Pub Date : 2023-06-16DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukad029
Stepfanie M. Aguillon, Allison J. Shultz
ABSTRACT Birds are known for their brilliant colors and extraordinary patterns. Sightings of individuals with atypical plumage often cause considerable excitement in the birding public, but receive little attention beyond reporting one-off sightings by the scientific community. In this Perspective, we argue that sightings of individuals with atypical plumage submitted to community science platforms hold the potential to further our understanding of the evolution of plumage color and patterning in birds. As a demonstration, we outline two examples using sightings of leucistic individuals—those that lack melanin across the body or in certain feather patches. First, we discuss the potential for understanding carotenoid pigmentation with these sightings. Leucism influences melanins, but not carotenoids, and so the extent and distribution of carotenoids across the body are unmasked. In a leucistic individual, carotenoids may or may not be more extensive than what is typically visible and this could help to understand the energetic costs and constraints involved in obtaining, processing, and depositing carotenoids in different species. Second, we discuss how partial leucism could provide insights into plumage pattern evolution. We demonstrate that one can use the many observations present on community science platforms to identify repeated patterns in different partially leucistic individuals of the same species, and match these to patches present in related species. These patterns could be the result of shared underlying genetic variation that controls plumage patterning in birds over long evolutionary timescales. With these examples, we outline a few potential lines of inquiry possible with atypical sightings submitted to community science platforms and note that other plumage aberrations provide additional opportunities. We encourage researchers to take full advantage of these chance sightings when they occur and database managers to make it possible to more easily tag photos of individuals with atypical plumage or other traits. LAY SUMMARY The fascination of the birding public with the brilliant colors and patterns of birds means sightings of individuals with atypical plumage receive extraordinary attention. We suggest these sightings should receive equal attention from the scientific community, as they could further our evolutionary understanding of bird color and patterning. As a demonstration, we outline two examples using sightings of leucistic individuals—those lacking melanin in some or all of their plumage. We encourage researchers to take full advantage of these rare sightings and managers of community science platforms to enable easier searches for atypical individuals. RESUMEN Las aves son conocidas por sus colores brillantes y sus patrones extraordinarios. Los avistamientos de individuos con plumaje atípico a menudo causan una gran emoción en el público observador de aves, pero reciben poca atención por parte de la comunidad científica m
鸟类以其绚丽的色彩和非凡的图案而闻名。看到具有非典型羽毛的个体通常会引起观鸟公众的相当大的兴奋，但除了科学界报道的一次性目击事件外，很少受到关注。从这个角度来看，我们认为，提交给社区科学平台的非典型羽毛个体的观察有可能进一步理解鸟类羽毛颜色和图案的进化。为了证明这一点，我们列出了两个例子，这些例子使用了对白皙个体的观察——那些全身或某些羽毛斑块缺乏黑色素的个体。首先，我们讨论了通过这些观察来理解类胡萝卜素色素沉着的可能性。亮色影响黑色素，但不影响类胡萝卜素，因此类胡萝卜素在全身的范围和分布是未知的。在leucistic个体中，类胡萝卜素可能比通常可见的更广泛，也可能不更广泛，这有助于理解在不同物种中获取、加工和沉积类胡萝卜素所涉及的能量成本和限制。其次，我们讨论了部分亮色如何为羽毛图案进化提供见解。我们证明，人们可以利用社区科学平台上的许多观察结果来识别同一物种不同部分亮化个体的重复模式，并将这些模式与相关物种中存在的斑块进行匹配。这些图案可能是共同的潜在遗传变异的结果，这种变异在漫长的进化时间尺度上控制着鸟类的羽毛图案。通过这些例子，我们概述了提交给社区科学平台的非典型目击可能的一些潜在调查线，并注意到其他羽毛畸变提供了额外的机会。我们鼓励研究人员充分利用这些偶然的发现，当它们发生时，数据库管理人员可以更容易地标记具有非典型羽毛或其他特征的个体的照片。观鸟人士对鸟类绚丽的色彩和图案着迷，这意味着看到具有非典型羽毛的个体会受到特别的关注。我们建议这些发现应该得到科学界的同等重视，因为它们可以进一步加深我们对鸟类颜色和图案的进化理解。为了证明这一点，我们列出了两个例子，这些例子使用了浅色个体的观察——那些在部分或全部羽毛中缺乏黑色素的个体。我们鼓励研究人员充分利用这些罕见的发现，并鼓励社区科学平台的管理人员更容易地搜索非典型个体。resume:简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历，简历1 .个人农业信息系统atípico a menudo a menudo a menudo a menudo a menudo a gran emoción en el público农业信息系统观测员，秘鲁农业信息系统atención国家农业信息系统científica más所有信息系统<s:1>农业信息系统。从这个角度看，论点是关于个体与社会之间的关系的，观点是关于社会与科学之间的关系的，观点是关于社会与科学之间的关系的，观点是关于社会与科学之间的关系的，观点是关于社会与科学之间的关系的。