Intan Ria Neliana, Wardatus Soleha, Suherman, Nurmalasari Darsono, R. Harmoko, W. D. Sawitri, Bambang Sugiharto
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), and sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) are the causative pathogens of mosaic disease. This study aimed to identify mosaic virus infection and its impact on photosynthetic and antioxidant gene expression in eight commercial sugarcane cultivars grown on sugarcane plantations in East Java, Indonesia. The disease incidence and severity were observed in symptomatic leave samples, and then the virus was identified. A high incidence and severity of mosaic symptoms were observed in the PS881 and NX04 cultivars compared with the other cultivars. RT-PCR analysis detected SCSMV infection in all cultivars; double infections with SCSMV and SCMV in the PS881, PS882, and Cening cultivars; and triple infections with SCSMV, SCMV, and SrMV in the PS881 cultivar. Ascorbate peroxidase (Apx) expression was upregulated in all virus-infected cultivars and significantly increased in the triple-infected PS881 cultivar. However, catalase (Cat) expression was only slightly increased in the PS881 cultivar. The chlorophyll content was reduced, and the PsaA gene was downregulated in all cultivars. The expression of PsaA, RbcS, and Sps was significantly suppressed in the triple-infected PS881 cultivar. Moreover, the downregulation of both the RbcS and Pepc genes was concomitant with that of their protein levels.
{"title":"Alteration of Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Gene Expression in Sugarcane Infected by Multiple Mosaic Viruses","authors":"Intan Ria Neliana, Wardatus Soleha, Suherman, Nurmalasari Darsono, R. Harmoko, W. D. Sawitri, Bambang Sugiharto","doi":"10.3390/ijpb15030055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030055","url":null,"abstract":"Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), sugarcane streak mosaic virus (SCSMV), and sorghum mosaic virus (SrMV) are the causative pathogens of mosaic disease. This study aimed to identify mosaic virus infection and its impact on photosynthetic and antioxidant gene expression in eight commercial sugarcane cultivars grown on sugarcane plantations in East Java, Indonesia. The disease incidence and severity were observed in symptomatic leave samples, and then the virus was identified. A high incidence and severity of mosaic symptoms were observed in the PS881 and NX04 cultivars compared with the other cultivars. RT-PCR analysis detected SCSMV infection in all cultivars; double infections with SCSMV and SCMV in the PS881, PS882, and Cening cultivars; and triple infections with SCSMV, SCMV, and SrMV in the PS881 cultivar. Ascorbate peroxidase (Apx) expression was upregulated in all virus-infected cultivars and significantly increased in the triple-infected PS881 cultivar. However, catalase (Cat) expression was only slightly increased in the PS881 cultivar. The chlorophyll content was reduced, and the PsaA gene was downregulated in all cultivars. The expression of PsaA, RbcS, and Sps was significantly suppressed in the triple-infected PS881 cultivar. Moreover, the downregulation of both the RbcS and Pepc genes was concomitant with that of their protein levels.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141927685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Algal lipidomics is a new field of research that is gaining increasing popularity. The use of high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) has made it possible to accurately determine the structure of each lipid molecule in a sample. Since algae are considered as a promising source of various compounds with pharmacological and biotechnological potential, including bioactive lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipidomics research of this group of organisms are of particular interest. The algae lipidome has high plasticity, which is due to the influence of abiotic and biotic environmental factors, and the observed changes in lipid composition are, as a rule, adaptive reactions. This review examines current research in the field of algal lipidomics, discusses the results of studying the influence of various environmental factors, such as temperature, light intensity, nutrient concentration, epi- and endophytic infections on the algae lipidome, and seasonal and geographical plasticity of algae lipidome; questions about the adaptation mechanisms of algae at the level of individual lipid molecular species are considered, and gaps in this area of research are noted.
