Pub Date : 2021-05-27DOI: 10.1080/2157930X.2021.1934259
P. Lavarello, Sebastián Sztulwark, Matías Ezequiel Mancini, Santiago Eduardo Juncal
ABSTRACT Given that the patents of the first high cost and complex biopharmaceuticals have started to expire, biotechnology offers opportunities for developing countries to pursue an upgrading process by entering the sector as early imitators. In the case of biotechnology applied to the health sector, the characteristics of the innovation process and the specificity of the regulatory process for biopharmaceuticals raises new questions as to the learning path open to the developing countries that intend to build an industrial promotion strategy on the basis of early entry as imitators. Given those specific characteristics, it is worth asking how far creative imitation strategies could constitute an opportunity for late late industrializing countries to undertake rapid industrial upgrading processes.
{"title":"Creative imitation in late industrializing countries: the case of biopharmaceutics in South Korea and India","authors":"P. Lavarello, Sebastián Sztulwark, Matías Ezequiel Mancini, Santiago Eduardo Juncal","doi":"10.1080/2157930X.2021.1934259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2021.1934259","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Given that the patents of the first high cost and complex biopharmaceuticals have started to expire, biotechnology offers opportunities for developing countries to pursue an upgrading process by entering the sector as early imitators. In the case of biotechnology applied to the health sector, the characteristics of the innovation process and the specificity of the regulatory process for biopharmaceuticals raises new questions as to the learning path open to the developing countries that intend to build an industrial promotion strategy on the basis of early entry as imitators. Given those specific characteristics, it is worth asking how far creative imitation strategies could constitute an opportunity for late late industrializing countries to undertake rapid industrial upgrading processes.","PeriodicalId":37815,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Development","volume":"15 1","pages":"133 - 152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91083616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-26DOI: 10.1080/2157930X.2021.1932062
Jongho Lee, Keun Lee
ABSTRACT This study addresses the relationship between national innovation systems (NIS) and economic catch-up by latecomer economies, such as China, South Korea, and Taiwan. Contemporary China is found to also specialize in short cycle technologies, similar to Korea or Taiwan in the mid-1980s and 1990s, featuring opposite attributes from mature NIS. By contrast, Korea and Taiwan are moving away from short-cycle technologies into long cycle technologies-based sectors, and their NIS are becoming similar to those of advanced or mature NIS. Thus, this study verifies the so-called ‘detour’ hypothesis that a successful catching-up economy can follow a technological detour of first specializing in short cycle sectors and only later turning into more challenging or long cycle technology-based sectors. In addition, the linkage from such detour to economic growth performance is verified, confirming a positive relationship between moving into short cycle technologies and economic growth in China, and between going into long cycle technologies and economic growth in Korea and Taiwan for the post-catch-up stages or since the 2000s.
{"title":"Catching-up national innovations systems (NIS) in China and post-catching-up NIS in Korea and Taiwan: verifying the detour hypothesis and policy implications","authors":"Jongho Lee, Keun Lee","doi":"10.1080/2157930X.2021.1932062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2021.1932062","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study addresses the relationship between national innovation systems (NIS) and economic catch-up by latecomer economies, such as China, South Korea, and Taiwan. Contemporary China is found to also specialize in short cycle technologies, similar to Korea or Taiwan in the mid-1980s and 1990s, featuring opposite attributes from mature NIS. By contrast, Korea and Taiwan are moving away from short-cycle technologies into long cycle technologies-based sectors, and their NIS are becoming similar to those of advanced or mature NIS. Thus, this study verifies the so-called ‘detour’ hypothesis that a successful catching-up economy can follow a technological detour of first specializing in short cycle sectors and only later turning into more challenging or long cycle technology-based sectors. In addition, the linkage from such detour to economic growth performance is verified, confirming a positive relationship between moving into short cycle technologies and economic growth in China, and between going into long cycle technologies and economic growth in Korea and Taiwan for the post-catch-up stages or since the 2000s.","PeriodicalId":37815,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Development","volume":"29 1","pages":"387 - 411"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78204595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930889
Melina A. Galdos, Shagufta Haneef
ABSTRACT There is a growing recognition of the university as an actor with the capacity to articulate and respond to societal needs and demands expressed outside conventional market structures. Universities in the global south offer converging spaces where knowledge stemming from different groups in society is carefully weaved with that produced in the global north to produce innovations that cater to the needs of excluded populations. However, the trends that seemed to have enabled the development of indigenous capabilities in global south universities, coupled with a worrying disconnection between such capabilities and the real world of production, may be encumbering the upwelling of socially inclusive narratives and practices around innovation, limiting thus their full transformative potential. In this essay, we draw upon Freeman’s ground-breaking idea of voluntary underdevelopment and bridge it with that of (un)satisfactory innovations and social demands for innovation to explain this paradox and propose a way forward.
