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For the Greater Good: Common Goals and Institutional Sunni–Shiʿa Cooperation in Norway 为了更大的利益:挪威逊尼派-什叶派的共同目标和机构合作
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-07 DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10067
Olav Elgvin
Under what circumstances do Sunni and Shiʿa organisations enter into institutional cooperation with each other? This article explores this question through a study of Muslim institutional cooperation in Norway from the late 1980s to the late 2010s, based on both archival sources and qualitative interviews. This period witnessed at first a very tight cooperation between Sunni and Shiʿa organisations, before the cooperation collapsed in the 1990s. In the 2010s Sunnis and Shiʿa again started to cooperate closely. The article seeks to interpret this development through the theory of superordinate or common goals or uniting against a third party. Sunnis seemed to invite the Shiʿa in when they had a clear common goal in the form of an external threat. Even though conditions vary, I argue that this mechanism may have played a role in the development of cooperation between Sunni and Shiʾa organisations in other countries as well.
逊尼派和什叶派组织在什么情况下相互进行机构合作?本文通过对20世纪80年代末至2010年代末挪威穆斯林机构合作的研究,基于档案来源和定性访谈,探讨了这个问题。这一时期最初见证了逊尼派和什叶派组织之间非常紧密的合作,直到20世纪90年代合作破裂。在2010年代,逊尼派和什叶派再次开始密切合作。本文试图通过上级或共同目标或联合起来反对第三方的理论来解释这一发展。当他们有一个明确的共同目标,即外部威胁时,逊尼派似乎邀请了什叶派。尽管情况各不相同,但我认为,这一机制可能在其他国家逊尼派和什叶派组织之间的合作发展中发挥了作用。
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引用次数: 0
Mut‘a as Practised by Danish Shi‘i Women 丹麦什叶派妇女实行Mut 'a
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-21 DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10078
Tessie Bundgaard Jorgensen
The article is a study based on ten semi-structured interviews to show how mut‘a, known as temporary, pleasure marriage, is practised in seven different ways in present-day Denmark. Continuous conversations with Danish Shi‘i women provide a rare insight into the discourses and emotions behind making sense of a world of love, relationships and social norms formulated as divine intentions. The practices vary from relationships, dating and online relations, to tools in therapeutic settings. Mut‘a is articulated as a formalised tool to navigate a highly gender segregated world and is only practised by individuals who hold rigid views regarding gender regulations. The study demonstrates noticeable differences between cultural interpretations of related concepts such as mahr and ‘idda, thus leading to a conversation about what constitutes Muslim law and practices. The findings contribute to a wider study of how contextual settings, such as individual experience, world-making and cognitions, aid inductive productions of social norms within Muslim law.
这篇文章是一项基于十次半结构化采访的研究,旨在展示在当今丹麦,被称为临时快乐婚姻的婚姻是如何以七种不同的方式进行的。与丹麦什叶派女性的持续对话为理解一个由爱、关系和社会规范构成的神圣意图的世界提供了难得的话语和情感。这些做法从恋爱、约会和网络关系到治疗环境中的工具都有所不同。Mut’a被认为是一种在高度性别隔离的世界中航行的正式工具,只有对性别法规持刻板看法的个人才会实践。这项研究表明,对mahr和“idda”等相关概念的文化解释之间存在明显差异,从而引发了一场关于穆斯林法律和实践构成的对话。这些发现有助于更广泛地研究背景环境,如个人经历、世界创造和认知,如何帮助穆斯林法律中社会规范的归纳产生。
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引用次数: 0
In Front of God, Next to the Neighbours 在上帝面前,在邻居旁边
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-02-20 DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10065
Önder Cetin
This article presents how emotions contribute to the construction of self-images by shaping perceptions of particular problems that arise during cultural encounters, as described in Turkish instruction textbooks in Germany. I argue that textbooks serve as key information and emotion entrepreneurs, generating emotional resources to shape particular understandings of problems while constructing self-image(s) in transgenerational and transcultural contexts during these encounters between heritage- and mainstream-cultures. A critical discourse analysis of narratives depicting how they were considered as a challenge to the socio-cultural belonging of the actors of heritage culture would highlight textbooks’ representative role as agents of social change through the adoption of specific discursive components and strategies. In addition to research on emotions and textbooks, the analysis would contribute to the study of religion by demonstrating how debates referring to religious reasoning can be approached as social issues perceived and conceptualized through an emotional framework attached to socio-cultural belonging.
