Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.13189/LLS.2018.060602
K. Tokumaru
Digital Linguistics (DL) is an interdisciplinary study that identifies human language as a digital evolution of mammal analog vocal sign communications, founded on the vertebrate spinal sign reflex mechanism. The evolutionary process of linguistic humans and the in-brain mechanism for linguistic phenomena are the biggest enigma in human history. There is not a single hypothesis with a detailed location/timing or cellular/molecular level explanation. A comprehensive academic boycott against South Africa (1960s-1990s) gave rise to international academics overlooking a plethora of modern human archaeological sites and artefacts in that country, and the sensor-motor synaptic connection hypothesis on the neocortex for linguistic circuit hides the true mechanism. Pavlov [1927] had observed counter-evidence for the cortical synaptic connection hypothesis for conditioned reflexes. Although he did not report it like that in his lectures, he expressed his expectation to be corrected by subsequent generations. DL hypothesized inside the ventricular system immune cell networks for linguistic processing and mechanism of meaning. There are B-lymphocytes floating inside Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), which function as conceptual devices and network with epitope terminals of CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-CN) on the ventricle wall and of Microglia on the neocortex. Lymphocytes are evolved neurons which do not require fixed synaptic connections for networking, but they network in a mobile-ad-hoc manner with antigen/antibody terminals on the membrane surface. A mobile hypothesis of distributed and autonomous mobile neural networks fulfills the requirements for linguistic processing and intelligence. As sign reflex is involuntary and an ego-centric reflex mechanism, linguistic humans have to overcome its restrictions to enhance our linguistic ability and intelligence.
{"title":"A Mobile Hypothesis of Neural Networks for Spinal Reflex and Linguistic Processing (Digital Linguistics)","authors":"K. Tokumaru","doi":"10.13189/LLS.2018.060602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/LLS.2018.060602","url":null,"abstract":"Digital Linguistics (DL) is an interdisciplinary study that identifies human language as a digital evolution of mammal analog vocal sign communications, founded on the vertebrate spinal sign reflex mechanism. The evolutionary process of linguistic humans and the in-brain mechanism for linguistic phenomena are the biggest enigma in human history. There is not a single hypothesis with a detailed location/timing or cellular/molecular level explanation. A comprehensive academic boycott against South Africa (1960s-1990s) gave rise to international academics overlooking a plethora of modern human archaeological sites and artefacts in that country, and the sensor-motor synaptic connection hypothesis on the neocortex for linguistic circuit hides the true mechanism. Pavlov [1927] had observed counter-evidence for the cortical synaptic connection hypothesis for conditioned reflexes. Although he did not report it like that in his lectures, he expressed his expectation to be corrected by subsequent generations. DL hypothesized inside the ventricular system immune cell networks for linguistic processing and mechanism of meaning. There are B-lymphocytes floating inside Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF), which function as conceptual devices and network with epitope terminals of CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-CN) on the ventricle wall and of Microglia on the neocortex. Lymphocytes are evolved neurons which do not require fixed synaptic connections for networking, but they network in a mobile-ad-hoc manner with antigen/antibody terminals on the membrane surface. A mobile hypothesis of distributed and autonomous mobile neural networks fulfills the requirements for linguistic processing and intelligence. As sign reflex is involuntary and an ego-centric reflex mechanism, linguistic humans have to overcome its restrictions to enhance our linguistic ability and intelligence.","PeriodicalId":377849,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics and Literature Studies","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114816134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.13189/lls.2018.060603
R. Potapova, T. Agibalova, Nikolay Bobrov, Natalya Zabello, Anastasia Yurashko, Ekaterina Migunova
This paper presents the results of analysis of perceptual auditory features enabling identification of drug intoxication states. The aim of the present investigation was to expand a set of personal characteristics of speech associated with the influence of drugs regarding Russian native female speakers. This paper presents preliminary results of the first stage of the investigation, the aim of which was perceptual auditory assessment of rambling speech (speech incoherency) by a set of parameters with regard to drug-intoxicated female speakers (opioid addicts) that can be regarded as distinctive features to be used for identification of drug-intoxicated speakers solely by their speech characteristics. At the present stage of the research, the perceptual auditory analysis method was used to single out the features relevant to drug intoxication identification. Further research is underway to establish automatically detectable acoustic correlates of these features.