{"title":"The voluntary underdevelopment paradox: revisiting Freeman’s ideas on indigenous capabilities for innovation in the global south","authors":"Melina A. Galdos, Shagufta Haneef","doi":"10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930889","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930889","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There is a growing recognition of the university as an actor with the capacity to articulate and respond to societal needs and demands expressed outside conventional market structures. Universities in the global south offer converging spaces where knowledge stemming from different groups in society is carefully weaved with that produced in the global north to produce innovations that cater to the needs of excluded populations. However, the trends that seemed to have enabled the development of indigenous capabilities in global south universities, coupled with a worrying disconnection between such capabilities and the real world of production, may be encumbering the upwelling of socially inclusive narratives and practices around innovation, limiting thus their full transformative potential. In this essay, we draw upon Freeman’s ground-breaking idea of voluntary underdevelopment and bridge it with that of (un)satisfactory innovations and social demands for innovation to explain this paradox and propose a way forward.","PeriodicalId":37815,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Development","volume":"35 1","pages":"33 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86951380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930397
Fakher Omezzine, Vidya Oruganti, I. B. Bodas Freitas
ABSTRACT We highlight that institutions may encourage or discourage organizations to engage in the repurposing of technologies and value chain linkages for attaining financial goals and responding to social needs and challenges. Based on evidence from several examples of repurposing and collective action during the recent COVID-19 health crisis, we try to learn and infer, how institutions can create an environment that fosters repurposing beyond crisis situations. Our evidence, accordant to Chris Freeman's argument on the success of nations to catch up and maintain technological and trade competitiveness, suggest that multiple institutional factors may influence a country's ability to design and implement solutions through technological repurposing. We discuss the implications of this result and future research directions.
{"title":"Learning from crisis: repurposing to address grand challenges","authors":"Fakher Omezzine, Vidya Oruganti, I. B. Bodas Freitas","doi":"10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930397","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930397","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We highlight that institutions may encourage or discourage organizations to engage in the repurposing of technologies and value chain linkages for attaining financial goals and responding to social needs and challenges. Based on evidence from several examples of repurposing and collective action during the recent COVID-19 health crisis, we try to learn and infer, how institutions can create an environment that fosters repurposing beyond crisis situations. Our evidence, accordant to Chris Freeman's argument on the success of nations to catch up and maintain technological and trade competitiveness, suggest that multiple institutional factors may influence a country's ability to design and implement solutions through technological repurposing. We discuss the implications of this result and future research directions.","PeriodicalId":37815,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Development","volume":"185 1","pages":"59 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83043405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-24DOI: 10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930378
Manuel Gonzalo
ABSTRACT The aim of this short essay is to revisit and reposition Freeman’s broadening research and methodological contribution. In the first section, I point out that: (a) in conceptual terms, Freeman has worked in order to move away from the narrow R&D focus of the endogenous growth theory to develop the systemic understanding of the social process of evolution, particularly focusing on STI policies and (b) in methodological terms, Freeman has moved away from mere econometric and cliometrics approaches to reasoned-history, looking to reconciler the separation between history and economic theory under a heterodox framework. In the second section, I briefly contextualize Freeman’s interaction with the South American scholars on science, technology and society in order to frame how Freeman’s conceptual and methodological approaches helped me during my PhD Thesis research process. The essay concludes with some potential Global South dialogue on innovation, development and growth.
