M. Marini, L. Hall, J. Bates, F. Steinheimer, R. Mcgowan, L. F. Silveira, Darío A. Lijtmaer, P. Tubaro, Sergio Córdoba-Córdoba, A. Gamauf, H. Greeney, M. Schweizer, P. Kamminga, A. Cibois, L. Vallotton, D. Russell, S. Robinson, P. Sweet, S. Frahnert, R. Corado, N. M. Heming
ABSTRACT The ∼1.97 million egg sets (∼5 million eggs) housed in museums have not been used in proportion to their availability. We highlight the wide variety of scientific disciplines that have used egg collections and the geographic locations and sizes of these collections, to increase awareness of the importance of egg collections, improve their visibility to the scientific community, and suggest that they offer a wealth of data covering large spatial scales and long time series for broad investigations into avian biology. We provide a brief history of egg collections and an updated list of museums/institutions with egg collections worldwide. We also review the limitations, challenges, and management of egg collections, and summarize recent literature based on historical and recent museum egg materials. Lay summary The 5 million bird eggs in museum collections are an invaluable and underused resource that could be used for a variety of studies. We describe briefly the history of eggs that were collected worldwide over the last 200 years. We show that eggs from collections can be used to study ecology, behavior, evolution, classification, and species conservation. Several of the 300 institutions with egg collections that we list are already making them digitally available and physically accessible to scientists and the general public. We hope with this commentary to increase awareness of the importance of egg collections and improve their visibility and support.
{"title":"The five million bird eggs in the world's museum collections are an invaluable and underused resource","authors":"M. Marini, L. Hall, J. Bates, F. Steinheimer, R. Mcgowan, L. F. Silveira, Darío A. Lijtmaer, P. Tubaro, Sergio Córdoba-Córdoba, A. Gamauf, H. Greeney, M. Schweizer, P. Kamminga, A. Cibois, L. Vallotton, D. Russell, S. Robinson, P. Sweet, S. Frahnert, R. Corado, N. M. Heming","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa036","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The ∼1.97 million egg sets (∼5 million eggs) housed in museums have not been used in proportion to their availability. We highlight the wide variety of scientific disciplines that have used egg collections and the geographic locations and sizes of these collections, to increase awareness of the importance of egg collections, improve their visibility to the scientific community, and suggest that they offer a wealth of data covering large spatial scales and long time series for broad investigations into avian biology. We provide a brief history of egg collections and an updated list of museums/institutions with egg collections worldwide. We also review the limitations, challenges, and management of egg collections, and summarize recent literature based on historical and recent museum egg materials. Lay summary The 5 million bird eggs in museum collections are an invaluable and underused resource that could be used for a variety of studies. We describe briefly the history of eggs that were collected worldwide over the last 200 years. We show that eggs from collections can be used to study ecology, behavior, evolution, classification, and species conservation. Several of the 300 institutions with egg collections that we list are already making them digitally available and physically accessible to scientists and the general public. We hope with this commentary to increase awareness of the importance of egg collections and improve their visibility and support.","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127039725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luz E. Zamudio-Beltrán, J. Ornelas, Andreia Malpica, Blanca E. Hernández-Baños
ABSTRACT Genetic variation and phylogeographic studies have been crucial for understanding mechanisms of speciation. We analyzed genetic variation and phylogeography to reconstruct the demographic history of the Rivoli's Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens) species complex and also evaluated their morphological differentiation. This widely distributed species inhabits the highlands of Mexico and northern Central America, with 2 subspecies separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (west: E. f. fulgens, east: E. f. viridiceps). We surveyed genetic variation in 2 mitochondrial DNA markers (mtDNA, with 129 individuals) and nuclear DNA (6 microsatellites, with 85 individuals). We also inferred the demographic history, estimated divergence times, and analyzed morphological variation using 470 vouchered specimens. We modeled the current potential distribution of the species using ecological niche modeling and projected it into the past to model the effects of the Pleistocene climatic cycles. Haplotype networks, pairwise FST comparisons, AMOVA, and morphological analysis revealed differences between geographically isolated populations separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (IT; corresponding to the 2 recognized subspecies: fulgens and viridiceps), and by the Motagua-Polochic-Jocotán (MPJ) system fault. Demographic scenarios revealed a contraction in distribution during the last interglacial, and expansion during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) with little change since the LGM. Divergence between groups separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ∼59,600 yr ago occurred in the presence of gene flow, suggesting that the Isthmus of Tehuantepec is a semipermeable barrier to gene flow. STRUCTURE analyses of microsatellite data detected 3 genetically differentiated groups. Several results fit a model of recent lineage divergence, including a significant signal of genetic differentiation, demographic expansion, decreased gene flow from past to present, and northward expansion during the LGM and contraction during the interglacial periods. We conclude that the genetic differentiation of E. fulgens in the Madrean Pine-Oak Woodlands resulted from recent geographical isolation of populations separated by natural barriers (IT and MPJ). LAY SUMMARY The present work allowed us to reconstruct the phylogeographic pattern and evolutionary history of Eugenes fulgens in the highlands of Mesoamerica. It revealed the presence of 3 main lineages: populations west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (E. fulgens) and 2 populations east of the isthmus (E. viridiceps), geographically isolated from each other by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and by the Motagua-Polochic-Jocotán system fault. Our results support the hypothesis that the divergence and demographic expansion within the E. fulgens species complex are associated with the Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles.