Como demostración，描述工作人员的工作效率和个人的生活水平leucísticos-aquellos que carecen de melanina en todo el cuerpo todo ciertos parches del plumaje。在引物糖中，讨论了潜在的类胡萝卜素合成物pigmentación和类胡萝卜素合成物。El leucismo afecta a la melanina, pero no a los - carotenoids, poro que se revela la extensión y distribución de los - carotenides en El cuerpo。在个体中leucístico，类胡萝卜素的含量增加了más，在正常情况下可以看到，在podría ayudar中，不同种类的类胡萝卜素含量增加了deposición，在不同种类中，类胡萝卜素的含量增加了obtención，在不同种类中，类胡萝卜素的含量增加了deposición。En segundo lugar, discutimmos cómo el leucismo special podría proporciar conconimientos sobre la evolución del patrón del plumaje。Demostramos que se pueden utilizar as observaciones as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as as asEstos patronones podrían ser el resultado de una variación genacimtica subyacente compartida que control . el patrón del plumaje . en有一个大的大的时期进化的时间。关于就业，描述可能的算法líneas de investigación que se pueden llear和cabo converistientos atípicos enviados a platform as de ciencia communaria通过señalamos de berraciones del plumaje que brindandopportunity adonales。 我们鼓励研究人员在这些偶然目击事件发生时充分利用它们，并鼓励数据库管理员为具有非典型羽毛或其他特征的个人照片提供最简单的标签。
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Pub Date : 2023-06-07DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukad028
Silvia C. Martínez-Gómez, C. E. Lara, Jr J. V. Remsen, R. T. Brumfield, Andrés M. Cuervo
ABSTRACT Genetic divergence among isolated populations is not always reflected in phenotypic differentiation. We investigated the genetic and phenotypic differentiation in Diglossa cyanea (Thraupidae; Masked Flowerpiercer), a widely distributed species in the tropical Andes. We found strong evidence for 2 main lineages separated by the Marañón River valley in the Northern Peruvian Low (NPL). These 2 lineages show a deep sequence divergence in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; ∼6.7% uncorrected p-distance, n = 122), spectral frequency and song structure (with exclusive final whistles in southern populations, n = 88), and wing length (the northern populations are smaller, n = 364). The 2 divergent D. cyanea mitochondrial lineages were not sister to each other, suggesting a possible paraphyly with respect to D. caerulescens (Bluish Flowerpiercer) that remains to be tested with nuclear genomic data. No genetic variation, size difference, or song structure was observed within the extensive range of the southern group (from the NPL to central Bolivia) or within all sampled northern populations (from the NPL to Venezuela). These vocal differences appear to have consequences for song discrimination, and species recognition, according to a previously published playback experiment study. We propose that the southern taxon be elevated to species rank as D. melanopis, a monotypic species (with the proposed name Whistling Masked-Flowerpiercer). In turn, we provide a redefinition of D. cyanea (Warbling Masked-Flowerpiercer), which is now restricted to the northern half of the tropical Andes as a polytypic species with 3 subspecies (tovarensis, obscura, and cyanea). Based on our results, the subspecies dispar should be treated as a junior synonym of cyanea. Our study highlights the need to continue amassing complementary data sets from field observations, experiments, and collection-based assessments to better characterize the evolutionary history, biogeography, bioacoustics, and taxonomy of Neotropical montane birds. LAY SUMMARY We analyzed variation in mitochondrial DNA, songs, and body size among populations of a bird species of the Andean mountains (Masked Flowerpiercer) that shows relatively little plumage variation across its 3,800-km-long distribution from northern Venezuela to central Bolivia. We found that the Masked Flowerpiercer consists of two divergent populations separated by a deep geographic depression known as the Northern Peruvian Low (NPL). The degree of mitochondrial sequence divergence between them is as great as between either of them and another species, the Bluish Flowerpiercer. The two populations also have distinct songs, with the song of the southern group (melanopis) ending with clear whistles that are completely absent in the northern group (cyanea). The southern group also tend to have longer wings than do populations north of the NPL. The southern population should be treated as a separate species, Diglossa melanopis (Whistling Masked Flo
