Pub Date : 2023-11-16DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10091
Stephane Hlaimi, Charlotte Littlewood
This article shows that British homosexual Muslims face rejection and identity conflict between their homosexuality and their Muslimness. The opposition between Islam and homosexuality has created a feeling of exclusion, illustrating the assumed incompatibility between being Muslim and being homosexual. Homosexual Muslims face religiously motivated homophobia rooted in the heteronormative precepts of Islam. In parallel, they face Islamophobic attitudes in which Islam is now used as a form of civilisational opposition to the British values of tolerance and inclusion and the wider homosexual community see it as a threat to their very existence. Nevertheless, the results show that the hostility of Muslims toward homosexuality is evolving, and the heteronormative discourses are now coexisting with more neutral and even homo-friendly approaches. A new bicultural belonging among homosexual Muslims is being constructed to address individual strategies of managing both identities and is fostering new interpretations of acceptance of different sexualities within Islam.
{"title":"Too Muslim to Be Homosexual or Too Homosexual to Be Muslim: Belonging Experiences of British Homosexual Muslims","authors":"Stephane Hlaimi, Charlotte Littlewood","doi":"10.1163/22117954-bja10091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-bja10091","url":null,"abstract":"This article shows that British homosexual Muslims face rejection and identity conflict between their homosexuality and their Muslimness. The opposition between Islam and homosexuality has created a feeling of exclusion, illustrating the assumed incompatibility between being Muslim and being homosexual. Homosexual Muslims face religiously motivated homophobia rooted in the heteronormative precepts of Islam. In parallel, they face Islamophobic attitudes in which Islam is now used as a form of civilisational opposition to the British values of tolerance and inclusion and the wider homosexual community see it as a threat to their very existence. Nevertheless, the results show that the hostility of Muslims toward homosexuality is evolving, and the heteronormative discourses are now coexisting with more neutral and even homo-friendly approaches. A new bicultural belonging among homosexual Muslims is being constructed to address individual strategies of managing both identities and is fostering new interpretations of acceptance of different sexualities within Islam.","PeriodicalId":37992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Muslims in Europe","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139269514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-22DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10089
Marcel Klapp
Abstract The article examines the media practices of a German Salafi missionary through the perspective of theories on Islamic authority and digital online marketing. Following an understanding of online Salafism as a cross-platform phenomenon, the paper draws on an ethnographic case study of Salafi Influencer Abdurrashid, examining the specific strategies he develops for his channels on YouTube and TikTok, the synergies he generates between them, and the active outreach measures through which he creates a gateway for his YouTube profile via TikTok in order to gain authority.
{"title":"“That’s where I get reach!” Marketing Strategies of a Salafi Influencer on YouTube and TikTok","authors":"Marcel Klapp","doi":"10.1163/22117954-bja10089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-bja10089","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The article examines the media practices of a German Salafi missionary through the perspective of theories on Islamic authority and digital online marketing. Following an understanding of online Salafism as a cross-platform phenomenon, the paper draws on an ethnographic case study of Salafi Influencer Abdurrashid, examining the specific strategies he develops for his channels on YouTube and TikTok, the synergies he generates between them, and the active outreach measures through which he creates a gateway for his YouTube profile via TikTok in order to gain authority.","PeriodicalId":37992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Muslims in Europe","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136061651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10086
Karin Borevi, Simon Sorgenfrei
Abstract With the case of Sweden as its focus, this article contributes to the research on state–Islam relations in Europe. From a comparative European perspective, it demonstrates that Sweden departs from what is generally presented as the common pattern when it comes to when, how and why state-Islam relations were first established. Previous theorising on this topic, primarily connected with Jonathan Laurence’s seminal work on state–Islam relations in Europe, argues that such relations follow two phases, namely (1) Embassy Islam (1960–1990) and (2) the institutionalisation of domestic relations with (national) Muslim Councils (1990-onwards). Our conclusion, however, is that Sweden skipped the first phase and went directly to the second in the mid-1970s. This, we argue, can be explained as the (unplanned) result of a general change in church–state relations in Sweden.