{"title":"Genetic and morphological differentiation among populations of the Rivoli's Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens) species complex (Aves: Trochilidae)","authors":"Luz E. Zamudio-Beltrán, J. Ornelas, Andreia Malpica, Blanca E. Hernández-Baños","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa032","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Genetic variation and phylogeographic studies have been crucial for understanding mechanisms of speciation. We analyzed genetic variation and phylogeography to reconstruct the demographic history of the Rivoli's Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens) species complex and also evaluated their morphological differentiation. This widely distributed species inhabits the highlands of Mexico and northern Central America, with 2 subspecies separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (west: E. f. fulgens, east: E. f. viridiceps). We surveyed genetic variation in 2 mitochondrial DNA markers (mtDNA, with 129 individuals) and nuclear DNA (6 microsatellites, with 85 individuals). We also inferred the demographic history, estimated divergence times, and analyzed morphological variation using 470 vouchered specimens. We modeled the current potential distribution of the species using ecological niche modeling and projected it into the past to model the effects of the Pleistocene climatic cycles. Haplotype networks, pairwise FST comparisons, AMOVA, and morphological analysis revealed differences between geographically isolated populations separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (IT; corresponding to the 2 recognized subspecies: fulgens and viridiceps), and by the Motagua-Polochic-Jocotán (MPJ) system fault. Demographic scenarios revealed a contraction in distribution during the last interglacial, and expansion during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) with little change since the LGM. Divergence between groups separated by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec ∼59,600 yr ago occurred in the presence of gene flow, suggesting that the Isthmus of Tehuantepec is a semipermeable barrier to gene flow. STRUCTURE analyses of microsatellite data detected 3 genetically differentiated groups. Several results fit a model of recent lineage divergence, including a significant signal of genetic differentiation, demographic expansion, decreased gene flow from past to present, and northward expansion during the LGM and contraction during the interglacial periods. We conclude that the genetic differentiation of E. fulgens in the Madrean Pine-Oak Woodlands resulted from recent geographical isolation of populations separated by natural barriers (IT and MPJ). LAY SUMMARY The present work allowed us to reconstruct the phylogeographic pattern and evolutionary history of Eugenes fulgens in the highlands of Mesoamerica. It revealed the presence of 3 main lineages: populations west of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (E. fulgens) and 2 populations east of the isthmus (E. viridiceps), geographically isolated from each other by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and by the Motagua-Polochic-Jocotán system fault. Our results support the hypothesis that the divergence and demographic expansion within the E. fulgens species complex are associated with the Pleistocene glacial–interglacial cycles.","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114646350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. M. Abad-Gómez, A. Villegas, Jorge S. Gutiérrez, Manuel Parejo, J. G. Navedo, J. M. Sánchez-Guzmán, Afonso D. Rocha, J. Masero
ABSTRACT Migratory shorebirds (Charadrii) show a strong dichotomy in their breeding and wintering strategies: Arctic-breeding species typically spend the wintering season in marine habitats, while more southerly breeding species tend to do so in freshwater habitats where pathogens and parasites, particularly vector-borne blood parasites, are generally more abundant. Thus, it has been hypothesized that the former group may reduce their investment in immunity, but experimental data supporting this hypothesis are lacking. Moreover, whether this contrasting habitat selection can shape investments in immunocompetence among populations within a species is uncertain. We experimentally tested the hypothesis that there is a significant association between habitat occupancy and the strength of a pro-inflammatory immune response in the Dunlin (Calidris alpina), a widely distributed long-distance migratory shorebird that breeds in (sub-)arctic areas and winters mainly, but not exclusively, in coastal habitats. Overwintering Dunlins occupying inland freshwater and marine habitats at a similar latitude were captured and acclimated under identical conditions in outdoor aviaries. After an acclimation period, they were