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Optimizing Performance of Antenna Arrays with Clustered Fractal Shapes for Multiband Applications 为多频带应用优化分形集群天线阵列的性能
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.26636/jtit.2024.1.1456
J. Mohammed, Dalia Ahmad Al-Khafaf
Fractal antennas are mainly used in multiband applications. However, these types of arrays suffer from numerous disadvantages, such as high sidelobe levels, low directivity, poor taper efficiency, and high design computational complexity. In this paper, the conventional fractal procedures are redesigned and efficient clustered subarrays are deployed, such that their multiband properties are maintained while simultaneously achieving significant improvements in radiation characteristics. A genetic optimization algorithm is used to find the optimal clustered fractal shapes and their associated amplitude distributions, such that the sidelobe levels are minimized at the narrower beam width, i.e. maximum feasible directivity. Since the optimization process is carried out at the clustered level, it can be represented by merely a few variables, which solves the problem of time intensity. Simulation results confirm the superiority of the proposed clustered fractal array, where the sidelobe level has been reduced to more than -10 dB over a wide range of frequencies. Directivity and taper efficiency have been improved by more than 6 dB and 50%, respectively, in comparison to the parameters of conventional, original fractal arrays. Moreover, the proposed fractal array pattern offers an additional advantage, as it is capable of wide sidelobe nulling at some undesired directions.
分形天线主要用于多频带应用。然而,这些类型的阵列存在许多缺点,例如高侧叶水平、低指向性、锥形效率差以及设计计算复杂度高。本文对传统的分形程序进行了重新设计,并部署了高效的集群子阵列,从而在保持其多波段特性的同时,显著改善了辐射特性。本文采用遗传优化算法来寻找最佳的簇状分形形状及其相关振幅分布,从而在较窄的波束宽度(即最大可行指向性)下使边障水平最小化。由于优化过程是在聚类水平上进行的,因此只需几个变量就能表示,从而解决了时间强度问题。仿真结果证实了所提出的聚类分形阵列的优越性,在很宽的频率范围内,其边音电平已降低到 -10 dB 以上。与传统的原始分形阵列参数相比,指向性和锥形效率分别提高了 6 分贝和 50%以上。此外,拟议的分形阵列图案还具有额外的优势,因为它能够在某些不需要的方向上实现宽边音消隐。
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引用次数: 0
Adaptive Data Transmission Protocols for Energy Harvesting WSNs Used in Agriculture 用于农业的能量收集 WSN 的自适应数据传输协议
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-03-08 DOI: 10.26636/jtit.2024.1.1390
Pardeep Kaur, Preeti Singh
Energy consumption is a major concern in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) as it affects the lifespan of sensor nodes. Battery-based WSNs have a short operating period, which makes them impractical for real-time applications, for instance in agriculture. Energy harvesting and suitable medium access control (MAC) protocols have been used to extend the lifetime of nodes. Receiver-initiated protocols have been proved to be the best solution for energy harvesting WSNs. However, they suffer from a key disadvantage, i.e. an increase in collision rate. These collisions need to be reduced using a multi-layer protocol structure. In such a context, a new solar-based hybrid MAC (SHMAC) protocol relying on receiver-initiation and characterized by a multi-layer structure is proposed. It is an adaptive protocol capable of adapting to changing weather conditions. The nodes with a high energy harvesting rate have a higher level of residual energy and are active for longer time periods compared with those with low energy harvesting characteristics. The proposed work has shown improvements in two major MAC layer parameters, i.e. collision rate and energy neutrality operation ratio (ENO).
