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Dealing with the Machine: Strategies of Pilots and Doctors Towards Technological Integration 与机器打交道:飞行员和医生的技术整合策略
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-12-01 DOI: 10.1177/02704676211065973
A. Ergur
As a global and profuse fact, all professions are more or less affected by the rapid penetration of technology in their domain of practice. As the technological capacity progresses, we observe a gradual replacement of human skills by machine-guided procedures. Although such a gradual passage undeniably reduces the human presence in the practice of a profession, the transfer seems not to be a linear process. It has rather a pivoting character, comprising a series of ambivalences and contradictions. Consequently, professionals tend to keep their already acquired knowledge and ability through education and practice, and instead submissively abandon their place to technological tools. From such a perspective, we discuss in this article the strategies of resistance adopted and developed by professionals for keeping their professional power. Among a variety of professions, we choose to focus on medicine and aviation, due to their two fundamental distinctive characteristics: Both have (1) a high degree of technological determination, and (2) accomplishing vital functions. For this purpose, we discuss the strategies of resistance towards technology by professionals, throughout data we gathered from some field research conducted with doctors and pilots.
作为一个全球性和广泛的事实,所有职业都或多或少地受到技术在其实践领域的迅速渗透的影响。随着技术能力的进步,我们观察到机器引导的程序逐渐取代了人类的技能。虽然这种渐进的过渡不可否认地减少了人类在职业实践中的存在,但这种转移似乎不是一个线性过程。它有一个相当重要的特点,包括一系列的矛盾和矛盾。因此,专业人员倾向于通过教育和实践来保持他们已经获得的知识和能力,而不是顺从地放弃他们的位置给技术工具。从这个角度出发,本文探讨了专业人士为保持专业权力而采取和发展的抵抗策略。在众多的职业中,我们选择了医学和航空,因为它们有两个基本的显著特征:它们都有(1)高度的技术决心,(2)完成重要的功能。为此,我们通过与医生和飞行员进行的一些实地研究收集的数据,讨论了专业人员抵制技术的策略。
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引用次数: 1
Children Climate Change Activism and Protests in Africa: Reflections and Lessons From Greta Thunberg 非洲儿童气候变化行动主义和抗议:格蕾塔·通伯格的反思和教训
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-26 DOI: 10.1177/02704676211049690
Kelvin Zhanda, M. Dzvimbo, Leonard Chitongo
This article is based on a distinctive study that seeks to analyse the nascent role of teenagers’ activism and protests for climate change action. With the increasing realisation of children's rights to participation, the past few years have marked the rise of the new dispensation of climate activism and protests in which teenagers have occupied the centre stage. We pay specific reference to Greta Thunberg, a Swedish child climate activist, in as much as she can set a framework upon which Africa can draw parallels, lessons and insights for climate activism and protests. Even though the context may be different, the paper attempts to inform vibrant climate action through activism by children and ultimately climate policies, laws and management for environmental sustainability in Africa. We engaged document review and thematic approaches, and it emerged that children climate activism and protests in Africa are not as vibrant as they should be given the prevalence of climate inaction across the continent. Therefore, there is much to learn from Thunberg by pushing national governments and regional organisations to increase the decision-making space of children in the fight against climate change.
本文基于一项独特的研究,旨在分析青少年在气候变化行动中的激进主义和抗议活动的新生作用。随着儿童参与权利的日益实现,过去几年标志着新的气候行动主义和抗议活动的兴起,其中青少年占据了中心舞台。我们特别提到瑞典儿童气候活动家格蕾塔·滕伯格(Greta Thunberg),因为她为非洲建立了一个框架,使非洲能够在气候行动主义和抗议活动中获得相似之处、经验教训和见解。尽管背景可能有所不同,但这篇论文试图通过儿童的积极行动,并最终为非洲环境可持续性的气候政策、法律和管理提供信息。我们采用了文件审查和专题方法,结果发现,鉴于整个非洲大陆普遍存在的气候不作为,非洲的儿童气候行动主义和抗议活动并没有像应有的那样活跃。因此,通过推动各国政府和区域组织在应对气候变化的斗争中增加儿童的决策空间,我们可以从滕伯格身上学到很多东西。
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引用次数: 5
Reexamining the Automobile’s Past: What Were the Critical Factors That Determined the Emergence of the Internal Combustion Engine as the Dominant Automotive Technology? 重新审视汽车的过去:决定内燃机作为主导汽车技术出现的关键因素是什么?