这篇文章介绍了情感如何通过塑造对文化遭遇中出现的特定问题的感知来促进自我形象的构建,正如德国土耳其教学教科书中所描述的那样。我认为,教科书是关键的信息和情感企业家,在传统文化和主流文化之间的相遇中,产生情感资源来塑造对问题的特殊理解,同时在跨性别和跨文化背景下构建自我形象。对叙事进行批判性话语分析,描述它们如何被视为对传统文化行为者的社会文化归属的挑战,将通过采用特定的话语成分和策略,突出教科书作为社会变革推动者的代表性作用。除了对情绪和教科书的研究外,该分析还将有助于宗教研究,展示如何通过社会文化归属的情感框架,将涉及宗教推理的辩论视为感知和概念化的社会问题。
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引用次数: 0
The Rejection of Interest-Based Loans among Muslim Entrepreneurs and Professionals in Finland 芬兰穆斯林企业家和专业人士对利息贷款的拒绝
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-12-12 DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10074
T. Martikainen, T. Brekke
This article discusses religiously motivated financial behaviour among young Muslims in Finland. The aim of the article is to provide empirical knowledge of Islam-based views on rejecting interest-based loans and the implications of this among Finnish Muslims. The research questions are: What are the reasons and motivations for rejecting interest-based bank loans? Are there alternative modes of financing? What are the impacts of rejection on personal investments, including in business and housing? Data were obtained from 18 Finnish Muslim entrepreneurs and professionals who reject interest-based bank loans. The data show that their rejection led to the scope for financial arrangements being more limited, and may also have significant implications for their children, the next generation. To circumvent these consequences, those interviewed used some or all of four alternative models for funding: savings; interest-free loans from family and friends; credit circles; and the time-bound, interest-free repayment period on credit cards.
本文讨论了芬兰年轻穆斯林出于宗教动机的金融行为。这篇文章的目的是提供基于伊斯兰教的关于拒绝基于利息的贷款的观点的经验知识,以及这在芬兰穆斯林中的影响。研究问题是:拒绝基于利息的银行贷款的原因和动机是什么?是否有其他融资方式?拒绝对个人投资,包括商业和住房投资有什么影响?数据来自18名拒绝基于利息的银行贷款的芬兰穆斯林企业家和专业人士。数据显示,他们的拒绝导致财务安排的范围更加有限,也可能对他们的孩子,即下一代产生重大影响。为了避免这些后果,受访者使用了四种替代资金模式中的一部分或全部:储蓄;来自家人和朋友的无息贷款;信用圈;以及有时限、无息的信用卡还款期。
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引用次数: 0
Factors That Shape Mosque Archives 塑造清真寺档案的因素
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10068
Stephanie Müssig
In most mosque archives, the subject range seems to be limited to bureaucratic matters. In this article I discuss the factors that are responsible for this constraint. Using academic literature on (Christian) religious and (ethnic) community archives, as well as relying on the research presented in this special issue, I develop a hierarchical (or multi-level) model of subject ranges in mosque archives by considering factors at the individual, intermediate, and system level. I argue that the individual dispositions of mosque leaders regarding resources and attitudes, as well as funds at the intermediate level, are key to the maturing of the archiving culture in mosques.