孤立群体之间的遗传分化并不总是反映在表型分化上。研究了蓝藻(Diglossa cyanea, Thraupidae)的遗传和表型分化;假面花，广泛分布于热带安第斯山脉。我们在秘鲁北部低地(NPL)发现了由Marañón河谷分隔的2个主要谱系的有力证据。这两个谱系在线粒体DNA (mtDNA;~ 6.7%未经校正的p距离，n = 122)、频谱频率和鸣声结构(南方种群中只有终场哨声，n = 88)和翅膀长度(北方种群较小，n = 364)。这两个不同的蓝藻D. cyanea线粒体谱系并不是姐妹，这表明蓝藻D. caerulescens (Bluish Flowerpiercer)可能存在亲缘关系，这有待于核基因组数据的检验。在南部种群(从NPL到玻利维亚中部)或所有北部种群(从NPL到委内瑞拉)的广泛范围内，没有观察到遗传变异、大小差异或鸣叫结构。根据之前发表的一项回放实验研究，这些声音差异似乎对歌曲辨别和物种识别产生了影响。我们建议将南方分类群提升为单型种D. melanopis(建议命名为Whistling mask - flowerpiercer)。反过来，我们提供了D. cyanea (Warbling mask - flowerpiercer)的重新定义，它现在被限制在热带安第斯山脉的北半部，作为一个多型物种，有3个亚种(tovarensis, obscura和cyanea)。根据我们的研究结果，该亚种dispar应被视为蓝藻的低级同义种。我们的研究强调需要继续从野外观测、实验和基于收集的评估中收集补充数据集，以更好地表征新热带山地鸟类的进化史、生物地理学、生物声学和分类。我们分析了安第斯山脉一种鸟类(蒙面花鸟)种群的线粒体DNA、鸣声和体型的差异，发现从委内瑞拉北部到玻利维亚中部3800公里长的分布中，羽毛的差异相对较小。我们发现蒙面花雀由两个不同的种群组成，它们被一个被称为秘鲁北部低地(NPL)的深地理洼地分开。它们之间线粒体序列的差异程度就像它们与另一个物种——蓝花蝶之间的差异一样大。这两个种群也有不同的歌声，南方种群(黑鸟)的歌声以清晰的哨声结束，而北方种群(青鸟)则完全没有。南部种群的翅膀也往往比国家物理实验室北部的种群长。南方种群应该被视为一个独立的物种，Diglossa melanopis (Whistling蒙面花)，而北方种群D. cyanea有三个公认的亚种(obscura, tovarensis, cyanea)。简历:遗传变异与遗传变异的差异与遗传变异之间没有明显的差别fenotípicas。对热带安第斯山脉的diferenciación gen诈骗案和fenotípica蓝藻(蓝藻科)进行调查，特别是común。两个分离原则之间的相互关系cañón del río Marañón和Depresión del Norte del Perú (DNP)。Estos dos linajes tienen una profunda divergencia en ADN mitocondrial(约6.7% de distance p no corregida, n = 122)， en el rango de freccia y structure del canto (con silbidos finales exclusives en las poblaciones del sur, n = 88)， en la longitude del ala (las poblaciones del norte son más pequeñas, n = 364)。在hermanos中心sí组中，没有发现与d.c erulescens有关的可能的同源性，但在genómicos核中，没有发现与d.c erulescens有关的可能的同源性。不违反variación genachimtica，不同之处tamaño: 1 .从结构上看，所有问题都与集团有关(玻利维亚国家统计局);2 .从结构上看，所有问题都与集团有关(委内瑞拉国家统计局)。不同的声音在不同的环境中出现，不同的声音在不同的环境中出现，不同的声音在不同的环境中出现，不同的声音在不同的环境中出现，不同的声音在不同的环境中出现，不同的声音在不同的环境中出现，不同的声音在不同的环境中出现。海洋海拔的亚种，海拔的亚种，海拔的亚种，海拔的亚种，海拔的亚种，海拔的亚种，海拔的亚种，海拔的亚种，海拔的亚种，海拔的亚种。A su vez, redefinimos A D. cyanea, que ahora se restringe A la de los Andes热带地区北部，como una，特别是politípica con亚种(tovarensis, obscura y cyanea)。De acuerdo con los resultados, la subespecie dispar debe tratrase como un sinónimo De cyanea。
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Pub Date : 2023-05-30DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukad027
Andrew J Laughlin, Lars Y Pomara
Abstract Many species’ distributions are shifting in response to climate change. Many distributional shifts are predictably poleward or higher in elevation, but heterogeneity in the rate and direction of shifts both within and between species appears to be common. We found high heterogeneity in the trajectory of winter range shifts for 65 species of birds across eastern North America and in the different traits and trait interactions associated with these shifts across the spatial scales we examined. We used data from the Christmas Bird Count to quantify the trajectory of winter latitudinal center of abundance range shifts over 4 decades (1980–2019) for 65 species of songbirds and woodpeckers in North America, both across eastern North America (ENA) as a whole and for the Atlantic (ATL) and Mississippi (MISS) flyways separately. We then used linear models and Akaike’s Information Criterion with small-sample size correction (AICc) model selection to test whether species traits could explain variation in range shifts or flyway discrepancies. Across ENA, most species showed northward latitudinal range shifts, but some showed no latitudinal shift while others shifted southwards. Amongst ATL and MISS, we documented both within- and between-species differences in the rate and direction of latitudinal shifts, complicating the results from across ENA. No single trait emerged as a dominant driver of range shift differences at the ENA and flyway scales. Migration strategy interacted with insectivory to explain variation at the largest spatial scale (ENA), whereas frugivory and mean winter latitude explained much of the variation in ATL and MISS, respectively. Exploring heterogeneity in range shifts within and between species, and in the associations between range shifts and life history traits, will help us better understand the mechanisms that mediate differing responses to environmental change and predict which species will be better able to adapt to those changes.