{"title":"Freeman’s broadening contribution revisited: reasoned-history and systemic STI policies from South America to the Global South","authors":"Manuel Gonzalo","doi":"10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930378","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this short essay is to revisit and reposition Freeman’s broadening research and methodological contribution. In the first section, I point out that: (a) in conceptual terms, Freeman has worked in order to move away from the narrow R&D focus of the endogenous growth theory to develop the systemic understanding of the social process of evolution, particularly focusing on STI policies and (b) in methodological terms, Freeman has moved away from mere econometric and cliometrics approaches to reasoned-history, looking to reconciler the separation between history and economic theory under a heterodox framework. In the second section, I briefly contextualize Freeman’s interaction with the South American scholars on science, technology and society in order to frame how Freeman’s conceptual and methodological approaches helped me during my PhD Thesis research process. The essay concludes with some potential Global South dialogue on innovation, development and growth.","PeriodicalId":37815,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Development","volume":"54 24 1","pages":"43 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72704598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-21DOI: 10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930400
Kejia Yang
ABSTRACT This paper introduces Freeman’s thoughts on values, economic growth and the environment in the book of The Economics of Hope: essays on technical change, economic growth and the environment. It elaborates how Freeman’s ideas and concepts have inspired my doctoral studies which focus on the shift of socio-technical systems towards sustainability. Moreover, it discusses how Freeman’s concerns on the role of science, technology and innovation policy for a better society are still inspiring us today.
{"title":"Innovation, development and sustainability: inspirations of Freeman’s economics of hope","authors":"Kejia Yang","doi":"10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930400","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper introduces Freeman’s thoughts on values, economic growth and the environment in the book of The Economics of Hope: essays on technical change, economic growth and the environment. It elaborates how Freeman’s ideas and concepts have inspired my doctoral studies which focus on the shift of socio-technical systems towards sustainability. Moreover, it discusses how Freeman’s concerns on the role of science, technology and innovation policy for a better society are still inspiring us today.","PeriodicalId":37815,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Development","volume":"75 1","pages":"107 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74639108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-20DOI: 10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930396
Arthur Moreira
ABSTRACT The commitment of recently elected Joe Biden to achieve carbon net-zero by 2050, together with the EU and China, signals a real effort against the climate emergency by the main economic actors globally. But how will the US make it happen in the context of a surplus of cheap polluting energy derived from shale gas? Or how will China, given her frequent inauguration of coal power plants? For Freeman (1996), beyond changes in consumer culture and in institutions, priority for long-term R&D is justified and needed to get us out of our current carbon-based mode of production. He argued in the mid-1990s that the ‘linear model’ of innovation, often more criticised than supported, still has a role to play in tackling the climate challenge.
{"title":"Grand challenges and the role of the ‘linear model’","authors":"Arthur Moreira","doi":"10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2021.1930396","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The commitment of recently elected Joe Biden to achieve carbon net-zero by 2050, together with the EU and China, signals a real effort against the climate emergency by the main economic actors globally. But how will the US make it happen in the context of a surplus of cheap polluting energy derived from shale gas? Or how will China, given her frequent inauguration of coal power plants? For Freeman (1996), beyond changes in consumer culture and in institutions, priority for long-term R&D is justified and needed to get us out of our current carbon-based mode of production. He argued in the mid-1990s that the ‘linear model’ of innovation, often more criticised than supported, still has a role to play in tackling the climate challenge.","PeriodicalId":37815,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Development","volume":"51 1","pages":"85 - 87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76458660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.1080/2157930X.2021.1918918
F. Fiorentin, D. Suárez, G. Yoguel
ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to study the role of firms’ capabilities in their benefiting from public funds for innovation. The literature agrees that capabilities play a key role in policy access, but this relationship has not been specifically explored. The theoretical framework combines the evolutionary approach to firms’ capabilities with the literature on innovation policy. The empirical strategy is based on the National Employment and Innovation Dynamics Survey, a CIS-type survey at the firm level. This includes data about access to the main Argentine Technological Fund (FONTAR). Results show that productive, innovation, and connectivity capabilities impact the probability of knowing about and accessing FONTAR, especially firms’ productive and connectivity skills. Results also show that innovator firms have higher probabilities of knowing about and accessing FONTAR than non-innovator ones. This provides evidence about the need to think of the public funding of innovation articulated with other firm-level policies.
