Pub Date : 2023-02-07DOI: 10.3390/geographies3010009
David S. Jones
Ethnogeology offers a longitudinal history of the formation of landscapes though the lens of First Nations Peoples. Significantly, it offers an insight into landscape change and geographical formation as consequence of geological events, climate shift (change), and consequential human resilience and adaptation strategies. This article considers a cultural landscape near Ballaarat (Ballarat) in Australia and its geological omnipresence in the eyes of the First Nations’ Wadawurrung People. The features, two extinct volcanoes—Bonan Youang (Mt Buninyong) and Terrinalum (Mt Elephant)—and a connection tract, offer high cultural values to the Wadawurrung People in addition to serving as key contemporary mental and orientation landmarks arising from their roles in the locality’s pastoral, goldmining, and suburbanisation colonisation phases.
{"title":"Bonan Youang and Terrinalum: The Ethnogeology of Ballaarat’s Living Landscape","authors":"David S. Jones","doi":"10.3390/geographies3010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies3010009","url":null,"abstract":"Ethnogeology offers a longitudinal history of the formation of landscapes though the lens of First Nations Peoples. Significantly, it offers an insight into landscape change and geographical formation as consequence of geological events, climate shift (change), and consequential human resilience and adaptation strategies. This article considers a cultural landscape near Ballaarat (Ballarat) in Australia and its geological omnipresence in the eyes of the First Nations’ Wadawurrung People. The features, two extinct volcanoes—Bonan Youang (Mt Buninyong) and Terrinalum (Mt Elephant)—and a connection tract, offer high cultural values to the Wadawurrung People in addition to serving as key contemporary mental and orientation landmarks arising from their roles in the locality’s pastoral, goldmining, and suburbanisation colonisation phases.","PeriodicalId":38507,"journal":{"name":"Human Geographies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75720605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-01DOI: 10.3390/geographies3010008
Sisi Han, In-Hun Chung, Yuhan Jiang, Benjamin Uwakweh
This paper aims to explore and evaluate aerial imagery and deep learning technology in pavement condition evaluation. A convolutional neural network (CNN) model, named PCIer, was designed to process aerial images and produce pavement condition index (PCI) estimations, which are classified into four scales of Good (PCI ≥ 70), Fair (50 ≤ PCI < 70), Poor (25 ≤ PCI < 50), and Very Poor (PCI < 25). In the experiment, the PCI datasets were retrieved from the published pavement condition report by the City of Sacramento, CA. Following the retrieved datasets, the authors also collected the corresponding aerial image datasets containing 100 images for each PCI grade from Google Earth. An 80% proportion of datasets were used for PCIer model training, and the remaining were used for testing. Comparisons showed using a 128-channel heatmap layer in the proposed PCIer model and saving the PCIer model with the best validation accuracy would yield the best performance, with a testing accuracy of 0.97, and a weighted average precision, recall, and F1-score of 0.98, 0.97, and 0.97, respectively. Moreover, future research recommendations are provided in the discussion for improving the effectiveness of pavement evaluation via aerial imagery and deep learning.