challenged with phytohemagglutinin to assess the pro-inflammatory immune response and its associated energetic costs, measured by basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass changes. We found that freshwater Dunlins exhibited a higher (63%) pro-inflammatory immune response than marine Dunlins. Although this difference did not involve significant BMR changes, the time course of body mass response differed between freshwater and marine individuals. Our findings point to the existence of different pro-inflammatory immune responses and body mass adjustments associated with the wintering habitat. These intraspecific differences are likely due to population adaptation rather than phenotypic plasticity, where not only disease risk but also physiological adaptations to different salinity levels could play an important role. Lay summary • Shorebird species wintering in marine habitats may experience a decreased risk of parasite infection and thus invest less in immunity than freshwater-wintering ones. • We performed an experiment with Dunlins from marine and freshwater habitats to test this prediction at the population level. • After a month in captivity under the same freshwater regime, birds from the marine population showed a lower immune response than those from the freshwater population. • Such within-species differences in immunity are likely due to population adaptation to habitats posing different disease risks and osmoregulatory demands.
{"title":"Pro-inflammatory immune response is linked to wintering habitat in a migratory shorebird","authors":"J. M. Abad-Gómez, A. Villegas, Jorge S. Gutiérrez, Manuel Parejo, J. G. Navedo, J. M. Sánchez-Guzmán, Afonso D. Rocha, J. Masero","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa046","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Migratory shorebirds (Charadrii) show a strong dichotomy in their breeding and wintering strategies: Arctic-breeding species typically spend the wintering season in marine habitats, while more southerly breeding species tend to do so in freshwater habitats where pathogens and parasites, particularly vector-borne blood parasites, are generally more abundant. Thus, it has been hypothesized that the former group may reduce their investment in immunity, but experimental data supporting this hypothesis are lacking. Moreover, whether this contrasting habitat selection can shape investments in immunocompetence among populations within a species is uncertain. We experimentally tested the hypothesis that there is a significant association between habitat occupancy and the strength of a pro-inflammatory immune response in the Dunlin (Calidris alpina), a widely distributed long-distance migratory shorebird that breeds in (sub-)arctic areas and winters mainly, but not exclusively, in coastal habitats. Overwintering Dunlins occupying inland freshwater and marine habitats at a similar latitude were captured and acclimated under identical conditions in outdoor aviaries. After an acclimation period, they were challenged with phytohemagglutinin to assess the pro-inflammatory immune response and its associated energetic costs, measured by basal metabolic rate (BMR) and body mass changes. We found that freshwater Dunlins exhibited a higher (63%) pro-inflammatory immune response than marine Dunlins. Although this difference did not involve significant BMR changes, the time course of body mass response differed between freshwater and marine individuals. Our findings point to the existence of different pro-inflammatory immune responses and body mass adjustments associated with the wintering habitat. These intraspecific differences are likely due to population adaptation rather than phenotypic plasticity, where not only disease risk but also physiological adaptations to different salinity levels could play an important role. Lay summary • Shorebird species wintering in marine habitats may experience a decreased risk of parasite infection and thus invest less in immunity than freshwater-wintering ones. • We performed an experiment with Dunlins from marine and freshwater habitats to test this prediction at the population level. • After a month in captivity under the same freshwater regime, birds from the marine population showed a lower immune response than those from the freshwater population. • Such within-species differences in immunity are likely due to population adaptation to habitats posing different disease risks and osmoregulatory demands.","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116227092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Birds in Winter: Surviving the Most Challenging Season","authors":"P. Bednekoff","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa045","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121361732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. T. Murphy, S. Gill, K. Fraser, J. Kirchman, E. MacDougall-Shackleton, S. Oyler‐McCance, H. Streby