{"title":"Who benefits from innovation policy? The role of firms’ capabilities in accessing public innovation funding","authors":"F. Fiorentin, D. Suárez, G. Yoguel","doi":"10.1080/2157930X.2021.1918918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2021.1918918","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to study the role of firms’ capabilities in their benefiting from public funds for innovation. The literature agrees that capabilities play a key role in policy access, but this relationship has not been specifically explored. The theoretical framework combines the evolutionary approach to firms’ capabilities with the literature on innovation policy. The empirical strategy is based on the National Employment and Innovation Dynamics Survey, a CIS-type survey at the firm level. This includes data about access to the main Argentine Technological Fund (FONTAR). Results show that productive, innovation, and connectivity capabilities impact the probability of knowing about and accessing FONTAR, especially firms’ productive and connectivity skills. Results also show that innovator firms have higher probabilities of knowing about and accessing FONTAR than non-innovator ones. This provides evidence about the need to think of the public funding of innovation articulated with other firm-level policies.","PeriodicalId":37815,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Development","volume":"48 1","pages":"91 - 108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76812207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.1080/2157930X.2021.1917112
H. Ojha, A. Hall
ABSTRACT Studies of sustainability transitions and transformational change are common in energy and transport sectors. However, there is limited research on how these transformational change processes play out in the natural resources sector, particularly in developing economies. This paper seeks to address this gap, with a case study of the community forestry system in Nepal that has, over the last four decades, reversed Himalayan land degradation and contributed to community livelihoods. The case illustrates comprehensive changes in forest management practices and governance over four decades. Central to this was a ‘thinking movement’ of development agencies, activists and researchers that opened up learning spaces and engage conflicting stakeholders in action-oriented dialogues. While transformation can never be pre-engineered, this study suggests that investment in strengthening locally engaged research capability could be a key way of catalyzing sustainability transitions, both as a continuous process of evolution and transformative shifts during the crisis and political opportunity.
{"title":"Transformation as system innovation: insights from Nepal’s five decades of community forestry development","authors":"H. Ojha, A. Hall","doi":"10.1080/2157930X.2021.1917112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2021.1917112","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Studies of sustainability transitions and transformational change are common in energy and transport sectors. However, there is limited research on how these transformational change processes play out in the natural resources sector, particularly in developing economies. This paper seeks to address this gap, with a case study of the community forestry system in Nepal that has, over the last four decades, reversed Himalayan land degradation and contributed to community livelihoods. The case illustrates comprehensive changes in forest management practices and governance over four decades. Central to this was a ‘thinking movement’ of development agencies, activists and researchers that opened up learning spaces and engage conflicting stakeholders in action-oriented dialogues. While transformation can never be pre-engineered, this study suggests that investment in strengthening locally engaged research capability could be a key way of catalyzing sustainability transitions, both as a continuous process of evolution and transformative shifts during the crisis and political opportunity.","PeriodicalId":37815,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Development","volume":"2 1","pages":"109 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89620638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-16DOI: 10.1080/2157930X.2021.1909821
Kyle S. Herman
ABSTRACT There has been much interest in green growth and innovation in recent years. The main idea is that domestic green growth policies can provide ‘win-wins’ to both the environment and the economy. But we still know very little about the impact of such policies, especially in developing countries—the ‘Global South.’ The literature remains underdeveloped. This is disappointing since the Global South could leverage green growth policies to enhance competitiveness, ‘leapfrog’ directly to cleaner technologies, and ‘catch-up’ economically and environmentally through innovation in environmental technologies. The lack of research is also problematic because greenhouse gas emissions from developing countries are growing rapidly. Without green growth and innovation it will be exceedingly difficult to meet the urgent needs of climate change. Against this backdrop, this paper conducts machine-aided citation, bibliometric, and keyword analyses on green growth research with a particular focus on developing countries, innovation, and environmental technologies.
{"title":"Green growth and innovation in the Global South: a systematic literature review","authors":"Kyle S. Herman","doi":"10.1080/2157930X.2021.1909821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/2157930X.2021.1909821","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT There has been much interest in green growth and innovation in recent years. The main idea is that domestic green growth policies can provide ‘win-wins’ to both the environment and the economy. But we still know very little about the impact of such policies, especially in developing countries—the ‘Global South.’ The literature remains underdeveloped. This is disappointing since the Global South could leverage green growth policies to enhance competitiveness, ‘leapfrog’ directly to cleaner technologies, and ‘catch-up’ economically and environmentally through innovation in environmental technologies. The lack of research is also problematic because greenhouse gas emissions from developing countries are growing rapidly. Without green growth and innovation it will be exceedingly difficult to meet the urgent needs of climate change. Against this backdrop, this paper conducts machine-aided citation, bibliometric, and keyword analyses on green growth research with a particular focus on developing countries, innovation, and environmental technologies.","PeriodicalId":37815,"journal":{"name":"Innovation and Development","volume":"35 1","pages":"43 - 69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76257477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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