{"title":"Algal Adaptation to Environmental Stresses: Lipidomics Research","authors":"Ksenia Chadova","doi":"10.3390/ijpb15030052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030052","url":null,"abstract":"Algal lipidomics is a new field of research that is gaining increasing popularity. The use of high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) has made it possible to accurately determine the structure of each lipid molecule in a sample. Since algae are considered as a promising source of various compounds with pharmacological and biotechnological potential, including bioactive lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipidomics research of this group of organisms are of particular interest. The algae lipidome has high plasticity, which is due to the influence of abiotic and biotic environmental factors, and the observed changes in lipid composition are, as a rule, adaptive reactions. This review examines current research in the field of algal lipidomics, discusses the results of studying the influence of various environmental factors, such as temperature, light intensity, nutrient concentration, epi- and endophytic infections on the algae lipidome, and seasonal and geographical plasticity of algae lipidome; questions about the adaptation mechanisms of algae at the level of individual lipid molecular species are considered, and gaps in this area of research are noted.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141814953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice (Oryza sativa L.), an important food crop, necessitates more water to complete its life cycle than other crops. Therefore, there is a serious risk to rice output due to water-related stress. Drought stress results in morphological changes, including the inhibition of seed germination, reduced seeding growth, leaf area index, flag leaf area, increased leaf rolling, as well as the decrement of yield traits, such as plant height, plant biomass, number of tillers, and 1000-grain yield. Stress also causes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O2−, H2O2, and OH−, which promote oxidative stress in plants and cause oxidative damage. The process of oxidative degradation owing to water stress produces cell damage and a reduction in nutrient intake, photosynthetic rate, leaf area, RWC, WUE, and stomatal closure, which may be responsible for the decrement of the transpiration rate and plant dry matter under decreasing soil moisture. Plants have the ability to produce antioxidant species that can either be enzymatic (SOD, POD, CAT, GPX, APX) or non-enzymatic (AsA, GSH) in nature to overcome oxidative stress. During drought, several biochemical osmoprotectants, like proline, polyamines, and sugars, can be accumulated, which can enhance drought tolerance in rice. To meet the demands of an ever-growing population with diminishing water resources, it is necessary to have crop varieties that are highly adapted to dry environments, and it may also involve adopting some mitigation strategies. This study aims to assess the varying morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of the rice plant to drought, and the various methods for alleviating drought stress.
{"title":"Drought Stress Tolerance in Rice: Physiological and Biochemical Insights","authors":"Aysha Siddika Jarin, Md. Moshiul Islam, Al Rahat, Sujat Ahmed, Pallab Ghosh, Yoshiyuki Murata","doi":"10.3390/ijpb15030051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030051","url":null,"abstract":"Rice (Oryza sativa L.), an important food crop, necessitates more water to complete its life cycle than other crops. Therefore, there is a serious risk to rice output due to water-related stress. Drought stress results in morphological changes, including the inhibition of seed germination, reduced seeding growth, leaf area index, flag leaf area, increased leaf rolling, as well as the decrement of yield traits, such as plant height, plant biomass, number of tillers, and 1000-grain yield. Stress also causes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as O2−, H2O2, and OH−, which promote oxidative stress in plants and cause oxidative damage. The process of oxidative degradation owing to water stress produces cell damage and a reduction in nutrient intake, photosynthetic rate, leaf area, RWC, WUE, and stomatal closure, which may be responsible for the decrement of the transpiration rate and plant dry matter under decreasing soil moisture. Plants have the ability to produce antioxidant species that can either be enzymatic (SOD, POD, CAT, GPX, APX) or non-enzymatic (AsA, GSH) in nature to overcome oxidative stress. During drought, several biochemical osmoprotectants, like proline, polyamines, and sugars, can be accumulated, which can enhance drought tolerance in rice. To meet the demands of an ever-growing population with diminishing water resources, it is necessary to have crop varieties that are highly adapted to dry environments, and it may also involve adopting some mitigation strategies. This study aims to assess the varying morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses of the rice plant to drought, and the various methods for alleviating drought stress.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141818694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant resistance mechanisms to pathogens can lead to a lowered efficacy of insect microbial biocontrol agents, but the influence of plant variety has been little-studied. Leaves and stalks from twelve maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds with different plant pathogen resistance were evaluated for their influence on the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. against European corn borers (Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)). For leaf assays with first instar caterpillars, mortality on day 2 ranged from an inbred-dependent high of 76.1% to a low of 10.0% for European corn borers in leaf assays. For stalk assays with third instar caterpillars, mortality on day 4 ranged from an inbred dependent high of 83.0% and 75.0% to a low of 0.0% and 8.3% for fall armyworms and European corn borers, respectively. Lesion size ratings due to Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) applied to tissues were often significantly correlated with the mortality levels of B. bassiana-treated caterpillars that fed on leaves and stalks. This study suggests that the influence of plant varieties on the efficacy of insect microbial pathogens can vary depending on the insect species involved and the plant tissue, and this is worth considering when new plant varieties and biocontrol strains are being developed whenever practical.
