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The Idea of Civilization and the Making of the Global Order最新文献

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Summary and Conclusions 总结与结论
Pub Date : 2020-11-18 DOI: 10.1332/policypress/9781529213874.003.0009
A. Linklater
Elias’s relatively detached investigation of the civilizing process remains the key starting point for those who wish to understand the nature and legacy of the peculiar civilized self- images that arose in the European region.
对于那些希望理解在欧洲地区兴起的特殊文明自我形象的性质和遗产的人来说,伊莱亚斯对文明过程的相对超然的调查仍然是关键的起点。
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引用次数: 0
Standards of Civilization in the Post-European Global Order 后欧洲全球秩序中的文明标准
Pub Date : 2020-11-18 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv19cwb5m.10
A. Linklater
This chapter discusses the fate of the classical standard of civilization and its reconfiguration in the post-European global order. Particular attention is paid to the cultural revolt against the West which illustrated the Eliasian theme that outsiders invariably attempt to free themselves from traditional political and cultural shackles as power relations become less unequal. But analysts have argued that new standards of civilization re-emerged in the form of the universal human rights culture, democracy promotion and state rebuilding, and global market civilization. This chapter locates those developments in the long civilizing process. It provides a process-sociological interpretation of civilizing dynamics in the recent period. Western measures to promote civilization are resisted by powers such as China which associate the strategies with attempts to create a neo-colonial global order A central question is whether world order has reached a transitional point in which the once dominant civilization is losing power and influence and the prospects for a global civilization are receding.
本章讨论了古典文明标准的命运及其在后欧洲全球秩序中的重构。特别关注的是对西方的文化反抗,这说明了埃利亚主题,即随着权力关系变得不那么不平等,局外人总是试图将自己从传统的政治和文化束缚中解放出来。但有分析认为,新的文明标准以普世人权文化、促进民主和重建国家、全球市场文明的形式重新出现。本章将这些发展置于漫长的文明进程之中。它为近代的文明动态提供了一个过程社会学的解释。西方促进文明的措施受到中国等大国的抵制,这些国家将这些战略与试图建立新殖民主义全球秩序联系在一起。一个核心问题是,世界秩序是否已经达到了一个过渡点,曾经占主导地位的文明正在失去权力和影响力,全球文明的前景正在消退。
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引用次数: 0
Elias’s Explanation of the European Civilizing Process 伊莱亚斯对欧洲文明进程的解释
Pub Date : 2020-11-18 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv19cwb5m.6
A. Linklater
This chapter explains Elias’s pioneering analysis of the European civilizing process – the process in which they came to regard themselves as uniquely civilized. It discusses his examination of how state formation, internal pacification, and rising interdependencies were linked with the development of new standards of propriety and new expectations of self-restraint. Changing attitudes to violence were integral parts of the overall direction of change. Civilized people came to regard judicial torture and capital punishment as antithetical to their refined ways of life. Changing manners were related developments. Those movements influenced European attitudes to non-European peoples. They underpinned the belief that colonialism was necessary to spread civilization. Elias did not argue that the process of civilization was evidence of human progress. The chapter discusses his analysis of decivilizing processes in Nazi Germany and the argument that sociological inquiry should seek to explain the shifting balances of power between civilizing and decivilizing processes in humanfigurations.
这一章解释了伊莱亚斯对欧洲文明进程的开创性分析——在这个过程中,他们开始认为自己是唯一的文明。书中讨论了他对国家形成、内部绥靖和相互依赖的增强与新礼仪标准和自我约束新期望的发展之间的关系的研究。改变对暴力的态度是变革总方向的组成部分。文明人开始将司法酷刑和死刑视为与他们优雅的生活方式相对立的。礼仪的变化是相关的发展。这些运动影响了欧洲人对非欧洲人的态度。他们坚信殖民主义对于传播文明是必要的。伊莱亚斯并不认为文明进程是人类进步的证据。这一章讨论了他对纳粹德国的去文明化过程的分析,以及社会学探究应该寻求解释在拟人化过程中文明和去文明过程之间的权力平衡转移的论点。
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引用次数: 0
Civilization, Diplomacy and the Enlargement of International Society 文明、外交与国际社会的扩大
Pub Date : 2020-11-18 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv19cwb5m.9
A. Linklater
This chapter explains how civilized standards were globalized as a result of the mimetic behaviour of non-European regimes. Top- down civilizing offensives in China, Japan, Siam, Russia and the Ottoman empire/Turkish Republic are examined to explore dominant patterns of change in the global order. Modernizing regimes set out to reform state structures in the light of European conceptions of civilization. They altered traditional diplomatic mores in order to comply with European conventions. Some engaged in mimetic colonialism to demonstrate their civilized credentials and to press claims to be admitted into international society as equal sovereign powers. The overall pattern of change illustrates Elias’s thesis about how established groups seek to persuade outsiders to internalise feelings of inferiority and to modify behaviour accordingly. As Elias recognised, European notions of civilization spread outward to non-European elites but new social arrangements appeared in the process. The chapter discusses the development of novel combinations of nation and civilization that laid the foundation for challenges to the European global order which accelerated from the middle of the twentieth century.