1 Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA 2 Western Michigan University, Department of Biological Sciences, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA 3 University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 4 New York State Museum, Albany, New York, USA 5 University of Western Ontario, Department of Biology, London, Ontario, Canada 6 U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA 7 University of Toledo, Department of Environmental Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA
{"title":"2020 Brina C. Kessel Award to Corey Tarwater, Ryan Germain, and Peter Arcese","authors":"M. T. Murphy, S. Gill, K. Fraser, J. Kirchman, E. MacDougall-Shackleton, S. Oyler‐McCance, H. Streby","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa043","url":null,"abstract":"1 Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA 2 Western Michigan University, Department of Biological Sciences, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA 3 University of Manitoba, Department of Biological Sciences, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada 4 New York State Museum, Albany, New York, USA 5 University of Western Ontario, Department of Biology, London, Ontario, Canada 6 U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA 7 University of Toledo, Department of Environmental Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, USA","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115410625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Kus, R. Kimball, R. Montgomerie, N. T. Wheelwright, T. Rich
{"title":"2020 Marion Jenkinson Service Award to Michael Butler","authors":"B. Kus, R. Kimball, R. Montgomerie, N. T. Wheelwright, T. Rich","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa042","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116477110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcella D. Baiz, G. Kramer, H. Streby, Scott A. Taylor, I. Lovette, D. P. Toews
ABSTRACT Hybrids with different combinations of traits can be used to identify genomic regions that underlie phenotypic characters important to species identity and recognition. Here, we explore links between genomic and plumage variation in Blue-winged Warbler x Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora cyanoptera x V. chrysoptera) hybrids, which have traditionally been categorized into 2 discrete types. “Lawrence's” hybrids are yellow overall, similar to Blue-winged Warblers, but exhibit the black throat patch and face mask of Golden-winged Warblers. “Brewster's” hybrids are similar to Golden-winged Warblers, but lack the black throat patch and face mask, and sometimes have yellow on their underparts. Previous studies hypothesized that (1) first generation hybrids are of the Brewster's type and can be distinguished by the amount of yellow on their underparts, and that (2) the throat patch/mask phenotype is consistent with Mendelian inheritance and controlled by variation in a locus near the Agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) gene. We addressed these hypotheses using whole genome re-sequencing of parental and hybrid individuals. We found that Brewster's hybrids had genomic hybrid index scores indicating this phenotype can arise by majority ancestry from either parental species, that their plumage varied in levels of carotenoid pigmentation, and individuals captured in multiple years grew consistently less yellow over time. Variation in carotenoid pigmentation showed little relationship with genomic hybrid index score and is thus inconsistent with previous hypotheses that first generation hybrids can be distinguished by the amount of yellow in their plumage. Our results also confirm that variation near ASIP underlies the throat patch phenotype, which we refined to an ∼10–15 Kb region upstream of the coding sequence. Overall, our results support the notion that traditional categorization of hybrids as either Lawrence's or Brewster's oversimplifies continuous variation in carotenoid pigmentation, and its inferred underlying genetic basis, and is based primarily on one discrete trait, which is the throat patch/mask phenotype. LAY SUMMARY We used whole genome sequences of hybrid Vermivora warblers to examine the genetic basis and inheritance of plumage pigmentation. Yellow carotenoid pigmentation varied among hybrids, decreased between years, and showed no clear relationship with degree of admixture, suggesting a complex genetic basis. The ASIP gene was previously linked to melanic (black) throat pigmentation and we refined the causal region to ∼10–15 Kb upstream of the coding sequence. We conclude that first generation hybrids in this system may not be readily distinguished by their degree of carotenoid pigmentation.