在大多数清真寺档案中,主题范围似乎仅限于官僚事务。在本文中,我将讨论造成这种约束的因素。利用有关(基督教)宗教和(民族)社区档案的学术文献,并依靠本特刊中的研究,我通过考虑个人、中间和系统层面的因素,建立了清真寺档案学科范围的分层(或多层次)模型。我认为,清真寺领导人对资源和态度的个人态度,以及中间级别的资金,是清真寺档案文化成熟的关键。
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引用次数: 0
Mosque Archives and a Muslim Collective Memory in Formation 清真寺档案与形成中的穆斯林集体记忆
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10070
Bekim Agai
Looking at the fragmented documents of Muslim community life at mosques, bringing together different types of materials and creating mosque archives is a challenging endeavour, as shown by the contributions in this volume. This contribution asks for the implication the archives, once collected and considered as parts of a larger picture, can have for the formation of a Muslim collective memory. Connecting different archives – with their singular experiences – into collective forms of memory, similar experiences and ruptures come to the surface and a new perspective on a shared German history is articulated. As the collective memory is a reservoir to understand the past, giving meaning to the present, and a source for the future, this process has a social and political dimension. The process of creating a Muslim collective memory will fill blanks within German history and add new chapters, but will at the same time change Muslim self-perception and self-positioning by recentring their sometimes ambiguous experiences within a larger setting.
正如本卷的贡献所示,查看清真寺中穆斯林社区生活的碎片文件,汇集不同类型的材料并创建清真寺档案是一项具有挑战性的工作。这篇文章提出,一旦这些档案被收集起来,并被视为一个更大图景的一部分,就能形成一个穆斯林的集体记忆。将不同的档案与他们的独特经历联系起来,形成集体形式的记忆,类似的经历和破裂浮出水面,并阐明了对共同的德国历史的新视角。由于集体记忆是理解过去、赋予现在意义和未来的源泉,这一过程具有社会和政治维度。创造穆斯林集体记忆的过程将填补德国历史的空白,增添新的篇章,但同时也将改变穆斯林的自我认知和自我定位,将他们有时模糊的经历重新集中在一个更大的背景下。
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引用次数: 0
Turkish Mosque Archives in Industrial Towns in Southern Germany: An Ethnographic Survey 德国南部工业城镇的土耳其清真寺档案:民族志调查
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10062
G. Jonker, Isabel Elbel, Arne Klein, Jule Klopke, Stephanie Müssig, Jens Schönstedt, Victoria Ulbricht
Starting from the thesis that European mosque archives offer important sources for the history of Muslims and Islam in Europe, this contribution presents results of a pilot survey into the whereabouts of mosque archives in Germany. Focusing on five small towns in industrial zones where predominantly Turkish contract workers have settled, we asked Turkish mosque administrators, chairmen and imams how they had handled papers in the past, whether and where they had stored folders that were not in use anymore, and what kind of documents their collections contained. What we found were various archival records in a wide and unexpected range of places. We also learned that our questions prompted very different reactions. Umbrella organisations understood their archives as tools for preserving the written sources documenting their origins, whereas local administrators tended to see them as records of their personal memories. Our conclusion is that the time is ripe for the development of knowledge about mosque archives in Germany and, with regard to the founding generation, this is of crucial importance.
从欧洲清真寺档案为欧洲穆斯林和伊斯兰教的历史提供了重要的资料这一论点出发,本文介绍了对德国清真寺档案下落的试点调查的结果。我们把重点放在以土耳其合同工为主的工业区的五个小镇上,询问了土耳其清真寺的管理人员、主席和伊玛目,他们过去是如何处理文件的,他们是否以及在哪里存放了不再使用的文件夹,以及他们的收藏中包含了什么样的文件。我们发现的是各种各样的档案记录,这些记录分布在很多意想不到的地方。我们还了解到,我们的问题引发了截然不同的反应。伞形组织将其档案理解为保存记录其起源的书面资料的工具,而地方管理者则倾向于将其视为个人记忆的记录。我们的结论是,发展关于德国清真寺档案的知识的时机已经成熟,对于创始一代来说,这是至关重要的。
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引用次数: 0
Mosque Archives of the 1950s in Focus 20世纪50年代清真寺档案聚焦
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10073
Raida Chbib, Julius Matuschik
This contribution aims at illuminating Muslim community life in the 1950s in Germany with the help of photographs. In 2020, probing into a research field that until then was largely terra incognita, the photojournalist Julius Matuschik with the support of a sociologist of religion, Raida Chbib, contacted mosques they knew had been built in the 1960s and wrote to 100 city archives in search of photographic and other evidence. In this way, photograph collections and paper records of religious gatherings and activities of Muslims in Berlin, Munich, Aachen, Hamburg, Frankfurt and Schwetzingen (Mannheim) were identified and brought into communication with one another. Offering unique visual insights in each of these places, this article shows that Muslim religious infrastructures were established long before the arrival of the so-called guest workers and that Muslim religious life in the 1950s was broader than has hitherto been suggested. Moreover, a blind spot was revealed when gathering detailed information about a congregation in the 1950s in the architecturally remarkable mosque building in the garden of the Schwetzingen Palace.