{"title":"The Early Institutionalization of State–Islam Relations in Sweden","authors":"Karin Borevi, Simon Sorgenfrei","doi":"10.1163/22117954-bja10086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-bja10086","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract With the case of Sweden as its focus, this article contributes to the research on state–Islam relations in Europe. From a comparative European perspective, it demonstrates that Sweden departs from what is generally presented as the common pattern when it comes to when, how and why state-Islam relations were first established. Previous theorising on this topic, primarily connected with Jonathan Laurence’s seminal work on state–Islam relations in Europe, argues that such relations follow two phases, namely (1) Embassy Islam (1960–1990) and (2) the institutionalisation of domestic relations with (national) Muslim Councils (1990-onwards). Our conclusion, however, is that Sweden skipped the first phase and went directly to the second in the mid-1970s. This, we argue, can be explained as the (unplanned) result of a general change in church–state relations in Sweden.","PeriodicalId":37992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Muslims in Europe","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135208104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-15DOI: 10.1163/22117954-12341428
Katherine E. Brown
{"title":"Western Jihadism: A Thirty-Year History, written by Jytte Klausen","authors":"Katherine E. Brown","doi":"10.1163/22117954-12341428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-12341428","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Muslims in Europe","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135485490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-11DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10087
I. Labidi
Released during a period of heightened racial tension over the impact of racism in the United States and Europe, the 2021 films Stillwater and Dune Part One reveal the pervasiveness of Arab Muslim misrepresentations in Hollywood and the subtilty of white supremacist ideology as it re-emerges in new cinematic productions. With many symbolic and pronounced references to the delusions of the “great replacement” theory, the foundational blueprint of white supremacist identity in both stories, this article contends that these films recentre whiteness to either villainise Arab Muslims or totally erase them. Stillwater disguises the stereotypes on which Arab racialisation is predicated by embedding them in the details of a subplot. Dune, by contrast, is set in an imaginary Arab space with no Arabs, and yet portrayals of Arabs and Islam are front, and centre and it imagines a world with fierce but “generic” coloured people serving their great white leaders.
{"title":"Hollywood’s Racial Order and the Re-throning of White Supremacist Identity","authors":"I. Labidi","doi":"10.1163/22117954-bja10087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-bja10087","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Released during a period of heightened racial tension over the impact of racism in the United States and Europe, the 2021 films Stillwater and Dune Part One reveal the pervasiveness of Arab Muslim misrepresentations in Hollywood and the subtilty of white supremacist ideology as it re-emerges in new cinematic productions. With many symbolic and pronounced references to the delusions of the “great replacement” theory, the foundational blueprint of white supremacist identity in both stories, this article contends that these films recentre whiteness to either villainise Arab Muslims or totally erase them. Stillwater disguises the stereotypes on which Arab racialisation is predicated by embedding them in the details of a subplot. Dune, by contrast, is set in an imaginary Arab space with no Arabs, and yet portrayals of Arabs and Islam are front, and centre and it imagines a world with fierce but “generic” coloured people serving their great white leaders.","PeriodicalId":37992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Muslims in Europe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47262668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-11DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10085
Sadettin Orhan
Social stratification is a common factor in almost every society on earth. Societies exhibit a certain hierarchical structure measured by either abstract or concrete criteria. With industrialisation, the form of stratification changed. The proletariat and the bourgeoisie formed the two main social strata of this new society. Studies aimed at understanding and explaining this change in the social structure have produced many texts with a rich theoretical discussion. In our study, the views on stratification put forward by Said Nursi, an Islamic scholar and commentator on the Qurʾan, are discussed. Nursi includes important determinations and evaluations of people, society and stratification in his works, which total more than six thousand pages. We hope that these findings and evaluations will contribute to disciplines, particularly sociology, that deal with stratification.
{"title":"The Past, Present and Future of Social Stratification from Said Nursi’s Perspective","authors":"Sadettin Orhan","doi":"10.1163/22117954-bja10085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-bja10085","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Social stratification is a common factor in almost every society on earth. Societies exhibit a certain hierarchical structure measured by either abstract or concrete criteria. With industrialisation, the form of stratification changed. The proletariat and the bourgeoisie formed the two main social strata of this new society. Studies aimed at understanding and explaining this change in the social structure have produced many texts with a rich theoretical discussion. In our study, the views on stratification put forward by Said Nursi, an Islamic scholar and commentator on the Qurʾan, are discussed. Nursi includes important determinations and evaluations of people, society and stratification in his works, which total more than six thousand pages. We hope that these findings and evaluations will contribute to disciplines, particularly sociology, that deal with stratification.","PeriodicalId":37992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Muslims in Europe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43266833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10088
Durali Karacan
{"title":"Muslim Masculinities in Literature and Film: Transcultural Identity and Migration in Britain, written by Peter Cherry","authors":"Durali Karacan","doi":"10.1163/22117954-bja10088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-bja10088","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":37992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Muslims in Europe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42406691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-14DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10084
Steff Nellis
The fifth volume of the Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde (1723–1737) by Bernard Picart and Jean Frederic Bernard played a significant role in shaping the perception of Islam in the early 18th-century Dutch Republic and Europe. Kishwar Rizvi has argued that it challenged stereotypes by introducing novel comparative perspectives between Western traditions and Islamic rituals. However, previous research has overlooked a remarkable illustration in the volume depicting the Bairam festival. By examining the editors’ and engravers’ use of collage technique, we can appreciate how their portrayal of the Bairam festivities deviated from earlier depictions of the same feast. They employed a proto-ethnographic approach alongside other interpretational and imaginative strategies. The multitude of images within the Cérémonies not only constructed a collective perception of Islam but also facilitated a more affective engagement with Islamic culture for early modern viewers, influencing their connection to the depicted culture.