{"title":"Phonetic Cues Relevant to Drug Intoxication State Identification (Experimental Research)","authors":"R. Potapova, T. Agibalova, Nikolay Bobrov, Natalya Zabello, Anastasia Yurashko, Ekaterina Migunova","doi":"10.13189/lls.2018.060603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/lls.2018.060603","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the results of analysis of perceptual auditory features enabling identification of drug intoxication states. The aim of the present investigation was to expand a set of personal characteristics of speech associated with the influence of drugs regarding Russian native female speakers. This paper presents preliminary results of the first stage of the investigation, the aim of which was perceptual auditory assessment of rambling speech (speech incoherency) by a set of parameters with regard to drug-intoxicated female speakers (opioid addicts) that can be regarded as distinctive features to be used for identification of drug-intoxicated speakers solely by their speech characteristics. At the present stage of the research, the perceptual auditory analysis method was used to single out the features relevant to drug intoxication identification. Further research is underway to establish automatically detectable acoustic correlates of these features.","PeriodicalId":377849,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics and Literature Studies","volume":"224 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124454181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.13189/LLS.2018.060606
Marta García-Sampedro
{"title":"Cultural Heritage as a Resource for English as an Additional Language Learner: An Out-of Class Approach","authors":"Marta García-Sampedro","doi":"10.13189/LLS.2018.060606","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/LLS.2018.060606","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":377849,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics and Literature Studies","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125712751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.13189/lls.2018.060607
Rogelio A. Banagbanag
{"title":"Variations in the Lexicon of the Three Generations of Inabaknon Speakers","authors":"Rogelio A. Banagbanag","doi":"10.13189/lls.2018.060607","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/lls.2018.060607","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":377849,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics and Literature Studies","volume":"2015 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117066295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.13189/LLS.2018.060604
Monica Randaccio
This paper first illustrates the major revisions, such as a new view of society, the nation, and education, introduced by the New Museology or Museum Studies in the 1980s and 1990s. These changes certainly favoured the development of museum audio description. As museum audio description can be included in the new forms of interactivity, the change of paradigm of interactivity in new museums is analysed and examples are given. Then, a general overview of audio description and its process creation are briefly illustrated in their strengths and limitations. This overview anticipates the two complementary studies on museum audio description as multimodal and multisensory translation. Both studies see the museum and its audio description as an interactive multimodal communicative event but the former focusses more on the grammar of multimodality, whereas the latter emphasises aspects of artistic fruition and the importance of a creative and interpretative language. The paper concludes with my analysis of a museum audio description from the British Museum, focussing in particular on cohesion and coherence.
{"title":"Museum Audio Description: Multimodal and 'Multisensory' Translation: A Case Study from the British Museum","authors":"Monica Randaccio","doi":"10.13189/LLS.2018.060604","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/LLS.2018.060604","url":null,"abstract":"This paper first illustrates the major revisions, such as a new view of society, the nation, and education, introduced by the New Museology or Museum Studies in the 1980s and 1990s. These changes certainly favoured the development of museum audio description. As museum audio description can be included in the new forms of interactivity, the change of paradigm of interactivity in new museums is analysed and examples are given. Then, a general overview of audio description and its process creation are briefly illustrated in their strengths and limitations. This overview anticipates the two complementary studies on museum audio description as multimodal and multisensory translation. Both studies see the museum and its audio description as an interactive multimodal communicative event but the former focusses more on the grammar of multimodality, whereas the latter emphasises aspects of artistic fruition and the importance of a creative and interpretative language. The paper concludes with my analysis of a museum audio description from the British Museum, focussing in particular on cohesion and coherence.","PeriodicalId":377849,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics and Literature Studies","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128186442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-01DOI: 10.13189/LLS.2018.060605
Maicol Formentelli
The paper describes the address practices reported by students and lecturers from three English-taught master’s degrees organised at a small Italian university where English is used as a lingua franca (ELF) of communication. The main aim of the study is to ascertain whether and how the multilingual and multicultural composition of the ELF classroom influences participants in their choice of address strategies in English. The findings show two main patterns of address in the ELF courses: 1) an asymmetrical, non-reciprocal use of address strategies, in which lecturers take an informal and familiar stance (T-forms), while students tend to express deference and respect (V-forms); 2) a reciprocal, symmetrical use of V-forms that encodes formality and mutual respect. While informality is promoted by lecturers as part of the policies of the master’s programmes, some students and lecturers show resistance to the use of familiar address terms and favour formal strategies to convey respect to the interlocutor. The informants’ comments recorded in the questionnaires reveal that participants’ cultural backgrounds, previous experience in their home universities, and assumptions about the interlocutor’s cultural expectations play a significant role in shaping address practices in ELF academic courses.