{"title":"PCIer: Pavement Condition Evaluation Using Aerial Imagery and Deep Learning","authors":"Sisi Han, In-Hun Chung, Yuhan Jiang, Benjamin Uwakweh","doi":"10.3390/geographies3010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies3010008","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to explore and evaluate aerial imagery and deep learning technology in pavement condition evaluation. A convolutional neural network (CNN) model, named PCIer, was designed to process aerial images and produce pavement condition index (PCI) estimations, which are classified into four scales of Good (PCI ≥ 70), Fair (50 ≤ PCI < 70), Poor (25 ≤ PCI < 50), and Very Poor (PCI < 25). In the experiment, the PCI datasets were retrieved from the published pavement condition report by the City of Sacramento, CA. Following the retrieved datasets, the authors also collected the corresponding aerial image datasets containing 100 images for each PCI grade from Google Earth. An 80% proportion of datasets were used for PCIer model training, and the remaining were used for testing. Comparisons showed using a 128-channel heatmap layer in the proposed PCIer model and saving the PCIer model with the best validation accuracy would yield the best performance, with a testing accuracy of 0.97, and a weighted average precision, recall, and F1-score of 0.98, 0.97, and 0.97, respectively. Moreover, future research recommendations are provided in the discussion for improving the effectiveness of pavement evaluation via aerial imagery and deep learning.","PeriodicalId":38507,"journal":{"name":"Human Geographies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77765055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.3390/geographies3010007
High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]
高质量的学术出版建立在严格的同行评审的基础上[…]
{"title":"Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Geographies in 2022","authors":"","doi":"10.3390/geographies3010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies3010007","url":null,"abstract":"High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...]","PeriodicalId":38507,"journal":{"name":"Human Geographies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78886256","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-16DOI: 10.3390/geographies3010006
M. Al-Shaar, P. Gérard, G. Faour, Walid Al-Shaar, J. Adjizian-Gerard
Rockfall hazard gains popularity nowadays among researchers in different scientific fields, decision-makers and urban planners. The assessment of rockfall hazard requires detection, mapping and estimating the maximum travel distance that rock boulders may reach, commonly known as “rockfall runout”. This latter can change significantly under the effects of different triggering factors such as soil conditions, chemical, physical and geological rock properties. However, comparing and analyzing these different effects represents, to the best of our knowledge, one of the newest scientific challenges that need to be addressed. This paper presents a complete methodologic approach aiming to assess the rockfall hazard through runout estimation in three different conditions: (i) gravity, (ii) earthquakes, and (iii) the presence of moisture along the slope. The “Mtein” Village and its surrounding areas in the Mount Lebanon region were chosen as the study area because there have been numerous historic rockfalls and various-sized rocks, such as cobbles and boulders, scattered throughout the area. Thus, three-dimensional simulations were conducted using the Rockyfor3D software and aerial photos for the year 1999 to assess the rockfall runout, the energy curves, and the number of deposited rocks. The results reveal that earthquakes have the highest triggering effect on rockfall and that moisture has a damping effect on RFs by decreasing the kinetic energy. The study shows the importance of taking into consideration the influence of triggering factors as well as rock density on rockfall runout and hazard.
{"title":"Comparison of Earthquake and Moisture Effects on Rockfall-Runouts Using 3D Models and Orthorectified Aerial Photos","authors":"M. Al-Shaar, P. Gérard, G. Faour, Walid Al-Shaar, J. Adjizian-Gerard","doi":"10.3390/geographies3010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies3010006","url":null,"abstract":"Rockfall hazard gains popularity nowadays among researchers in different scientific fields, decision-makers and urban planners. The assessment of rockfall hazard requires detection, mapping and estimating the maximum travel distance that rock boulders may reach, commonly known as “rockfall runout”. This latter can change significantly under the effects of different triggering factors such as soil conditions, chemical, physical and geological rock properties. However, comparing and analyzing these different effects represents, to the best of our knowledge, one of the newest scientific challenges that need to be addressed. This paper presents a complete methodologic approach aiming to assess the rockfall hazard through runout estimation in three different conditions: (i) gravity, (ii) earthquakes, and (iii) the presence of moisture along the slope. The “Mtein” Village and its surrounding areas in the Mount Lebanon region were chosen as the study area because there have been numerous historic rockfalls and various-sized rocks, such as cobbles and boulders, scattered throughout the area. Thus, three-dimensional simulations were conducted using the Rockyfor3D software and aerial photos for the year 1999 to assess the rockfall runout, the energy curves, and the number of deposited rocks. The results reveal that earthquakes have the highest triggering effect on rockfall and that moisture has a damping effect on RFs by decreasing the kinetic energy. The study shows the importance of taking into consideration the influence of triggering factors as well as rock density on rockfall runout and hazard.","PeriodicalId":38507,"journal":{"name":"Human Geographies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88676073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-12DOI: 10.3390/geographies3010005
G. Mancino, Antonio Falciano, R. Console, M. Trivigno
The present research aims at verifying whether there are significant differences between Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) classifications performed using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI) data—abbreviated as L8 and S2. To comprehend the degree of accuracy between these classifications, both L8 and S2 scenes covering the study area located in the Basilicata region (Italy) and acquired within a couple of days in August 2017 were considered. Both images were geometrically and atmospherically corrected and then resampled at 30 m. To identify the ground truth for training and validation, a LULC map and a forest map realized by the Basilicata region were used as references. Then, each point was verified through photo-interpretation using the orthophoto AGEA 2017 (spatial resolution of 20 cm) as a ground truth image and, only in doubtful cases, a direct GPS field survey. MLC and SVM supervised classifications were applied to both types of images and an error matrix was computed using the same reference points (ground truth) to evaluate the classification accuracy of different LULC classes. The contribution of S2′s red-edge bands in improving classifications was also verified. Definitively, ML classifications show better performance than SVM, and Landsat data provide higher accuracy than Sentinel-2.