Bernard Picart和Jean-Frederic Bernard的《世界人民的货币与宗教》第五卷（1723–1737）在18世纪初荷兰共和国和欧洲对伊斯兰教的看法中发挥了重要作用。Kishwar Rizvi认为，它通过在西方传统和伊斯兰仪式之间引入新颖的比较视角来挑战刻板印象。然而，先前的研究忽略了描绘拜拉姆节的卷中一幅引人注目的插图。通过研究编辑和雕刻师对拼贴技术的使用，我们可以了解他们对拜拉姆庆典的描绘与早期对同一盛宴的描绘是如何偏离的。他们采用了原始人种学方法以及其他解释和想象策略。Cérémones中的大量图像不仅构建了对伊斯兰教的集体感知，而且促进了早期现代观众与伊斯兰文化的情感接触，影响了他们与所描绘文化的联系。
{"title":"Imag(in)ing Bairam","authors":"Steff Nellis","doi":"10.1163/22117954-bja10084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-bja10084","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The fifth volume of the Cérémonies et coutumes religieuses de tous les peuples du monde (1723–1737) by Bernard Picart and Jean Frederic Bernard played a significant role in shaping the perception of Islam in the early 18th-century Dutch Republic and Europe. Kishwar Rizvi has argued that it challenged stereotypes by introducing novel comparative perspectives between Western traditions and Islamic rituals. However, previous research has overlooked a remarkable illustration in the volume depicting the Bairam festival. By examining the editors’ and engravers’ use of collage technique, we can appreciate how their portrayal of the Bairam festivities deviated from earlier depictions of the same feast. They employed a proto-ethnographic approach alongside other interpretational and imaginative strategies. The multitude of images within the Cérémonies not only constructed a collective perception of Islam but also facilitated a more affective engagement with Islamic culture for early modern viewers, influencing their connection to the depicted culture.","PeriodicalId":37992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Muslims in Europe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42215650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-07-04DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10083
Mahmoud Jaraba
Salafism in Germany is often viewed as a product of Saudi Arabia’s efforts to spread its conservative brand of Islam around the world. In recent years, the Kingdom has attempted to change its image both domestically and internationally by distinguishing itself from Salafism. The goal of this article is to look at how local Salafists, who have been supported by Saudi Arabia and religiously and ideologically shaped by Saudi Salafi scholars, are attempting to construct a localised and radicalised version of Salafism that is grounded in the German context, while also being critical of Saudi Arabia’s social liberalisation.
{"title":"Local German Salafists and Saudi Arabia","authors":"Mahmoud Jaraba","doi":"10.1163/22117954-bja10083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-bja10083","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Salafism in Germany is often viewed as a product of Saudi Arabia’s efforts to spread its conservative brand of Islam around the world. In recent years, the Kingdom has attempted to change its image both domestically and internationally by distinguishing itself from Salafism. The goal of this article is to look at how local Salafists, who have been supported by Saudi Arabia and religiously and ideologically shaped by Saudi Salafi scholars, are attempting to construct a localised and radicalised version of Salafism that is grounded in the German context, while also being critical of Saudi Arabia’s social liberalisation.","PeriodicalId":37992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Muslims in Europe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45480411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-05DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10082
Zeynep Aydin
Laughter and humour can have therapeutic effects on traumatized individuals. Now, the generation of Muslims that grew up after the 9/11 terror attacks is using comic relief to recount their experience with Islamophobia. While the trend started with television stand-up comedians and their performances, the movement has spread through the social media grape vine all the way from Twitter to TikTok. In this article the (social) media landscape is examined and comedic content is analysed to assess how and why content creators share their experiences. It finds that the greatest difference between content creators results from the gender-based experiences they draw on when recounting their stories. Comedy was a very strong means of communicating this highly sensitive subject. Through humour, content creators also wished to also break the stereotype of Muslims not understanding satire and just being an angry inflexible mob.
{"title":"Laughing Matter(s): Reactions of Muslims in Europe to Islamophobia and the Role of Comic Relief","authors":"Zeynep Aydin","doi":"10.1163/22117954-bja10082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1163/22117954-bja10082","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Laughter and humour can have therapeutic effects on traumatized individuals. Now, the generation of Muslims that grew up after the 9/11 terror attacks is using comic relief to recount their experience with Islamophobia. While the trend started with television stand-up comedians and their performances, the movement has spread through the social media grape vine all the way from Twitter to TikTok. In this article the (social) media landscape is examined and comedic content is analysed to assess how and why content creators share their experiences. It finds that the greatest difference between content creators results from the gender-based experiences they draw on when recounting their stories. Comedy was a very strong means of communicating this highly sensitive subject. Through humour, content creators also wished to also break the stereotype of Muslims not understanding satire and just being an angry inflexible mob.","PeriodicalId":37992,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Muslims in Europe","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43975750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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