-of-variable bias, which is associated with some of the previous studies, the study incorporates life expectancy as an intermittent variable between health expenditure and economic growth – thereby creating a system of multivariate equations. Using a panel ECM-based Granger-causality model, the study found that when public expenditure is used as a proxy, a distinct unidirectional causality from health expenditure to economic growth is found to prevail in low-income countries, but no causality is found to exist in middle-income countries. However, when private health expenditure is used, a short-run causality from economic growth to health expenditure is found to prevail in middle-income countries, but no causality is found to exist in low-income countries. Policy implications are discussed.
{"title":"Health expenditure and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa: an empirical investigation","authors":"N. Odhiambo","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1892500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1892500","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study, the causal relationship between health expenditure and economic growth is examined using panel data from sub-Saharan African countries for the period 2008–2017. The study decomposes health expenditure into two components: public health expenditure and private health expenditure. In order to establish whether the causal relationship between health expenditure and economic growth depends on a country's level of income, the study divides the studied countries into two groups: low-income countries and middle-income countries. In order to address the omission-of-variable bias, which is associated with some of the previous studies, the study incorporates life expectancy as an intermittent variable between health expenditure and economic growth – thereby creating a system of multivariate equations. Using a panel ECM-based Granger-causality model, the study found that when public expenditure is used as a proxy, a distinct unidirectional causality from health expenditure to economic growth is found to prevail in low-income countries, but no causality is found to exist in middle-income countries. However, when private health expenditure is used, a short-run causality from economic growth to health expenditure is found to prevail in middle-income countries, but no causality is found to exist in low-income countries. Policy implications are discussed.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"73 - 81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21665095.2021.1892500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41404661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1950020
A. Božić
ABSTRACT While the study of the influence of external environmental factors on non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is well explored in the international development literature, the importance of these factors on NGOs’ transformative roles in a post-conflict development setting remains less understood. Nevertheless, external environmental factors could have a crucial impact on NGOs in such a context, especially when NGOs want to integrate a socially innovative approach into the social services they provide. Using survey data of staff members of social service NGOs from post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina (N = 120) and applying resource dependence theory, this study identifies three environmental factors of great importance for NGOs when integrating a socially innovative approach: secured financing, the willingness of service users to participate in innovative services, and the sustainability of the implemented services. By contrast, policy and regulatory frameworks and public institutions’ openness are of moderate importance. Licensing and accreditation, service quality standards, and tax breaks are of even less importance. The results contribute to the understanding of the importance of external factors in the development of social innovations by the NGO sector from the perspective of the post-conflict context.
{"title":"Social innovation in a post-conflict setting: examining external factors affecting social service NGOs","authors":"A. Božić","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1950020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1950020","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While the study of the influence of external environmental factors on non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is well explored in the international development literature, the importance of these factors on NGOs’ transformative roles in a post-conflict development setting remains less understood. Nevertheless, external environmental factors could have a crucial impact on NGOs in such a context, especially when NGOs want to integrate a socially innovative approach into the social services they provide. Using survey data of staff members of social service NGOs from post-conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina (N = 120) and applying resource dependence theory, this study identifies three environmental factors of great importance for NGOs when integrating a socially innovative approach: secured financing, the willingness of service users to participate in innovative services, and the sustainability of the implemented services. By contrast, policy and regulatory frameworks and public institutions’ openness are of moderate importance. Licensing and accreditation, service quality standards, and tax breaks are of even less importance. The results contribute to the understanding of the importance of external factors in the development of social innovations by the NGO sector from the perspective of the post-conflict context.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"170 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21665095.2021.1950020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46044087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1884112
Adrian Flint, S. Blyth
ABSTRACT Despite decades of debate with respect to facilitating ‘bottom up’ solutions and increased ‘beneficiary participation’ in development, there is little evidence to suggest genuine intellectual exchange between donors and ‘beneficiaries’. Nearly seven decades have witnessed only relatively minor shifts in established power hierarchies, and the sector remains one dominated largely by ‘top-down’ approaches to decision-making. This paper posits that development, as both a concept and a practice, could be enriched significantly if academics and practitioners paid closer attention to the participatory aspects of design methodologies. While design is associated largely with commercial activity, in the hands of more radical designers its methods can be used to generate more participatory ways of thinking and ‘doing’. With this in mind, we consider the extent to which, by employing aspects of design methodologies, there might be scope for alternative approaches to the ways in which development is conceived and practised.
{"title":"Facilitating genuine community participation: can development learn from design?","authors":"Adrian Flint, S. Blyth","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1884112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1884112","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Despite decades of debate with respect to facilitating ‘bottom up’ solutions and increased ‘beneficiary participation’ in development, there is little evidence to suggest genuine intellectual exchange between donors and ‘beneficiaries’. Nearly seven decades have witnessed only relatively minor shifts in established power hierarchies, and the sector remains one dominated largely by ‘top-down’ approaches to decision-making. This paper posits that development, as both a concept and a practice, could be enriched significantly if academics and practitioners paid closer attention to the participatory aspects of design methodologies. While design is associated largely with commercial activity, in the hands of more radical designers its methods can be used to generate more participatory ways of thinking and ‘doing’. With this in mind, we consider the extent to which, by employing aspects of design methodologies, there might be scope for alternative approaches to the ways in which development is conceived and practised.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"63 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/21665095.2021.1884112","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45540127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.1080/21665095.2021.1976657
Syahmardi Yacob, U. Sulistiyo, Erida Erida, Ade Perdana Siregar
ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the importance of e-commerce adoption and entrepreneurial orientation in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME)’s performance. A purposive sampling procedure was employed to recruit 150 MSME’s entrepreneurs from three districts of Jambi province, Indonesia. The findings show that e-commerce adoption significantly affects the sustainability of MSME business performance, while entrepreneurship orientation moderates these two variables. The findings could be used to identify and map customers’ preferences of e-commerce adoption and entrepreneurship orientation in order to improve MSME’s performance. Furthermore, these findings could be a source of information for the government in formulating policy concerning the MSME.
{"title":"The importance of E-commerce adoption and entrepreneurship orientation for sustainable micro, small, and medium enterprises in Indonesia","authors":"Syahmardi Yacob, U. Sulistiyo, Erida Erida, Ade Perdana Siregar","doi":"10.1080/21665095.2021.1976657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1976657","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT\u0000 This study aims to examine the importance of e-commerce adoption and entrepreneurial orientation in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME)’s performance. A purposive sampling procedure was employed to recruit 150 MSME’s entrepreneurs from three districts of Jambi province, Indonesia. The findings show that e-commerce adoption significantly affects the sustainability of MSME business performance, while entrepreneurship orientation moderates these two variables. The findings could be used to identify and map customers’ preferences of e-commerce adoption and entrepreneurship orientation in order to improve MSME’s performance. Furthermore, these findings could be a source of information for the government in formulating policy concerning the MSME.","PeriodicalId":37781,"journal":{"name":"Development Studies Research","volume":"8 1","pages":"244 - 252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48129578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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