随着气候的变化，许多物种的分布正在发生变化。许多分布变化可预测地向极地或海拔更高，但物种内部和物种之间变化的速率和方向的异质性似乎很常见。我们发现，北美东部65种鸟类的冬季范围变化轨迹以及与这些变化相关的不同性状和性状相互作用具有高度异质性。我们使用圣诞鸟类统计的数据来量化北美65种鸣禽和啄木鸟在40年间(1980-2019)的冬季纬向中心丰度范围变化轨迹，包括整个北美东部(ENA)以及大西洋(ATL)和密西西比(MISS)的飞行路线。然后，我们使用线性模型和Akaike 's Information Criterion with small-sample size correction (AICc)模型选择来检验物种特征是否可以解释距离移动或飞行路径差异的变化。在整个ENA中，大多数物种表现出向北的纬向移动，但也有一些物种没有纬向移动，而另一些物种则向南移动。在ATL和MISS中，我们记录了物种内和物种间纬度变化速率和方向的差异，使整个ENA的结果复杂化。在ENA和飞行路径尺度上，没有单一性状成为范围转移差异的主要驱动因素。在最大空间尺度(ENA)上，迁徙策略与食虫性相互作用可以解释变异，而在最大空间尺度(ENA)上，果食性和平均冬季纬度分别解释了ATL和MISS的大部分变异。探索物种内部和物种之间范围变化的异质性，以及范围变化与生活史特征之间的联系，将有助于我们更好地理解介导对环境变化的不同反应的机制，并预测哪些物种能够更好地适应这些变化。
{"title":"Winter range shifts and their associations with species traits are heterogeneous in eastern North American birds","authors":"Andrew J Laughlin, Lars Y Pomara","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad027","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Many species’ distributions are shifting in response to climate change. Many distributional shifts are predictably poleward or higher in elevation, but heterogeneity in the rate and direction of shifts both within and between species appears to be common. We found high heterogeneity in the trajectory of winter range shifts for 65 species of birds across eastern North America and in the different traits and trait interactions associated with these shifts across the spatial scales we examined. We used data from the Christmas Bird Count to quantify the trajectory of winter latitudinal center of abundance range shifts over 4 decades (1980–2019) for 65 species of songbirds and woodpeckers in North America, both across eastern North America (ENA) as a whole and for the Atlantic (ATL) and Mississippi (MISS) flyways separately. We then used linear models and Akaike’s Information Criterion with small-sample size correction (AICc) model selection to test whether species traits could explain variation in range shifts or flyway discrepancies. Across ENA, most species showed northward latitudinal range shifts, but some showed no latitudinal shift while others shifted southwards. Amongst ATL and MISS, we documented both within- and between-species differences in the rate and direction of latitudinal shifts, complicating the results from across ENA. No single trait emerged as a dominant driver of range shift differences at the ENA and flyway scales. Migration strategy interacted with insectivory to explain variation at the largest spatial scale (ENA), whereas frugivory and mean winter latitude explained much of the variation in ATL and MISS, respectively. Exploring heterogeneity in range shifts within and between species, and in the associations between range shifts and life history traits, will help us better understand the mechanisms that mediate differing responses to environmental change and predict which species will be better able to adapt to those changes.","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135478376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT In this study, we documented for the first time singing on the nest (SOTN) in 74% of 65 Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) nests that were monitored with continuous-running video cameras (8,353.9 hr sampled). As predicted, higher rates of SOTN significantly decreased daily survival rates of nests. SOTN occurred almost exclusively by females during the egg stage and in 86% (48 of 56) of nests for which we had sampling from the egg stage. While extensive at the population level, the average rate of SOTN per individual was low (5.24 ± 1.24 s SOTN per hour of video sampled). We found mixed support for the hypothesis that SOTN functions in territory maintenance. We found no support for the hypotheses that SOTN functions to coordinate parental care, defend nests, or aid in vocal learning. Given the limited attention SOTN has received and the mostly anecdotal accounts of it, our understanding of its costs and benefits is lacking. We conclude that while individual rates of SOTN are quite low, SOTN may be more widespread in populations than previously thought and that studies specifically designed to test hypotheses regarding