{"title":"Comparison between Parametric and Non-Parametric Supervised Land Cover Classifications of Sentinel-2 MSI and Landsat-8 OLI Data","authors":"G. Mancino, Antonio Falciano, R. Console, M. Trivigno","doi":"10.3390/geographies3010005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies3010005","url":null,"abstract":"The present research aims at verifying whether there are significant differences between Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) classifications performed using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI) data—abbreviated as L8 and S2. To comprehend the degree of accuracy between these classifications, both L8 and S2 scenes covering the study area located in the Basilicata region (Italy) and acquired within a couple of days in August 2017 were considered. Both images were geometrically and atmospherically corrected and then resampled at 30 m. To identify the ground truth for training and validation, a LULC map and a forest map realized by the Basilicata region were used as references. Then, each point was verified through photo-interpretation using the orthophoto AGEA 2017 (spatial resolution of 20 cm) as a ground truth image and, only in doubtful cases, a direct GPS field survey. MLC and SVM supervised classifications were applied to both types of images and an error matrix was computed using the same reference points (ground truth) to evaluate the classification accuracy of different LULC classes. The contribution of S2′s red-edge bands in improving classifications was also verified. Definitively, ML classifications show better performance than SVM, and Landsat data provide higher accuracy than Sentinel-2.","PeriodicalId":38507,"journal":{"name":"Human Geographies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83851670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-10DOI: 10.3390/geographies3010004
Habitamu Alesew Ayele, Alemu O. Aga, Liuelsegad Belayneh, Tilahun Wankie Wanjala
Information on land use and land cover modification and their related problems for the streamflow and sediment yield are crucial for spatial planners and stakeholders to devise suitable catchment resources management plans and strategies. This research sought to assess the changes in land use and land cover (LULC) effects on the streamflow and sediment yield of the Koga watershed. Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-7 ETM+, and Landsat-8 OLI data were used to create the land use and land cover maps. The LULC type identification analysis was performed by using ERDAS Imagine 2015. After the supervised classification, the land use and land cover maps for three distinct years (1991, 2008, and 2018) were generated, and the accuracy of the maps was reviewed. The LULC change analysis results were pointed out, as there was an appreciable LULC change in the study watershed. Agricultural land increased by 14.21% over the research period, whereas grassland decreased by 22.91%. The other LULC classes (built-up area, forest area, water body, and wetland) increased by 0.39%, 6.36%, 4.30%, and 0.46%, respectively. Contrarily, bushland decreased by 2.80%. Human activities were decisive in the significant land use alterations within the catchment. The flow rate of the river basin increased over the rainy season in the years 1991–2008 and declined in the drier months. The watershed’s sediment yield increased from 1991 to 2008 as a result of the extension of its agricultural area. Thus, the findings of this investigation demonstrated that the flow and sediment yield characteristics are changed because of the modifications within the LULC in the catchment. Some downstream and upstream parts of the area are exposed to comparatively high erosion, and the maximum amount of sediment is generated during the rainy season.