能耗是无线传感器网络(WSN)的一个主要问题,因为它会影响传感器节点的寿命。基于电池的 WSN 运行时间较短,因此不适合农业等领域的实时应用。能量收集和合适的介质访问控制(MAC)协议被用来延长节点的寿命。接收器启动协议已被证明是能量收集 WSN 的最佳解决方案。然而,它们有一个主要缺点,即碰撞率增加。这些碰撞需要通过多层协议结构来减少。在这种情况下,我们提出了一种新的基于太阳能的混合 MAC(SHMAC)协议,它依赖于接收器启动,具有多层结构的特点。这是一种自适应协议,能够适应不断变化的天气条件。与能量收集特性低的节点相比,能量收集率高的节点具有更高的剩余能量,活动时间更长。所提出的工作表明,MAC 层的两个主要参数,即碰撞率和能量中性操作率(ENO)都有所改进。
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引用次数: 0
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-based Propagation Control in FBMC/OQAM Systems FBMC/OQAM 系统中基于表面的可重构智能传播控制
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.26636/jtit.2024.1.1326
R. Patra, A. Mahapatro
In this paper, transmission of filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) modulated signal through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is proposed as an assuring technique for future wireless communication. RIS deliberately alters phases of incident signals to enhance quality of the received signal. Simulation outcomes show that it is possible to establish RIS-based FBMC communications in which RIS functions as an intelligent reflector with information concerning channel phases. It is observed that RIS-based FBMC transmissions may be a prospective solution for beyond 5G communication.
本文提出通过可重构智能表面(RIS)传输滤波器组多载波(FBMC)调制信号,作为未来无线通信的保证技术。RIS 会刻意改变入射信号的相位,以提高接收信号的质量。仿真结果表明,可以建立基于 RIS 的 FBMC 通信,在这种通信中,RIS 充当智能反射器,提供有关信道相位的信息。据观察,基于 RIS 的 FBMC 传输可能是超越 5G 通信的一种前瞻性解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
Transformation of Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem to QUBO Using Direct Method in Quantum Annealing Applications 量子退火应用中使用直接法将椭圆曲线离散对数问题转化为 QUBO
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.26636/jtit.2024.1.1463
Michał Wroński, Elżbieta Burek, Łukasz Dzierzkowski, Olgierd Żołnierczyk
This paper investigates how to reduce the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem over prime fields to the quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problem in order to obtain as few logical qubits as possible. In the best case scenario, if n is the bitlength of a characteristic of prime field Fp, approximately 3n³ logical qubits are required for such a reduction in the Edwards curve case. We present a practical attack on an elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem over the 3-bit prime field F7 for an elliptic curve with the subgroup of order 8. We solved this problem using the D-Wave Advantage QPU. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no one has made, so far, a practical attack on the elliptic curve discrete logarithm over a prime field using the direct quantum method.
本文研究如何将素数域上的椭圆曲线离散对数问题简化为二次无约束二元优化(QUBO)问题,以获得尽可能少的逻辑量子位。在最好的情况下,如果 n 是素域 Fp 特征的比特长度,那么在爱德华曲线的情况下,这种减少大约需要 3n³ 逻辑比特。我们提出了一个在 3 位素数域 F7 上针对阶数为 8 的椭圆曲线的椭圆曲线离散对数问题的实际攻克方法。我们使用 D-Wave Advantage QPU 解决了这个问题。据作者所知,迄今为止还没有人使用直接量子方法对素数域上的椭圆曲线离散对数问题进行过实际攻击。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling Wind Turbines to Assess Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Maritime X- and S-band Radars 建立风力涡轮机模型,评估海上风电场对海上 X 波段和 S 波段雷达的影响
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.26636/jtit.2024.1.1484
K. Bronk, Patryk Koncicki, A. Lipka, R. Niski, B. Wereszko
This article discusses several aspects related to modeling the impact of offshore wind farms on maritime radar systems operating in the X and S bands. The first part of the paper focuses on theoretical models and analyses, taking into account radio shadowing and false radar echoes. Additionally, the issue of spatial modeling of wind turbines, with diffraction phenomena considered, is reviewed with the help of suitable propagation models. By relaying on a software-based implementation of the proposed model, the authors carried out a detailed simulation of the impact of wind turbines on radar systems operating in the X and S bands. The results of these simulations are presented and discussed in the second part of the article.