potential functions are critically needed. LAY SUMMARY In some bird species, individuals will sing while sitting on the nest (SOTN); however, little is known about this behavior. Why do birds that hide their nests engage in this conspicuous behavior that could draw the attention of nest predators? We used video recordings from 65 Northern Mockingbird nests to provide the first evidence that mockingbirds sing on the nest. Singing on the nest occurred in 86% of nests with sampling during the egg stage, but rates of singing on each nest were low. Almost all singing events were by females incubating eggs. As predicted, higher rates of singing led to increased rates of nest predation. We found mixed evidence that singing functions in territory maintenance and no evidence that singing functions in coordination of parental care, nest defense, or vocal learning. We conclude that rare SOTN may be more widespread than previously thought and needs further study to understand its function. RESUMEN En este estudio, documentamos por primera vez el canto en el nido en el 74% de los 65 nidos de ruiseñor común (Mimus polyglottos) que fueron monitorizados con cámaras de vídeo de funcionamiento continuo (8.353,9 horas muestreadas). Como se predijo, las mayores tasas de SOTN disminuyeron significativamente las tasas de supervivencia diaria de los nidos. El SOTN se produjo casi exclusivamente por parte de las hembras durante la fase de huevo y en el 86% (48/56) de los nidos de los que se tomaron muestras desde la fase de huevo. Aunque extensa en el nivel de población, la tasa media del cantas en el nido por individual fue muy baja (5,24 ± 1,24 s SOTN por hora de vídeo muestreada). Encontramos un apoyo mixto a la hipótesis de que la cantas en el nido funciona en la defensa del territorio. No encontramos apoyo para la hipótesis de que la can
本研究首次记录了65个北方嘲鸫(Mimus polyglottos)巢穴中74%的巢上唱歌(SOTN)，并采用连续摄像机采集了8353.9小时的样本。正如预测的那样，较高的SOTN率显著降低了巢的日存活率。SOTN几乎全部发生在卵期的雌性，在我们从卵期取样的86%(56个中的48个)巢穴中发生。虽然在种群水平上分布广泛，但个体平均SOTN率较低(5.24±1.24 s / h视频采样)。我们发现对SOTN在领土维持中起作用的假设有不同的支持。我们没有发现支持SOTN功能协调亲代照顾、保护巢穴或帮助声乐学习的假设。鉴于SOTN受到的关注有限，而且大多是坊间传闻，我们对其成本和收益的了解不足。我们得出的结论是，虽然SOTN的个体发病率相当低，但SOTN在人群中的分布可能比以前认为的要广泛，因此迫切需要专门设计的研究来测试有关潜在功能的假设。
{"title":"Singing on the nest is a widespread behavior in incubating Northern Mockingbirds and increases probability of nest predation","authors":"Christine M Stracey, Karina Sanchez, Brishauna Brown, Dakota Hawkins, Tricia Shepherd","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukad010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukad010","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this study, we documented for the first time singing on the nest (SOTN) in 74% of 65 Northern Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) nests that were monitored with continuous-running video cameras (8,353.9 hr sampled). As predicted, higher rates of SOTN significantly decreased daily survival rates of nests. SOTN occurred almost exclusively by females during the egg stage and in 86% (48 of 56) of nests for which we had sampling from the egg stage. While extensive at the population level, the average rate of SOTN per individual was low (5.24 ± 1.24 s SOTN per hour of video sampled). We found mixed support for the hypothesis that SOTN functions in territory maintenance. We found no support for the hypotheses that SOTN functions to coordinate parental care, defend nests, or aid in vocal learning. Given the limited attention SOTN has received and the mostly anecdotal accounts of it, our understanding of its costs and benefits is lacking. We conclude that while individual rates of SOTN are quite low, SOTN may be more widespread in populations than previously thought and that studies specifically designed to test hypotheses regarding potential functions are critically needed. LAY SUMMARY In some bird species, individuals will sing while sitting on the nest (SOTN); however, little is known about this behavior. Why do birds that hide their nests engage in this conspicuous behavior that could draw the attention of nest predators? We used video recordings from 65 Northern Mockingbird nests to provide the first evidence that mockingbirds sing on the nest. Singing on the nest occurred in 86% of