{"title":"Maize Inbred Leaf and Stalk Tissue Resistance to the Pathogen Fusarium graminearum Can Influence Control Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana towards European Corn Borers and Fall Armyworms","authors":"P. Dowd, Eric T. Johnson","doi":"10.3390/ijpb15030049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030049","url":null,"abstract":"Plant resistance mechanisms to pathogens can lead to a lowered efficacy of insect microbial biocontrol agents, but the influence of plant variety has been little-studied. Leaves and stalks from twelve maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds with different plant pathogen resistance were evaluated for their influence on the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. against European corn borers (Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner)). For leaf assays with first instar caterpillars, mortality on day 2 ranged from an inbred-dependent high of 76.1% to a low of 10.0% for European corn borers in leaf assays. For stalk assays with third instar caterpillars, mortality on day 4 ranged from an inbred dependent high of 83.0% and 75.0% to a low of 0.0% and 8.3% for fall armyworms and European corn borers, respectively. Lesion size ratings due to Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) applied to tissues were often significantly correlated with the mortality levels of B. bassiana-treated caterpillars that fed on leaves and stalks. This study suggests that the influence of plant varieties on the efficacy of insect microbial pathogens can vary depending on the insect species involved and the plant tissue, and this is worth considering when new plant varieties and biocontrol strains are being developed whenever practical.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141821474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Contreras-Liza, Cristofer Yasiel Villadeza, Pedro Rodriguez-Grados, Edison Goethe Palomares, C. Arbizu
Nitrogen is the most common limiting factor for crop productivity, and most maize cultivars require fertilizing. Here, we report on the possibility of partially replacing the nitrogenous fertilizer in sweet corn inoculated with a native strain of Azospirillum sp. in arid land on the coast of Peru. We performed an agronomic experiment in a crop field with arid soil under drip irrigation in Huacho (Peru) using a commercial variety of sweet corn. The treatments were two levels of nitrogen (90 and 180 kg N ha−1), one or two applications of a native strain of Azospirillum sp. (1 × 108 CFU/mL) and a control treatment with only nitrogen fertilizer. Eleven agronomic variables related to productive aspects were evaluated by performing statistical analyses and the comparison of treatment means. Inoculation with Azospirillum sp. did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the total weight of ears, the number of ears per plant and the number of male flowers, but it significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the grain yield per hectare, the survival of plants, grain weight per plant, and the diameter and length of the cob. In some productive characteristics of sweet corn cv “Pardo”, a significant effect was found following inoculation with Azospirillum sp., which outperformed the control with only nitrogen fertilization in grain yield, suggesting that it is possible to complement the application of nitrogen to soil with the inoculation of this strain, replacing up to 50% of the levels of fertilizer application, since the benefit/cost ratio increases.
{"title":"Yield and Agronomic Performance of Sweet Corn in Response to Inoculation with Azospirillum sp. under Arid Land Conditions","authors":"S. Contreras-Liza, Cristofer Yasiel Villadeza, Pedro Rodriguez-Grados, Edison Goethe Palomares, C. Arbizu","doi":"10.3390/ijpb15030050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030050","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen is the most common limiting factor for crop productivity, and most maize cultivars require fertilizing. Here, we report on the possibility of partially replacing the nitrogenous fertilizer in sweet corn inoculated with a native strain of Azospirillum sp. in arid land on the coast of Peru. We performed an agronomic experiment in a crop field with arid soil under drip irrigation in Huacho (Peru) using a commercial variety of sweet corn. The treatments were two levels of nitrogen (90 and 180 kg N ha−1), one or two applications of a native strain of Azospirillum sp. (1 × 108 CFU/mL) and a control treatment with only nitrogen fertilizer. Eleven agronomic variables related to productive aspects were evaluated by performing statistical analyses and the comparison of treatment means. Inoculation with Azospirillum sp. did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the total weight of ears, the number of ears per plant and the number of male flowers, but it significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the grain yield per hectare, the survival of plants, grain weight per plant, and the diameter and length of the cob. In some productive characteristics of sweet corn cv “Pardo”, a significant effect was found following inoculation with Azospirillum sp., which outperformed the control with only nitrogen fertilization in grain yield, suggesting that it is possible to complement the application of nitrogen to soil with the inoculation of this strain, replacing up to 50% of the levels of fertilizer application, since the benefit/cost ratio increases.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141820913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. S. Mostafa, A. El-Hassanin, Amira S. Soliman, G. El-Chaghaby, S. Rashad, Naayem M. Elgaml, Adel A. Awad