{"title":"Strategies of Address in English Lingua Franca (ELF) Academic Interactions","authors":"Maicol Formentelli","doi":"10.13189/LLS.2018.060605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/LLS.2018.060605","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the address practices reported by students and lecturers from three English-taught master’s degrees organised at a small Italian university where English is used as a lingua franca (ELF) of communication. The main aim of the study is to ascertain whether and how the multilingual and multicultural composition of the ELF classroom influences participants in their choice of address strategies in English. The findings show two main patterns of address in the ELF courses: 1) an asymmetrical, non-reciprocal use of address strategies, in which lecturers take an informal and familiar stance (T-forms), while students tend to express deference and respect (V-forms); 2) a reciprocal, symmetrical use of V-forms that encodes formality and mutual respect. While informality is promoted by lecturers as part of the policies of the master’s programmes, some students and lecturers show resistance to the use of familiar address terms and favour formal strategies to convey respect to the interlocutor. The informants’ comments recorded in the questionnaires reveal that participants’ cultural backgrounds, previous experience in their home universities, and assumptions about the interlocutor’s cultural expectations play a significant role in shaping address practices in ELF academic courses.","PeriodicalId":377849,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics and Literature Studies","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124491094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.13189/LLS.2018.060507
Shu-Chin Su, T. Ling
This research aimed to investigate whether the implementation of “English Songwriting” as a teaching activity could increase students’ learning attitudes. The researcher noted the challenges while the research was carried out and provided solutions for the study. Action research was conducted with 110 students from a private university in Taiwan as participants. It spanned for two semesters with two instances of English songwriting activities.[1] Data collection instruments included both the students’ reflections and their levels of satisfaction toward the English songwriting activities before, during, and after teaching. Qualitative methodology was used to analyze whether English songwriting was able to improve the students’ attitudes on English learning through their opinions, feedback, interviews and satisfaction questionnaires. The findings showed that all of the students completed the task of English Songwriting, and most of the students did the work in a joyful and serious manner. Results showed that this activity increased students’ English vocabulary and motivation for learning. Other abilities also developed such as teamwork, communication, appreciation of peers’ talents in writing lyrics and songs, brainstorming, creativity and research work. The contents of the songwriting could also be a first step to have a better understanding of students’ psychological and emotional status. The researcher provided suggestions for English teaching and recommendations for future studies based on the results.
{"title":"An Action Research of English Songwriting Implementation in Teaching English as a Second Language for University Students","authors":"Shu-Chin Su, T. Ling","doi":"10.13189/LLS.2018.060507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/LLS.2018.060507","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimed to investigate whether the implementation of “English Songwriting” as a teaching activity could increase students’ learning attitudes. The researcher noted the challenges while the research was carried out and provided solutions for the study. Action research was conducted with 110 students from a private university in Taiwan as participants. It spanned for two semesters with two instances of English songwriting activities.[1] Data collection instruments included both the students’ reflections and their levels of satisfaction toward the English songwriting activities before, during, and after teaching. Qualitative methodology was used to analyze whether English songwriting was able to improve the students’ attitudes on English learning through their opinions, feedback, interviews and satisfaction questionnaires. The findings showed that all of the students completed the task of English Songwriting, and most of the students did the work in a joyful and serious manner. Results showed that this activity increased students’ English vocabulary and motivation for learning. Other abilities also developed such as teamwork, communication, appreciation of peers’ talents in writing lyrics and songs, brainstorming, creativity and research work. The contents of the songwriting could also be a first step to have a better understanding of students’ psychological and emotional status. The researcher provided suggestions for English teaching and recommendations for future studies based on the results.","PeriodicalId":377849,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics and Literature Studies","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114936300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.13189/LLS.2018.060503
Ying-yi Yuan, Yan Jiang
This essay attempts to demonstrate, via surveying 10 classics in the history of rhetoric, that “ornament” collocated with rhetorical figures is widely viewed as inventional or argumentative, especially from ancient Greece to the Renaissance. Further, 5 representative dictionaries illustrate that this term gives priority to useful function in and before the medieval time but turns increasingly aesthetic from the Enlightenment downwards. In a historical-linguistic perspective, the semantic change of “ornament” is discovered to involve two tendency types: “Narrowing” and “Pejoration”, which can be attributed to psychological or cognitive factors, cultural impact and language contact. This rectification of “ornament” justifies from etymology and history of rhetoric that rhetorical figures, deserving a fairer repute, are indeed our flashing argumentative equipment.