nests with sampling during the egg stage, but rates of singing on each nest were low. Almost all singing events were by females incubating eggs. As predicted, higher rates of singing led to increased rates of nest predation. We found mixed evidence that singing functions in territory maintenance and no evidence that singing functions in coordination of parental care, nest defense, or vocal learning. We conclude that rare SOTN may be more widespread than previously thought and needs further study to understand its function. RESUMEN En este estudio, documentamos por primera vez el canto en el nido en el 74% de los 65 nidos de ruiseñor común (Mimus polyglottos) que fueron monitorizados con cámaras de vídeo de funcionamiento continuo (8.353,9 horas muestreadas). Como se predijo, las mayores tasas de SOTN disminuyeron significativamente las tasas de supervivencia diaria de los nidos. El SOTN se produjo casi exclusivamente por parte de las hembras durante la fase de huevo y en el 86% (48/56) de los nidos de los que se tomaron muestras desde la fase de huevo. Aunque extensa en el nivel de población, la tasa media del cantas en el nido por individual fue muy baja (5,24 ± 1,24 s SOTN por hora de vídeo muestreada). Encontramos un apoyo mixto a la hipótesis de que la cantas en el nido funciona en la defensa del territorio. No encontramos apoyo para la hipótesis de que la can","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135383394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-13DOI: 10.1093/ornithology/ukac058
{"title":"Correction to: Underestimated Neotropical diversity: Integrative taxonomy reveals two unrelated look-alike species in a suboscine bird (<i>Pachyramphus albogriseus</i>)","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/ornithology/ukac058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac058","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135898227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-01DOI: 10.2345/0899-8205-50.4.fmi
M. Ford, A. Swallow, Rudolph Umland, E. Fergusson, V. Scholes
for person affected archaism dialect epithetus ornans metonymy neologism nonce word normal pathetic fallacy personification poetic diction polyptoton pun sense play soriasmus word chain word link ============================================================ ME (METER) The four point scale: ncrmal(/), light stress (): unstressed (u) emphasis (//).
{"title":"Full Issue","authors":"M. Ford, A. Swallow, Rudolph Umland, E. Fergusson, V. Scholes","doi":"10.2345/0899-8205-50.4.fmi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-50.4.fmi","url":null,"abstract":"for person affected archaism dialect epithetus ornans metonymy neologism nonce word normal pathetic fallacy personification poetic diction polyptoton pun sense play soriasmus word chain word link ============================================================ ME (METER) The four point scale: ncrmal(/), light stress (): unstressed (u) emphasis (//).","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124453213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-07DOI: 10.1093/ORNITHOLOGY/UKAA077
Sharon E. Lynn
{"title":"Michael Don Kern, 1938–2019","authors":"Sharon E. Lynn","doi":"10.1093/ORNITHOLOGY/UKAA077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ORNITHOLOGY/UKAA077","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114263413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Haig, K. Hobson, B. Sandercock, R. Bowman, L. A. Whittingham
{"title":"2020 AOS William Brewster Memorial Awards to Regina Macedo","authors":"S. Haig, K. Hobson, B. Sandercock, R. Bowman, L. A. Whittingham","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa037","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115852738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Haig, K. Hobson, B. Sandercock, R. Bowman, L. A. Whittingham
{"title":"2020 AOS William Brewster Memorial Award to John Rotenberry","authors":"S. Haig, K. Hobson, B. Sandercock, R. Bowman, L. A. Whittingham","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa040","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127738935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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