Microalgae-based wastewater treatment offers an eco-friendly opportunity for simultaneous nutrient recovery and biomass generation, aligning with the circular bioeconomy concept. This approach aims to utilize the nutrients of potato industry wastewater (PIW) for algal growth while mitigating the environmental impact of this industrial byproduct. This study focused on cultivating three cyanobacterial strains, Anabaena oryzae, Nostoc muscorum, and Spirulina platensis, in PIW and synthetic media for 30 days to assess feasibility. Growth performance was monitored by measuring chlorophyll content, dry weight (DW), optical density (OD), and pH at 3-day intervals. The high-performing cyanobacterial biomass from the laboratory findings was formulated into a biofertilizer, which was then evaluated in a controlled greenhouse experiment on celery and lettuce plants. The biofertilizer replaced conventional NPK mineral fertilizers at different levels (25%, 50%, and 75%), while a control group received 100% chemical fertilizer. The results showed favourable growth of all three cyanobacteria strains and their mixture in PIW throughout the experiment. The mixed cyanobacteria followed by Spirulina platensis exhibited the highest growth rates, achieving chlorophyll contents of 3.75 and 2.30 µg·mL−1, DWs of 1.79 g·L−1 and 1.63 g·L−1, and ODs of 0.41 and 0.38, respectively, surpassing the other treatments. The formulated biofertilizers, Spi-PIW (Spirulina platensis + potato industry wastewater) and Cyano-PIW (mixed culture+ potato industry wastewater), significantly enhanced plant height, root and stem lengths, and the number of leaves per plant in celery and lettuce compared to the control group. These biofertilizer treatments also improved chlorophyll contents, as well as macro- and micronutrient levels, in the two crops. Additionally, the application of these biofertilizers improved certain sandy soil properties, i.e., pH, total organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In conclusion, utilizing PIW as a substrate for cultivating cyanobacteria strains and producing high-quality liquid bio-organic fertilizers holds potential for reducing recommended NPK fertilizer doses by 25–50% in celery and lettuce growth, providing an environmentally friendly approach.
{"title":"Phycoremediation of Potato Industry Wastewater for Nutrient Recovery, Pollution Reduction, and Biofertilizer Production for Greenhouse Cultivation of Lettuce and Celery in Sandy Soils","authors":"S. S. Mostafa, A. El-Hassanin, Amira S. Soliman, G. El-Chaghaby, S. Rashad, Naayem M. Elgaml, Adel A. Awad","doi":"10.3390/ijpb15030048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030048","url":null,"abstract":"Microalgae-based wastewater treatment offers an eco-friendly opportunity for simultaneous nutrient recovery and biomass generation, aligning with the circular bioeconomy concept. This approach aims to utilize the nutrients of potato industry wastewater (PIW) for algal growth while mitigating the environmental impact of this industrial byproduct. This study focused on cultivating three cyanobacterial strains, Anabaena oryzae, Nostoc muscorum, and Spirulina platensis, in PIW and synthetic media for 30 days to assess feasibility. Growth performance was monitored by measuring chlorophyll content, dry weight (DW), optical density (OD), and pH at 3-day intervals. The high-performing cyanobacterial biomass from the laboratory findings was formulated into a biofertilizer, which was then evaluated in a controlled greenhouse experiment on celery and lettuce plants. The biofertilizer replaced conventional NPK mineral fertilizers at different levels (25%, 50%, and 75%), while a control group received 100% chemical fertilizer. The results showed favourable growth of all three cyanobacteria strains and their mixture in PIW throughout the experiment. The mixed cyanobacteria followed by Spirulina platensis exhibited the highest growth rates, achieving chlorophyll contents of 3.75 and 2.30 µg·mL−1, DWs of 1.79 g·L−1 and 1.63 g·L−1, and ODs of 0.41 and 0.38, respectively, surpassing the other treatments. The formulated biofertilizers, Spi-PIW (Spirulina platensis + potato industry wastewater) and Cyano-PIW (mixed culture+ potato industry wastewater), significantly enhanced plant height, root and stem lengths, and the number of leaves per plant in celery and lettuce compared to the control group. These biofertilizer treatments also improved chlorophyll contents, as well as macro- and micronutrient levels, in the two crops. Additionally, the application of these biofertilizers improved certain sandy soil properties, i.e., pH, total organic matter, total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. In conclusion, utilizing PIW as a substrate for cultivating cyanobacteria strains and producing high-quality liquid bio-organic fertilizers holds potential for reducing recommended NPK fertilizer doses by 25–50% in celery and lettuce growth, providing an environmentally friendly approach.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141647384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Aggarwal, Vasudha Datta, H. Tuli, Pawan Kumar, S. Ramniwas
Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk. (Asteraceae) is a high value medicinal plant which possesses diverse medicinal properties. It is an important herb for the treatment of various disorders, and is primarily used as a hepatoprotectant. Its major biochemical constituents include wedelolactone and dimethyl-wedelolactone (coumestans), which possess anti-hepatotoxic properties. Due to its numerous medicinal properties, it is in high demand by the pharmaceutical industry and therefore requires urgent biotechnological interventions for its improvement. Therefore, the present study was constructed with the aim of developing an efficient genetic transformation protocol for E. alba, which will help in the mass production of the active compounds found in E. alba. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404, containing vector pBI121, was used to genetically transform the plant, and the effect of various factors such as infection type, light cycle effect, effect of pH, among others, on the genetic transformation efficiency was analyzed. Regenerated transformed shoots were confirmed using the standard Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR method. Kanamycin-resistant and beta- glucurosidaseGUS-positive shoots indicated the development of transgenic shoots in E. alba. Amplification of nptll and uidA genes confirmed the integration of t-DNA transgenic shoots. In conclusion, various factors affecting the transformation efficiency were analyzed, and a reliable A. tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation protocol was developed.
{"title":"Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Eclipta alba","authors":"D. Aggarwal, Vasudha Datta, H. Tuli, Pawan Kumar, S. Ramniwas","doi":"10.3390/ijpb15030047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030047","url":null,"abstract":"Eclipta alba (Linn.) Hassk. (Asteraceae) is a high value medicinal plant which possesses diverse medicinal properties. It is an important herb for the treatment of various disorders, and is primarily used as a hepatoprotectant. Its major biochemical constituents include wedelolactone and dimethyl-wedelolactone (coumestans), which possess anti-hepatotoxic properties. Due to its numerous medicinal properties, it is in high demand by the pharmaceutical industry and therefore requires urgent biotechnological interventions for its improvement. Therefore, the present study was constructed with the aim of developing an efficient genetic transformation protocol for E. alba, which will help in the mass production of the active compounds found in E. alba. Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA 4404, containing vector pBI121, was used to genetically transform the plant, and the effect of various factors such as infection type, light cycle effect, effect of pH, among others, on the genetic transformation efficiency was analyzed. Regenerated transformed shoots were confirmed using the standard Polymerase Chain Reaction PCR method. Kanamycin-resistant and beta- glucurosidaseGUS-positive shoots indicated the development of transgenic shoots in E. alba. Amplification of nptll and uidA genes confirmed the integration of t-DNA transgenic shoots. In conclusion, various factors affecting the transformation efficiency were analyzed, and a reliable A. tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation protocol was developed.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141663000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nongthombam Bidyananda, Imlitoshi Jamir, Karolina Nowakowska, Vanlalrinchhani Varte, W. Vendrame, Rajkumari Sanayaima Devi, P. Nongdam
The plant adaptation response to a changing environment depends on the genetic diversity level it possesses. Genetic diversity and a thorough understanding of population indices are pivotal for decoding plant adaptation to dynamic environmental stressors. The development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular markers enables comprehensive population analyses and the precise detection of individuals and groups with unique genetic variations. Various molecular markers have been employed to assess genetic diversity, examine population structure, and delineate cluster patterns within and among populations. DNA markers revolutionize plant diversity studies by allowing detailed analyses of genetic variations, including economically significant trait-influencing genes. Despite their simplicity, they offer high reproducibility, ensuring accurate estimations of plant variation. Integrating multiple marker systems with advanced high-throughput sequencing techniques is poised to enhance the understanding and management of depleting plant genetic resources by providing a comprehensive picture of diversity at the genome-wide level. This review explores diverse molecular markers, elucidating their advantages and limitations, and highlights their impact on evaluating the genetic diversity and population structure of plants.