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/02704676211036334
C. Hadjilambrinos
At the end of the 19th-century three technologies had emerged as sources of motive power for the automobile: steam, internal combustion, and electric motors. In 1900, in the United States and around the world, each of these powered a roughly equal number of automobiles. Thus, the early period of automobile development offers fertile ground for the study of technological path choice. At that time, it appeared that the electric motor was poised to become the dominant automotive technology. However, the internal combustion engine achieved this status instead. Although a large number of studies have examined the history of the automobile with a view to determining the reasons for the emergence of the internal combustion engine as the dominant technology for the car engine (especially its choice over the electric motor), no consensus has emerged of what the critical factors were. A close reexamining of the history allows us to identify the years 1900-1904 as the period during which the automobile’s technological path was determined. A review of the conditions prevailing during this period and the stages of development of the sociotechnical systems in which each of the alternative automotive technologies was embedded helps us identify the aspiration for touring as the key factor fixing the path for the technological development of the automobile from that point on.
19世纪末,出现了三种技术作为汽车的动力来源:蒸汽、内燃机和电动机。1900年,在美国和世界各地,每辆车的动力大致相等。因此,汽车发展的早期为研究技术路径选择提供了肥沃的土壤。当时,电动机似乎即将成为主导的汽车技术。然而,内燃发动机实现了这种状态。尽管大量研究考察了汽车的历史,以确定内燃机成为汽车发动机主导技术的原因(尤其是它对电动机的选择),但对于关键因素是什么,还没有达成共识。仔细回顾历史,我们可以将1900-1904年确定为汽车技术路线的确定时期。回顾这一时期的普遍条件和社会技术系统的发展阶段,其中嵌入了每一种替代汽车技术,有助于我们确定对旅游的渴望是从那时起确定汽车技术发展道路的关键因素。
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引用次数: 3
Can Communities Produce Complex Technology? Looking Into Space for Insight 社区能产生复杂的技术吗?探索太空寻求洞察力
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/02704676211041900
Lucas Lemos, Chris Giotitsas
This article examines a community producing complex space technology. We attempt to highlight which aspects of the community’s activities can help democratize high-tech development while providing a context for similar cases involved in developing and manufacturing nonhigh-technological artefacts. We discuss how this has been made possible by using a technology-determined organizational approach based on the CubeSat open platform infrastructure, blending formal and hands-on education, open communication, specific recruitment and working practices, and a genuine passion for technology. We identify as critical enablers for community-based collaborative development of space technology the open-source architecture standard called CubeSat Design Specifications, the modularization of work in subsystems and between different organizations, and the open and participatory approach work tasks distribution and decision making. Moreover, we argue that the digital/informational aspect of this technology allows the community to implement organizational practices that resemble how open-source movements over the internet produce complex digital artefacts like Wikipedia or Linux. ESTCube can shed light on community-driven complex technology development, providing lessons on what a democratized version of high technology would resemble and how open and digitalized technology can help develop the capacities of a community.
本文考察了一个产生复杂空间技术的社区。我们试图强调社区活动的哪些方面可以帮助高科技发展民主化,同时为开发和制造非高科技文物的类似案例提供背景。我们讨论了如何通过使用基于CubeSat开放平台基础设施的技术决定的组织方法,将正式和实践教育、开放沟通、具体的招聘和工作实践以及对技术的真正热情相结合,实现这一点。我们认为,开源架构标准CubeSat设计规范、子系统和不同组织之间的工作模块化,以及开放和参与式的工作任务分配和决策方法,是基于社区的空间技术合作开发的关键推动者。此外,我们认为,这项技术的数字/信息方面允许社区实施组织实践,类似于互联网上的开源运动如何产生维基百科或Linux等复杂的数字人工制品。ESTCube可以揭示社区驱动的复杂技术发展,提供关于高科技民主化版本的经验教训,以及开放和数字化技术如何帮助发展社区的能力。
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引用次数: 0
“A Moment of Science, Please”: Activism, Community, and Humor at the March for Science “科学一刻,请”:科学游行中的行动主义、社区和幽默
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-09-27 DOI: 10.1177/02704676211042252
H. Riesch, Photini Vrikki, N. Stephens, Jamie Lewis, Olwenn V. Martin
In April 2017, scientists and science sympathizers held marches in the United Kingdom as part of a coordinated international March for Science movement that was held in over 600 cities worldwide. This article reports from participant-observation studies of the marches that took place in London and Cardiff. Supplemented with data from 37 interviews from marchers at the London event, the article reports on an analysis of the placards, focusing on marchers’ concerns and the language and images through which they expressed those concerns. How did the protesters articulate their concerns and objectives, and how were these articulations used to build a community? The placards did not represent a clear, focused, and unifying message; they instead illustrated disparate concerns ranging from human-induced climate change, Trump and “alternative facts,” and local UK specific political issues concerning the country’s exit from the European Union. Our analysis shows that placards gave a playful and whimsical character to the march, with slogans displaying significant amounts (and moments) of humor, often formulated through insider jokes, scientific puns, or self-deprecating appropriation of negative stereotypes about scientists. We analyze the march through the social movement literature and as a collective identity-building exercise for an (emergent) community of scientists and sympathizers with long-term aims of establishing a louder voice for scientists, and experts, in public discourse.