具有不同性状组合的杂交种可用于鉴定对物种身份和识别具有重要意义的表型性状的基因组区域。在这里，我们探讨了基因组与蓝翅莺与金翅莺(Vermivora cyanoptera x V. chrysoptera)杂交后代羽毛变异之间的联系，这些杂交后代传统上被分为两种不同的类型。“劳伦斯”的杂交体整体呈黄色，与蓝翅林莺相似，但表现出金翅林莺的黑色喉部和面罩。“布鲁斯特”的杂交品种与金翅林莺相似，但没有黑色的喉部和面罩，有时腹部有黄色。先前的研究假设:(1)第一代杂交品种为Brewster型，可以通过其腹部的黄色量来区分;(2)喉贴/面罩表型符合孟德尔遗传，受agouti信号蛋白(ASIP)基因附近位点变异控制。我们使用亲本和杂交个体的全基因组重测序来解决这些假设。我们发现，布鲁斯特杂交品种的基因组杂交指数得分表明，这种表型可以由亲本物种的大多数祖先产生，它们的羽毛在类胡萝卜素色素沉着水平上有所不同，并且多年捕获的个体随着时间的推移，黄色一直变少。类胡萝卜素色素沉着的变化与基因组杂交指数得分关系不大，因此与先前的假设不一致，即第一代杂交品种可以通过羽毛中的黄色数量来区分。我们的研究结果还证实，ASIP附近的变异是喉贴表型的基础，我们将其细化到编码序列上游的约10-15 Kb区域。总的来说，我们的研究结果支持这样一种观点，即传统的杂交分类，无论是劳伦斯还是布鲁斯特，都过度简化了类胡萝卜素色素沉积的连续变化，及其推断的潜在遗传基础，主要基于一个离散的性状，即喉咙贴片/面罩表型。摘要利用杂交林莺的全基因组序列，研究了林莺羽毛色素沉着的遗传基础和遗传机制。黄色类胡萝卜素色素沉着在杂交种之间存在差异，随年份的增加而减少，并且与混合程度没有明显的关系，表明其遗传基础复杂。ASIP基因先前与黑喉色素沉着有关，我们将因果区域细化到编码序列上游约10-15 Kb。我们的结论是，在这个系统中的第一代杂交种可能不容易区分他们的程度类胡萝卜素色素沉着。
{"title":"Genomic and plumage variation in Vermivora hybrids","authors":"Marcella D. Baiz, G. Kramer, H. Streby, Scott A. Taylor, I. Lovette, D. P. Toews","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa027","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Hybrids with different combinations of traits can be used to identify genomic regions that underlie phenotypic characters important to species identity and recognition. Here, we explore links between genomic and plumage variation in Blue-winged Warbler x Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora cyanoptera x V. chrysoptera) hybrids, which have traditionally been categorized into 2 discrete types. “Lawrence's” hybrids are yellow overall, similar to Blue-winged Warblers, but exhibit the black throat patch and face mask of Golden-winged Warblers. “Brewster's” hybrids are similar to Golden-winged Warblers, but lack the black throat patch and face mask, and sometimes have yellow on their underparts. Previous studies hypothesized that (1) first generation hybrids are of the Brewster's type and can be distinguished by the amount of yellow on their underparts, and that (2) the throat patch/mask phenotype is consistent with Mendelian inheritance and controlled by variation in a locus near the Agouti-signaling protein (ASIP) gene. We addressed these hypotheses using whole genome re-sequencing of parental and hybrid individuals. We found that Brewster's hybrids had genomic hybrid index scores indicating this phenotype can arise by majority ancestry from either parental species, that their plumage varied in levels of carotenoid pigmentation, and individuals captured in multiple years grew consistently less yellow over time. Variation in carotenoid pigmentation showed little relationship with genomic hybrid index score and is thus inconsistent with previous hypotheses that first generation hybrids can be distinguished by the amount of yellow in their plumage. Our results also confirm that variation near ASIP underlies the throat patch phenotype, which we refined to an ∼10–15 Kb region upstream of the coding sequence. Overall, our results support the notion that traditional categorization of hybrids as either Lawrence's or Brewster's oversimplifies continuous variation in carotenoid pigmentation, and its inferred underlying genetic basis, and is based primarily on one discrete trait, which is the throat patch/mask phenotype. LAY SUMMARY We used whole genome sequences of hybrid Vermivora warblers to examine the genetic basis and inheritance of plumage pigmentation. Yellow carotenoid pigmentation varied among hybrids, decreased between years, and showed no clear relationship with degree of admixture, suggesting a complex genetic basis. The ASIP gene was previously linked to melanic (black) throat pigmentation and we refined the causal region to ∼10–15 Kb upstream of the coding sequence. We conclude that first generation hybrids in this system may not be readily distinguished by their degree of carotenoid pigmentation.","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126233004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Chesser, R. Chesser, M. L. Isler, Andrés M. Cuervo, Andrés M. Cuervo, C. Cadena, Spencer C. Galen, Spencer C. Galen, Laura M. Bergner, R. Fleischer, Gustavo A. Bravo, D. F. Lane, Peter A. Hosner, Peter A. Hosner, Peter A. Hosner
ABSTRACT The Grallaria rufula complex is currently considered to consist of 2 species, G. rufula (Rufous Antpitta) and G. blakei (Chestnut Antpitta). However, it has been suggested that the complex, populations of which occur in humid montane forests from Venezuela to Bolivia, comprises a suite of vocally distinct yet morphologically cryptic species. We sequenced nuclear and mitochondrial DNA for 80 individuals from across the distribution of the complex to determine the extent of genetic variation between and within described taxa. Our results revealed 18 geographically coherent clades separated by substantial genetic divergence: 14 within rufula, 3 within blakei, and 1 corresponding to G. rufocinerea (Bicolored Antpitta), a species with distinctive plumage found to be nested within the complex. Neither G. rufula nor G. blakei as presently defined was monophyletic. Although 6 of the 7 recognized subspecies of G. rufula were monophyletic, several subspecies contained substantial genetic differentiation. Genetic variation was largely partitioned across recognized geographic barriers, especially across deep river valleys in Peru and Colombia. Coalescent modeling identified 17 of the 18 clades as significantly differentiated lineages, whereas analyses of vocalizations delineated 16 biological species within the complex. The G. rufula complex seems unusually diverse even among birds of the humid Andes, a prime location for cryptic speciation; however, the extent to which other dispersal-limited Andean species groups exhibit similar degrees of cryptic differentiation awaits further study.