{"title":"Plant Genetic Diversity Studies: Insights from DNA Marker Analyses","authors":"Nongthombam Bidyananda, Imlitoshi Jamir, Karolina Nowakowska, Vanlalrinchhani Varte, W. Vendrame, Rajkumari Sanayaima Devi, P. Nongdam","doi":"10.3390/ijpb15030046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030046","url":null,"abstract":"The plant adaptation response to a changing environment depends on the genetic diversity level it possesses. Genetic diversity and a thorough understanding of population indices are pivotal for decoding plant adaptation to dynamic environmental stressors. The development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular markers enables comprehensive population analyses and the precise detection of individuals and groups with unique genetic variations. Various molecular markers have been employed to assess genetic diversity, examine population structure, and delineate cluster patterns within and among populations. DNA markers revolutionize plant diversity studies by allowing detailed analyses of genetic variations, including economically significant trait-influencing genes. Despite their simplicity, they offer high reproducibility, ensuring accurate estimations of plant variation. Integrating multiple marker systems with advanced high-throughput sequencing techniques is poised to enhance the understanding and management of depleting plant genetic resources by providing a comprehensive picture of diversity at the genome-wide level. This review explores diverse molecular markers, elucidating their advantages and limitations, and highlights their impact on evaluating the genetic diversity and population structure of plants.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141668397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neeraj Yadav, V. P. Khanduri, Bhupendra Singh, Deepa Rawat, M. Riyal
Tree–crop interaction studies help to determine the effects of trees on the production and yield of agricultural crops and could help indecisions on suitable crops and tree combinations to increase the overall production from agroforestry systems. Different varieties of agricultural crops might show different responses against the phytotoxic effects of Bauhinia species. This study was conducted to observe the phytotoxicity of two Bauhinia spp., i.e., Bauhinia retusa and Bauhinia variegata, on some Triticum aestivum varieties, i.e., VL-892, VI-829, VL-616, UP-2572, and UP-1109.The leaves and bark of these two species were harvested from the natural population for these experiments. On average, germination and radicle and plumule length of wheat varieties were significantly (p > 0.05) reduced by the leaf and bark extracts of both Bauhinia species. The effect of leaf and bark extracts of both Bauhinia species on seed germination percent of different wheat varieties revealed that the bark and leaf extracts showed maximum toxicity for germination percentage, and minimum influence was observed in radicle and plumule length. However, bark extracts were more toxic as compared to leaf extracts. Under leaf and bark extract concentrations, the VL 829 wheat variety showed stimulatory effects in germination and radicle and plumule growth under both Bauhinia species. On average, radicle and plumule growth of the test crop was increased with an increasing concentration of leaf and bark extract of B. variegata up to 50%, and thereafter, a decrease in radicle and plumule length was recorded. The VL 829 and UP 1109 varieties showed the lowest allelopathic effects and could be grown under both Bauhinia species with minimum yield loss.
{"title":"Phytotoxicity of Two Bauhinia Species on Four Triticum aestivum Varieties in Laboratory Bioassay","authors":"Neeraj Yadav, V. P. Khanduri, Bhupendra Singh, Deepa Rawat, M. Riyal","doi":"10.3390/ijpb15030045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030045","url":null,"abstract":"Tree–crop interaction studies help to determine the effects of trees on the production and yield of agricultural crops and could help indecisions on suitable crops and tree combinations to increase the overall production from agroforestry systems. Different varieties of agricultural crops might show different responses against the phytotoxic effects of Bauhinia species. This study was conducted to observe the phytotoxicity of two Bauhinia spp., i.e., Bauhinia retusa and Bauhinia variegata, on some Triticum aestivum varieties, i.e., VL-892, VI-829, VL-616, UP-2572, and UP-1109.The leaves and bark of these two species were harvested from the natural population for these experiments. On average, germination and radicle and plumule length of wheat varieties were significantly (p > 0.05) reduced by the leaf and bark extracts of both Bauhinia species. The effect of leaf and bark extracts of both Bauhinia species on seed germination percent of different wheat varieties revealed that the bark and leaf extracts showed maximum toxicity for germination percentage, and minimum influence was observed in radicle and plumule length. However, bark extracts were more toxic as compared to leaf extracts. Under leaf and bark extract concentrations, the VL 829 wheat variety showed stimulatory effects in germination and radicle and plumule growth under both Bauhinia species. On average, radicle and plumule growth of the test crop was increased with an increasing concentration of leaf and bark extract of B. variegata up to 50%, and thereafter, a decrease in radicle and plumule length was recorded. The VL 829 and UP 1109 varieties showed the lowest allelopathic effects and could be grown under both Bauhinia species with minimum yield loss.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141707142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Davari, C. F. Sullivan, MS Rea, M. Skinner, Bruce L. Parker