2017年4月,科学家和科学同情者在英国举行了游行,这是在全球600多个城市举行的国际科学游行的一部分。本文报道了参与者对伦敦和加的夫游行的观察研究。文章补充了伦敦活动中游行者37次采访的数据,报道了对标语牌的分析,重点关注游行者的担忧以及他们表达这些担忧的语言和图像。抗议者是如何表达他们的担忧和目标的,这些表达是如何用于建立一个社区的?这些标语牌并不代表一个明确、集中和统一的信息;相反,他们阐述了不同的担忧,从人类引发的气候变化、特朗普和“另类事实”,到英国退出欧盟的当地政治问题。我们的分析表明,标语牌给游行带来了一种有趣和异想天开的特点,标语显示了大量(和瞬间)的幽默,通常是通过内部笑话、科学双关语或对科学家负面刻板印象的自嘲挪用而形成的。我们分析了社会运动文献中的游行,并将其作为一个(新兴的)科学家和同情者群体的集体身份建设活动,其长期目标是在公共话语中为科学家和专家建立更大的声音。
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引用次数: 1
Determinants of Attitudes Toward the Scientific Community: Confidence in the Press as a Mediator of Political Party Affiliation 对科学界态度的决定因素:对新闻界作为政党关系中介的信心
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-05-27 DOI: 10.1177/02704676211019290
Bryan E. Denham
Drawing on 10 sets of data gathered in the General Social Survey between 2000 and 2018, this study examined whether confidence in the press mediated political party affiliation as a determinant of attitudes toward the scientific community. The study observed full mediation effects in three of five instances in which Republicans occupied the White House, with partial or no mediation observed at other points. Overall findings showed that males, White respondents, and those who had completed more years of school, as well as Democrats and those who indicated higher levels of confidence in the press, tended to report greater levels of confidence in the scientific community. The study discusses quantitative results in light of increased partisanship and derisive attacks on news media.
这项研究利用2000年至2018年社会综合调查中收集的10组数据,检验了对媒体的信心是否将政党关系作为对科学界态度的决定因素。该研究观察到,在共和党人占领白宫的五个案例中,有三个案例具有完全的调解效果,在其他案例中观察到部分或没有调解。总体调查结果显示,男性、白人受访者、完成更多学业的人,以及民主党人和对媒体表现出更高信心的人,往往对科学界表现出更大的信心。鉴于党派之争和对新闻媒体的嘲笑性攻击的增加,这项研究讨论了定量结果。
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引用次数: 1
Virtually Together: Developing a Local Social Network for Neighborhoods 虚拟在一起:为社区开发一个本地社交网络
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/02704676211009131
Maria Koletsi, Nikolaos Sfakianos, A. Papadopoulou, Dimitris Karras, Georgios Vagias, Konstantinos C Koskinas
The paper presents the main preliminary findings of GEITONIA research project (Growing and Enabling of Information Technologies for Online Neighborhoods: Implications and Applications). Focusing on the development of a local social network for neighborhoods of Nea Smyrni community in Attica (Greece), the main results of an exploratory mixed methods research study, are discussed. The local social network is a non-commercial social medium that operates as a mobile application. Residents of the local community will have the opportunity to use the application for a pilot period, create their virtual neighborhoods, interact with other neighbors, and expand local social ties in a continuum of physical and virtual spatialities. Moreover, taking into consideration residents’ perceptions, demands and visions, regarding a local social network for their neighborhoods, the research project aims to enhance the rule that sets the focus on the users, as co-creators and co-producers of communication technologies.