本文讨论了与海上风电场对在 X 和 S 波段运行的海事雷达系统的影响建模有关的几个方面。文章的第一部分侧重于理论模型和分析,其中考虑到了无线电阴影和雷达虚假回波。此外,在适当传播模型的帮助下,考虑到衍射现象,对风力涡轮机的空间建模问题进行了审查。通过基于软件的拟议模型实施,作者详细模拟了风力涡轮机对 X 波段和 S 波段雷达系统的影响。文章第二部分介绍并讨论了模拟结果。
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引用次数: 0
Efficient Approximation Methods for Lexicographic Max-Min Optimization 词典最大最小优化的高效近似方法
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.26636/jtit.2024.1.1421
Tomasz Śliwiński
Lexicographic max-min (LMM) optimization is of considerable importance in many fairness-oriented applications. LMM problems can be reformulated in a way that allows to solve them by applying the standard lexicographic maximization algorithm. However, the reformulation introduces a large number of auxiliary variables and linear constraints, making the process computationally complex. In this paper, two approximation schemes for such a reformulation are presented, resulting in problem size reduction and significant performance gains. Their influence on the quality of the solution is shown in a series of computational experiments concerned with the fair network dimensioning and bandwidth allocation problem.
词法最大最小(LMM)优化在许多以公平为导向的应用中都相当重要。LMM 问题可以重新表述,从而可以通过应用标准的词法最大化算法来解决。然而,重新表述引入了大量辅助变量和线性约束,使得计算过程变得复杂。本文介绍了这种重拟的两种近似方案,从而缩小了问题规模并显著提高了性能。在一系列有关公平网络尺寸和带宽分配问题的计算实验中,展示了这两种方案对求解质量的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Efficient Approximation Methods for Lexicographic Max-Min Optimization 词典最大最小优化的高效近似方法
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.26636/jtit.2024.1.1421
Tomasz Śliwiński
Lexicographic max-min (LMM) optimization is of considerable importance in many fairness-oriented applications. LMM problems can be reformulated in a way that allows to solve them by applying the standard lexicographic maximization algorithm. However, the reformulation introduces a large number of auxiliary variables and linear constraints, making the process computationally complex. In this paper, two approximation schemes for such a reformulation are presented, resulting in problem size reduction and significant performance gains. Their influence on the quality of the solution is shown in a series of computational experiments concerned with the fair network dimensioning and bandwidth allocation problem.
词法最大最小(LMM)优化在许多以公平为导向的应用中都相当重要。LMM 问题可以重新表述,从而可以通过应用标准的词法最大化算法来解决。然而,重新表述引入了大量辅助变量和线性约束,使得计算过程变得复杂。本文介绍了这种重拟的两种近似方案,从而缩小了问题规模并显著提高了性能。在一系列有关公平网络尺寸和带宽分配问题的计算实验中,展示了这两种方案对求解质量的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Design of Low Power Thinned Smart Antenna for 6G Sky Connection 设计用于 6G 天空连接的低功耗薄型智能天线
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.26636/jtit.2024.1.1438
Anindita Khan, J. S. Roy
To improve radio access capability, sky connections relying on satellites or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), as well as high-altitude platforms (HAP) will be exploited in 6G wireless communication systems, complementing terrestrial networks. For long-distance communication, a large smart antenna will be used that is characterized by high amounts of power consumed by digital beamformers. This paper focuses on reducing power consumption by relying on a thinned smart antenna (TSA). The performance of TSA is investigated in the sub-6 GHz band. The differential evolution (DE) algorithm is used to optimize excitation weights of the individual dipoles in the antenna array and these excitation weights are then used in TSA for beamforming, with signal processing algorithms deployed. The DE technique is used with the least mean square, recursive least square and sample matrix inversion algorithms. The proposed method offers almost the same directivity, simultaneously ensuring lower side lobes (SLL) and reduced power consumption. For a TSA of 20, 31, and 64 dipoles, the power savings are 20%, 19.4%, and 17.2%, respectively. SLL reductions achieved, in turn, vary from 5.2 dB to 8.1 dB.