{"title":"Conservative plumage masks extraordinary phylogenetic diversity in the Grallaria rufula (Rufous Antpitta) complex of the humid Andes","authors":"R. Chesser, R. Chesser, M. L. Isler, Andrés M. Cuervo, Andrés M. Cuervo, C. Cadena, Spencer C. Galen, Spencer C. Galen, Laura M. Bergner, R. Fleischer, Gustavo A. Bravo, D. F. Lane, Peter A. Hosner, Peter A. Hosner, Peter A. Hosner","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa009","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Grallaria rufula complex is currently considered to consist of 2 species, G. rufula (Rufous Antpitta) and G. blakei (Chestnut Antpitta). However, it has been suggested that the complex, populations of which occur in humid montane forests from Venezuela to Bolivia, comprises a suite of vocally distinct yet morphologically cryptic species. We sequenced nuclear and mitochondrial DNA for 80 individuals from across the distribution of the complex to determine the extent of genetic variation between and within described taxa. Our results revealed 18 geographically coherent clades separated by substantial genetic divergence: 14 within rufula, 3 within blakei, and 1 corresponding to G. rufocinerea (Bicolored Antpitta), a species with distinctive plumage found to be nested within the complex. Neither G. rufula nor G. blakei as presently defined was monophyletic. Although 6 of the 7 recognized subspecies of G. rufula were monophyletic, several subspecies contained substantial genetic differentiation. Genetic variation was largely partitioned across recognized geographic barriers, especially across deep river valleys in Peru and Colombia. Coalescent modeling identified 17 of the 18 clades as significantly differentiated lineages, whereas analyses of vocalizations delineated 16 biological species within the complex. The G. rufula complex seems unusually diverse even among birds of the humid Andes, a prime location for cryptic speciation; however, the extent to which other dispersal-limited Andean species groups exhibit similar degrees of cryptic differentiation awaits further study.","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126479144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Chesser, Shawn M. Billerman, K. Burns, C. Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, A. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Nicholas A. Mason, P. Rasmussen, J. Remsen, D. Stotz, K. Winker
1 U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, USA 2 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA 3 Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA 4 Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA 5 Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA 6 24 Idaho Street, Bishop, California, USA 7 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA 8 Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA 9 Michigan State University Museum and Department of Integrative Biology, East Lansing, Michigan, USA 10 Science & Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA 11 University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA * Corresponding author: chessert@si.edu
{"title":"Sixty-first Supplement to the American Ornithological Society's Check-list of North American Birds","authors":"R. Chesser, Shawn M. Billerman, K. Burns, C. Cicero, Jon L. Dunn, A. Kratter, Irby J. Lovette, Nicholas A. Mason, P. Rasmussen, J. Remsen, D. Stotz, K. Winker","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa030","url":null,"abstract":"1 U.S. Geological Survey, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, USA 2 National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA 3 Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York, USA 4 Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA 5 Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA 6 24 Idaho Street, Bishop, California, USA 7 Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA 8 Museum of Natural Science and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA 9 Michigan State University Museum and Department of Integrative Biology, East Lansing, Michigan, USA 10 Science & Education, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, USA 11 University of Alaska Museum, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA * Corresponding author: chessert@si.edu","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127390339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"100 Years Ago in the American Ornithologists' Union","authors":"Leesia C. Marshall","doi":"10.1093/auk/ukaa035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukaa035","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":382448,"journal":{"name":"The Auk","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129584566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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