{"title":"Rhetorical Figures: The Argumentative \"Ornament\"","authors":"Ying-yi Yuan, Yan Jiang","doi":"10.13189/LLS.2018.060503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/LLS.2018.060503","url":null,"abstract":"This essay attempts to demonstrate, via surveying 10 classics in the history of rhetoric, that “ornament” collocated with rhetorical figures is widely viewed as inventional or argumentative, especially from ancient Greece to the Renaissance. Further, 5 representative dictionaries illustrate that this term gives priority to useful function in and before the medieval time but turns increasingly aesthetic from the Enlightenment downwards. In a historical-linguistic perspective, the semantic change of “ornament” is discovered to involve two tendency types: “Narrowing” and “Pejoration”, which can be attributed to psychological or cognitive factors, cultural impact and language contact. This rectification of “ornament” justifies from etymology and history of rhetoric that rhetorical figures, deserving a fairer repute, are indeed our flashing argumentative equipment.","PeriodicalId":377849,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics and Literature Studies","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116275275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.13189/lls.2018.060501
I-Chin Nonie Chiang
{"title":"How Effective Can Additive Assigned Extracurricular Reading Be? More Good News","authors":"I-Chin Nonie Chiang","doi":"10.13189/lls.2018.060501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/lls.2018.060501","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":377849,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics and Literature Studies","volume":"515 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116216452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-01DOI: 10.13189/lls.2018.060506
Wang Jing
John Banville, one of Ireland's most serious and gifted writers, shares the belief of modernist writers that the modern society alienates mankind through its chaos, madness and sterility, but denies the fatalist idea that this society is hopelessly doomed. He, therefore, pursues a romantic quest in his fiction by resorting to nostalgia, nature and imagination. This thesis will study Banville's fiction from a Romantic perspective, aiming to reveal how Banvill returns to Romanticism and pursues a romantic quest. By examining his various books, this thesis will discuss how Banville looks for a spiritual home by writing about nostalgia, nature and highlighting imagination. It concludes that the utopian world created by Banville for his protagonists, cannot solve all problems in reality. However, it provides an ideal, a belief towards a sublimate life, which helps mankind bravely face the real world and provides hope. Banville imagines a better world in his fiction; and if imagined, this world might in time actually come to be.
{"title":"John Banville and His Romantic Quest","authors":"Wang Jing","doi":"10.13189/lls.2018.060506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13189/lls.2018.060506","url":null,"abstract":"John Banville, one of Ireland's most serious and gifted writers, shares the belief of modernist writers that the modern society alienates mankind through its chaos, madness and sterility, but denies the fatalist idea that this society is hopelessly doomed. He, therefore, pursues a romantic quest in his fiction by resorting to nostalgia, nature and imagination. This thesis will study Banville's fiction from a Romantic perspective, aiming to reveal how Banvill returns to Romanticism and pursues a romantic quest. By examining his various books, this thesis will discuss how Banville looks for a spiritual home by writing about nostalgia, nature and highlighting imagination. It concludes that the utopian world created by Banville for his protagonists, cannot solve all problems in reality. However, it provides an ideal, a belief towards a sublimate life, which helps mankind bravely face the real world and provides hope. Banville imagines a better world in his fiction; and if imagined, this world might in time actually come to be.","PeriodicalId":377849,"journal":{"name":"Linguistics and Literature Studies","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121796803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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