{"title":"Hydrological Responses to Land Use/Land Cover Changes in Koga Watershed, Upper Blue Nile, Ethiopia","authors":"Habitamu Alesew Ayele, Alemu O. Aga, Liuelsegad Belayneh, Tilahun Wankie Wanjala","doi":"10.3390/geographies3010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/geographies3010004","url":null,"abstract":"Information on land use and land cover modification and their related problems for the streamflow and sediment yield are crucial for spatial planners and stakeholders to devise suitable catchment resources management plans and strategies. This research sought to assess the changes in land use and land cover (LULC) effects on the streamflow and sediment yield of the Koga watershed. Landsat-5 TM, Landsat-7 ETM+, and Landsat-8 OLI data were used to create the land use and land cover maps. The LULC type identification analysis was performed by using ERDAS Imagine 2015. After the supervised classification, the land use and land cover maps for three distinct years (1991, 2008, and 2018) were generated, and the accuracy of the maps was reviewed. The LULC change analysis results were pointed out, as there was an appreciable LULC change in the study watershed. Agricultural land increased by 14.21% over the research period, whereas grassland decreased by 22.91%. The other LULC classes (built-up area, forest area, water body, and wetland) increased by 0.39%, 6.36%, 4.30%, and 0.46%, respectively. Contrarily, bushland decreased by 2.80%. Human activities were decisive in the significant land use alterations within the catchment. The flow rate of the river basin increased over the rainy season in the years 1991–2008 and declined in the drier months. The watershed’s sediment yield increased from 1991 to 2008 as a result of the extension of its agricultural area. Thus, the findings of this investigation demonstrated that the flow and sediment yield characteristics are changed because of the modifications within the LULC in the catchment. Some downstream and upstream parts of the area are exposed to comparatively high erosion, and the maximum amount of sediment is generated during the rainy season.","PeriodicalId":38507,"journal":{"name":"Human Geographies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79648537","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Highland-lowland interaction in mountain regions: a study of changing patterns among Bhotiya tribes of Garhwal Himalaya","authors":"","doi":"10.5719/hgeo.2023.171.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2023.171.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38507,"journal":{"name":"Human Geographies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81458724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Geographic maldistribution of the physician workforce in Romania: urban-rural divide and need for better planning and retention strategies","authors":"","doi":"10.5719/hgeo.2023.171.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2023.171.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":38507,"journal":{"name":"Human Geographies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86128689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aquaculture's profitability depends on a whole linkage chain involving all stages of producing, distributing and commercializing the product to reach final consumption. The efficiency of a supply chain is affected by the types of relationships among actors. This study aims to explore the nature of intermediary actors’ relationship in the aquaculture supply chain and the determinants of this relationship. Tam Giang Lagoon, Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam, was selected as a case study. Fifty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect primary information, while secondary information was collected from statistical data. The relationship between collectors and their buyer group plays a vital role in the product flow, and each collector has one wholesaler and retailer group. Their long-term business relationship is based on trust and informal transactions. Fair commercial treatment and willingness to lend without interest have created a binding relationship.
{"title":"The relationship between intermediary actors in the aquaculture supply chain at Tam Giang Lagoon, Central Vietnam","authors":"C. V. Nguyen, Martin Abwao","doi":"10.5719/hgeo.2023.171.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2023.171.2","url":null,"abstract":"Aquaculture's profitability depends on a whole linkage chain involving all stages of producing, distributing and commercializing the product to reach final consumption. The efficiency of a supply chain is affected by the types of relationships among actors. This study aims to explore the nature of intermediary actors’ relationship in the aquaculture supply chain and the determinants of this relationship. Tam Giang Lagoon, Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam, was selected as a case study. Fifty-five semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect primary information, while secondary information was collected from statistical data. The relationship between collectors and their buyer group plays a vital role in the product flow, and each collector has one wholesaler and retailer group. Their long-term business relationship is based on trust and informal transactions. Fair commercial treatment and willingness to lend without interest have created a binding relationship.","PeriodicalId":38507,"journal":{"name":"Human Geographies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79939502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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