这一贡献旨在通过照片的帮助,照亮20世纪50年代德国穆斯林社区的生活。2020年,摄影记者Julius Matuschik在宗教社会学家Raida Chbib的支持下,在探索一个在此之前基本上不为人知的研究领域时,联系了他们知道建于20世纪60年代的清真寺,并写信给100个城市档案馆,寻找照片和其他证据。通过这种方式,确定了穆斯林在柏林、慕尼黑、亚琛、汉堡、法兰克福和施韦津根(曼海姆)的宗教集会和活动的照片集和纸质记录,并使其相互交流。这篇文章在每一个地方都提供了独特的视觉见解,表明穆斯林的宗教基础设施早在所谓的客工到来之前就已经建立起来,20世纪50年代的穆斯林宗教生活比迄今为止所暗示的要广泛。此外,在施韦岑根宫花园中建筑风格非凡的清真寺建筑中收集20世纪50年代会众的详细信息时,发现了一个盲点。
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引用次数: 0
Overviewing a Century. The Lahore-Ahmadiyya Mosque Archive in Berlin 展望一个世纪。柏林拉合尔艾哈迈迪亚清真寺档案馆
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-11-29 DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10069
G. Jonker
In 1923, Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat ve Islam with headquarters in Lahore (hereafter: Lahore-Ahmadiyya) sent the pedagogue Maulvi Sadr-ud-Din to Berlin commissioned to erect a mosque, create a mission and enter in conversation with the Europeans. The European mission was a comprehensive answer to the challenge that the British Empire presented to Muslims. In their hometown, Lahore, Lahore-Ahmadiyya aimed at comparing religions in order to push back British missionaries and disprove Christian claims to superiority. Adapting to the German setting, which in the years to come would swiftly move from democratic to nationalistic politics, the mission in Berlin created many variations on that theme. Today, the mosque registry, holding records of almost 100 years of administration, bears witness to the efforts of the missionaries to explain to various German audiences their view of Islam. An important source for Muslim history in Germany, the archive highlights such different research subjects as Muslim modernity at work, the language of secular Islam, Indian-German approximations, conversion, and mixed marriage. In 2018, it was donated to the National Archive in Berlin, where the approximately 70,000 documents and 5,000 photographs were made available for research. This contribution offers an analysis of the contents.
1923年,总部设在拉合尔的Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat ve Islam(以下简称:拉合尔Ahmadiyja)派遣教育学家Maulvi Sadr ud Din前往柏林,受委托建造一座清真寺,创建一个使团,并与欧洲人进行对话。欧洲使团是对大英帝国向穆斯林提出的挑战的全面回应。在他们的家乡拉合尔,拉合尔艾哈迈迪亚旨在比较宗教,以击退英国传教士,反驳基督教的优越感。为了适应德国的环境,在未来几年里,德国将迅速从民主政治转向民族主义政治,驻柏林使团在这一主题上创造了许多变化。如今,清真寺登记处保存着近100年的管理记录,见证了传教士们向各种德国观众解释他们对伊斯兰教的看法。作为德国穆斯林历史的重要来源,该档案突出了穆斯林现代性、世俗伊斯兰教语言、印度-德国近似、皈依和混合婚姻等不同的研究主题。2018年,它被捐赠给柏林国家档案馆,在那里,大约70000份文件和5000张照片可供研究。这篇文章对内容进行了分析。
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引用次数: 0
Observing Islam in Spain: Contemporary Politics and Social Dynamics, edited by Ana I. Planet Contreras 观察西班牙的伊斯兰教:当代政治和社会动态,安娜·i·康特雷拉斯编辑
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-24 DOI: 10.1163/22117954-bja10063
M. de Koning
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Muslims in Europe
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