本章解释了文明标准是如何由于非欧洲政权的模仿行为而全球化的。研究了中国、日本、暹罗、俄罗斯和奥斯曼帝国/土耳其共和国自上而下的文明攻势,以探索全球秩序变化的主导模式。现代化的政权根据欧洲文明的概念着手改革国家结构。为了遵守欧洲的惯例,他们改变了传统的外交习俗。一些国家从事模仿殖民主义,以证明它们的文明证书,并要求作为平等的主权国家被接纳进入国际社会。整体的变化模式说明了伊莱亚斯的论点,即既成群体如何试图说服局外人将自卑感内化,并相应地改变行为。正如伊莱亚斯所认识到的,欧洲的文明观念向外传播到非欧洲的精英阶层,但在这个过程中出现了新的社会安排。这一章讨论了民族与文明的新组合的发展,这些组合为对欧洲全球秩序的挑战奠定了基础,这种挑战从20世纪中叶开始加速。
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引用次数: 0
The Return of Discourses of Civilization and Barbarism 文明与野蛮话语的回归
Pub Date : 2020-11-18 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv19cwb5m.5
A. Linklater
This chapter discusses the revival of discourses of civilization and barbarism in the recent period, specifically in connection with the 'war on 'terror' and the torture debate. It emphasizes continuities between colonial and contemporary perspectives. Drawing on process sociology, it argues that the idea of civilization has been a central part of struggles to shape the way in which people orientate themselves to the social world. Participants in such struggles use the idea of civilization to justify using force against savage enemies but also to constrain violence in those relations. The chapter argues that the torture debate illustrates Elias’s observations about the peculiar entanglements of civilized peoples. It is essential to consider those entanglements and the discourse of civilization that was used in the 'war on terror' in long-term perspective – as aspects of the process of civilization which Elias set out to explain.
这一章讨论了最近一段时期文明和野蛮话语的复兴,特别是与“反恐战争”和酷刑辩论有关。它强调殖民和当代观点之间的连续性。借鉴过程社会学,它认为文明的概念一直是塑造人们在社会世界中定位自己的方式的斗争的核心部分。这种斗争的参与者用文明的观念来证明对野蛮的敌人使用武力是正当的,同时也在这些关系中限制暴力。这一章认为关于酷刑的争论说明了伊莱亚斯对文明人特有的纠结的观察。有必要从长远的角度来考虑这些纠结和“反恐战争”中使用的文明话语——作为伊莱亚斯开始解释的文明过程的各个方面。
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引用次数: 0
Preface and Acknowledgements 前言及致谢
Pub Date : 2020-11-18 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv19cwb5m.3
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引用次数: 0
Introduction: A Process-Sociological Approach to Understanding Civilization 导论:理解文明的过程社会学方法
Pub Date : 2020-11-18 DOI: 10.1332/POLICYPRESS/9781529213874.003.0001
A. Linklater
The introduction notes that the concept of civilization first rose to prominence in the late eighteenth century French court society and then spread outward to non-European elites and downward to the rest of society. The idea became central to European self- understandings and to the sense of differentiation from the rest of the world. The dominant notions of civilization shaped the global order through colonial offensives to transform supposedly backward societies. Analyses of the civilizational dimensions of the global order have largely ignored Elias’s explanation of the European civilizing process. The introduction explains its contribution to the classical sociological tradition and discusses its relationship with postcolonial investigations and English School studies of international society. Core elements of the method of Eliasian process sociology are explained including the connection between detached social inquiry and the secular humanism that underpinned Elias’s analysis of human societies and their inter-relations.
引言指出,文明的概念首先在18世纪晚期的法国宫廷社会中兴起,然后向外传播到非欧洲精英阶层,并向下传播到社会的其他部分。这一思想成为欧洲人自我理解的核心,也成为欧洲人与世界其他地区区别开来的核心。占主导地位的文明观念通过殖民攻势来改造被认为落后的社会,从而塑造了全球秩序。对全球秩序的文明维度的分析在很大程度上忽略了伊莱亚斯对欧洲文明进程的解释。引言部分解释了它对古典社会学传统的贡献,并讨论了它与后殖民调查和英国学派国际社会研究的关系。本文解释了埃利亚斯过程社会学方法的核心要素,包括超然社会探究与世俗人文主义之间的联系,后者支撑了埃利亚斯对人类社会及其相互关系的分析。
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引用次数: 0
Civilizing Processes at the Level of Humanity as a Whole 人类整体水平上的文明化进程
Pub Date : 2020-11-18 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv19cwb5m.11
A. Linklater
This chapter discusses Elias’s investigation of civilizing processes that have affected humanity as a whole and analyses his criteria for assessing the relative power of civilizing and decivilizing trends. Four criteria are considered – whether controls on violence are increasing or in decline; whether there are significant changes in the rely power of internal and external constraints on conduct; whether emotional identification between peoples is widening or contracting; and whether support for international planning to protect the vulnerable from the problems stemming from global interconnections is on the rise or is weakening. Those yardsticks inform the discussion of Huntington’s idea of a clash of civilizations and English School descriptions of the civilizing potential of international society. The chapter ends with reflections on the importance of shared symbols for a global civilizing process. It considers the complex relations between national-populist movements, images of future global ecological civilizing processes and the political challenges of the Covid-19 health and economic crisis.
本章讨论了伊莱亚斯对影响人类整体的文明进程的研究,并分析了他评估文明和非文明趋势的相对力量的标准。审议了四项标准——对暴力的控制是在增加还是在减少;内外部行为约束的依赖力量是否发生重大变化;人与人之间的情感认同是在扩大还是在缩小;以及对保护弱势群体免受全球互联带来的问题的国际规划的支持是在增加还是在减弱。这些标准为亨廷顿关于文明冲突的观点和英国学派关于国际社会文明潜力的描述提供了信息。这一章最后反思了共享符号对全球文明进程的重要性。它考虑了民族民粹主义运动、未来全球生态文明进程的图像以及Covid-19卫生和经济危机的政治挑战之间的复杂关系。
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引用次数: 0
Index 指数
Pub Date : 2020-11-18 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv19cwb5m.15
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引用次数: 0
Back Matter 回到问题
Pub Date : 2020-11-18 DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv19cwb5m.16
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引用次数: 0
期刊
The Idea of Civilization and the Making of the Global Order
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