本文介绍了GEITONIA研究项目(在线社区信息技术的发展和实现:影响和应用)的主要初步发现。本文以希腊阿提卡Nea Smyrni社区社区社区的本地社交网络发展为重点,讨论了一项探索性混合方法研究的主要结果。本地社交网络是一种非商业社交媒体,以移动应用程序的形式运行。当地社区的居民将有机会在试点期间使用该应用程序,创建他们的虚拟社区,与其他邻居互动,并在物理和虚拟空间的连续体中扩展当地的社会联系。此外,考虑到居民对社区本地社交网络的感知、需求和愿景,该研究项目旨在加强将重点放在用户身上的规则,用户是通信技术的共同创造者和共同生产者。
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引用次数: 1
The Sharing Economy: Social Welfare in a Technologically Networked Economy 共享经济:技术网络经济中的社会福利
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/02704676211010723
M. Baranowski
This article attempts to descriptively characterize the impact of the sharing economy, using Uber as an example, on the social welfare of those people working via the app. For this purpose, the author proposes a theoretical concept of a technologically networked economy, which is a component of a broader heuristic model of a technologically networked reality. Furthermore, a critical review of the different approaches to the sharing economy and the diverse practices within it have been carried out. The results of the theoretical exploration of this increasingly popular phenomenon revealed parallels with the problems of nondigital labor markets in the field of the workforce. The clear separation of grassroots sharing practices from those in name only like Uber suggest that the latter do not realize social welfare more broadly than ordinary capitalist enterprises.
本文试图以Uber为例,描述共享经济对通过该应用程序工作的人的社会福利的影响。为此,作者提出了技术网络化经济的理论概念,这是技术网络化现实的更广泛的启发式模型的一个组成部分。此外,对共享经济的不同方法和其中的各种实践进行了批判性审查。对这一日益流行的现象进行理论探索的结果揭示了与劳动力领域非数字化劳动力市场问题的相似之处。草根共享实践与Uber等有名无实的共享实践的明显区别表明,后者并没有比普通资本主义企业更广泛地实现社会福利。
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引用次数: 8
Investigating the Relationship Between Electronic Literacy and Quality of Life of the Elderly in Arak, Iran 伊朗阿拉克地区老年人电子读写能力与生活质量的关系研究
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2021-02-01 DOI: 10.1177/02704676211007360
Kiyana Hatamnezhad, Peyman Ghafari Ashtiyani, F. Seyedi
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between digital literacy and the quality of life of the elderly in Arak. The research is a descriptive survey in terms of applied purpose and terms of method and nature. The statistical population of the present study included all the elderly in Arak who were at least 64 years and older; 376 participants were selected using the sampling method. Participants were assessed with the help of digital literacy and quality-of-life questionnaires. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance) were used using the SPSS-21 software. The results showed that all parameters of digital literacy had a direct and significant effect on the quality of life of the elderly. Among the quality-of-life parameters, the impact of the physical environment health was less than that of the others.
本研究旨在探讨数位素养与阿拉克地区老年人生活品质的关系。本研究在应用目的、方法和性质上都是描述性调查。本研究的统计人群包括阿拉克地区所有64岁及以上的老年人;采用抽样法抽取376名参与者。参与者通过数字素养和生活质量问卷进行评估。采用SPSS-21软件进行描述性统计(均值、标准差)和推理统计(协方差分析)。结果表明,数字素养的各项参数对老年人的生活质量有直接而显著的影响。在生活质量参数中,物理环境健康的影响小于其他参数。
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引用次数: 2
AMCAT Utility to Engineering and Computer Science Students 面向工程和计算机科学专业学生的AMCAT实用程序
Q2 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2020-10-01 DOI: 10.1177/02704676211003811
S. Zareena
Aspiring Minds Computer Adaptive Test (AMCAT) is a computer adaptive test used widely in India to assess the employability skill level of engineering students. Prefinal and final year students belonging to different streams take up this online test. The present study investigates the perception of students regarding the conduct of AMCAT. Furthermore, the study explores the benefits that they obtain through the test. The comparison is made among the students belonging to the two different streams, engineering and computer science. The conclusion drawn facilitates the readers to understand the utility of AMCAT.
Aspiring Minds计算机自适应测试(AMCAT)是一项在印度广泛使用的计算机自适应测试,用于评估工程专业学生的就业技能水平。来自不同专业的大一和大四学生参加了这个在线测试。本研究调查了学生对AMCAT行为的看法。此外,该研究还探讨了他们通过测试获得的好处。对工程和计算机科学这两个不同专业的学生进行了比较。得出的结论有助于读者理解AMCAT的效用。
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引用次数: 0
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Bulletin of Science, Technology and Society
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