为了提高无线电接入能力,6G 无线通信系统将利用卫星或无人机(UAV)以及高空平台(HAP)进行空中连接,对地面网络进行补充。在长距离通信中,将使用大型智能天线,其特点是数字波束形成器耗电量大。本文的重点是通过减薄智能天线(TSA)来降低功耗。本文研究了 TSA 在 6 GHz 以下频段的性能。差分演化(DE)算法用于优化天线阵列中单个偶极子的激励权重,然后将这些激励权重与信号处理算法一起用于 TSA 的波束成形。DE 技术与最小均方算法、递归最小平方算法和采样矩阵反演算法一起使用。所提出的方法具有几乎相同的指向性,同时确保了较低的边叶(SLL)和较低的功耗。对于 20、31 和 64 个偶极子的 TSA,功耗分别降低了 20%、19.4% 和 17.2%。SLL 的降低幅度则从 5.2 dB 到 8.1 dB 不等。
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引用次数: 0
Polarization Independent Ultra-wideband Meta-material Absorber Using Conductive Ink Resonator 使用导电墨水谐振器的独立于偏振的超宽带超材料吸收器
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.26636/jtit.2024.1.1392
Bharti Kumari, Abhinav Kumar, Prashant Kumar, Mintu Singh
A wideband meta-material absorber with square and circular split rings that is based on a frequency selective surface of conductive ink is proposed. With over 90% absorptivity, the structure demonstrates broad absorption for the C, X, KU and K bands, as well as polarization independent characteristics for both TE and TM, at angles of up to 45°. Research has been performed to better understand the absorption phenomenon by looking into real and imaginary permittivity, permeability, normalized impedance, and surface current density. The meta-material absorber (MA) discussed in this study finds use in defense-related applications, such as radar surveillance, stealth technology, terrestrial and satellite communications.
本文提出了一种基于导电油墨频率选择表面的宽带元材料吸收器,它具有方形和圆形分裂环。该结构的吸收率超过 90%,对 C、X、KU 和 K 波段具有广泛的吸收,并且在高达 45° 的角度下对 TE 和 TM 均具有偏振无关特性。为了更好地理解吸收现象,我们对实导率和虚导率、磁导率、归一化阻抗和表面电流密度进行了研究。本研究讨论的元材料吸收器(MA)可用于雷达监控、隐形技术、地面和卫星通信等国防相关领域。
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引用次数: 0
Machine Learning Based System Identification with Binary Output Data Using Kernel Methods 基于机器学习的系统识别,使用核方法识别二进制输出数据
Q4 Engineering Pub Date : 2024-02-12 DOI: 10.26636/jtit.2024.1.1430
Rachid Fateh, Hicham Oualla, Es-said Azougaghe, A. Darif, A. Boumezzough, Said Safi, M. Pouliquen, M. Frikel
Within the realm of machine learning, kernel methods stand out as a prominent class of algorithms with widespread applications, including but not limited to classification, regression, and identification tasks. Our paper addresses the challenging problem of identifying the finite impulse response (FIR) of single-input single-output nonlinear systems under the influence of perturbations and binary-valued measurements. To overcome this challenge, we exploit two algorithms that leverage the framework of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS) to accurately identify the impulse response of the Proakis C channel. Additionally, we introduce the application of these kernel methods for estimating binary output data of nonlinear systems. We showcase the effectiveness of kernel adaptive filters in identifying nonlinear systems with binary output measurements, as demonstrated through the experimental results presented in this study.
在机器学习领域,核方法是一类突出的算法,应用广泛,包括但不限于分类、回归和识别任务。我们的论文探讨了在扰动和二值测量影响下识别单输入单输出非线性系统的有限脉冲响应(FIR)这一具有挑战性的问题。为了克服这一挑战,我们利用两种算法,利用重现核希尔伯特空间(RKHS)框架来准确识别 Proakis C 信道的脉冲响应。此外,我们还介绍了这些核方法在估计非线性系统二进制输出数据中的应用。通过本研究中的实验结果,我们展示了核自适应滤波器在识别具有二进制输出测量值的非线性系统中的有效性。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
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