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (WFT), is one of the most destructive insect pests of vegetables and ornamental crops globally. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) exposure has been shown to reduce populations of arthropod pests, including whiteflies and two-spotted spider mites, but has not been fully assessed for WFT. The goal of this study was to determine if UV-C radiance could be a viable strategy for inclusion in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for WFT. The objectives were to (1) assess the relationship among UV-C dose (irradiance × duration) and mortality of WFT adults and second instar larvae, (2) determine the effect of UV-C on WFT fecundity and egg hatch, and (3) assess the effect of the WFT lethal dose of UV-C on three WFT-prone ornamental plants. A UV-C dose is measured in Joules, which equals power (watts) × exposure time. A dose-dependent relationship between UV-C exposure and mortality of WFT larvae and adults was observed. At the doses of 0.98 and 0.68 J/cm2 (5 and 4 min exposure, respectively), 50% of the larvae died within 24 and 48 h, respectively. The UV-C dose needed to achieve 50% mortality was higher for adults than larvae, occurring at 5.2 and 4.4 J/cm2 (35 min and 25 min exposure, respectively) within 72 and 120 h, respectively. The number of eggs laid by surviving WFT subjected to UV-C treatment was less than by those that were untreated, and the egg-laying period was significantly shorter among those treated with UV-C. When leaves containing WFT eggs were exposed to UV-C doses known to cause 30–40% mortality in adults, 86–98% fewer eggs hatched compared to untreated controls. Ornamental plants exposed to UV-C doses lethal to eggs, second instars, and adult WFT either showed no damage, or when damage occurred, plants recovered within 14–30 days. Additional studies under controlled greenhouse conditions are needed to elucidate the effectiveness of UV-C radiance against WFT over time and its compatibility with biological control and other IPM practices.
{"title":"Effects of Ultraviolet-C Exposure on Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and ornamental plants","authors":"A. Davari, C. F. Sullivan, MS Rea, M. Skinner, Bruce L. Parker","doi":"10.3390/ijpb15020036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020036","url":null,"abstract":"Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (WFT), is one of the most destructive insect pests of vegetables and ornamental crops globally. Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) exposure has been shown to reduce populations of arthropod pests, including whiteflies and two-spotted spider mites, but has not been fully assessed for WFT. The goal of this study was to determine if UV-C radiance could be a viable strategy for inclusion in integrated pest management (IPM) programs for WFT. The objectives were to (1) assess the relationship among UV-C dose (irradiance × duration) and mortality of WFT adults and second instar larvae, (2) determine the effect of UV-C on WFT fecundity and egg hatch, and (3) assess the effect of the WFT lethal dose of UV-C on three WFT-prone ornamental plants. A UV-C dose is measured in Joules, which equals power (watts) × exposure time. A dose-dependent relationship between UV-C exposure and mortality of WFT larvae and adults was observed. At the doses of 0.98 and 0.68 J/cm2 (5 and 4 min exposure, respectively), 50% of the larvae died within 24 and 48 h, respectively. The UV-C dose needed to achieve 50% mortality was higher for adults than larvae, occurring at 5.2 and 4.4 J/cm2 (35 min and 25 min exposure, respectively) within 72 and 120 h, respectively. The number of eggs laid by surviving WFT subjected to UV-C treatment was less than by those that were untreated, and the egg-laying period was significantly shorter among those treated with UV-C. When leaves containing WFT eggs were exposed to UV-C doses known to cause 30–40% mortality in adults, 86–98% fewer eggs hatched compared to untreated controls. Ornamental plants exposed to UV-C doses lethal to eggs, second instars, and adult WFT either showed no damage, or when damage occurred, plants recovered within 14–30 days. Additional studies under controlled greenhouse conditions are needed to elucidate the effectiveness of UV-C radiance against WFT over time and its compatibility with biological control and other IPM practices.","PeriodicalId":38827,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Plant Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141373059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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