Alexis M. Fillone, Nicanor R. Roxas, Cristela Goce-Dakila
This study attempts to relate the poverty problem in the Philippines using spatial accessibility measures. Spatial accessibility is the ease with which one could avail of the social services and economic opportunities laid in geographic space to the individual. Using the provinces of Eastern Samar and Siquijor Island as case studies, a Social Composite Index (SCI) value for the household was derived from the 13+1 CBMS core indicators of poverty, which represents the unmet needs of the household and which was then aggregated at the barangay level. The spatial accessibility values were estimated by measuring how each barangay, specifically households, would avail themselves of the social services (such as schools and hospitals) and economic opportunities in the town center or major economic centers. The ease or difficulty of availing these social services and economic opportunities was estimated using the time variable in order to relate accessibility to the poverty indicators in the barangay. Multiple regression models were developed to relate poverty indicators to spatial accessibility measures and then tested to determine their impact on poverty. The tests showed that expected improvements in accessibility of more elementary schools in Siquijor would redound to a higher SCI or lower poverty levels. The planned merger of hospitals in Eastern Samar, revealed a lower SCI or an increase in poverty levels. Clearly, therefore, the link between poverty and accessibility could be established using CBMS data, and more importantly, could be used to predict the impact of planned social infrastructures on poverty levels. Key Words: poverty; spatial accessibility; barangays; social composite index DOI: 10.3860/ber.v20i2.1913 DLSU Business & Economics Review 20.2 (2011), pp. 45-65
{"title":"The Geographic Profiling of Poverty and Accessibility: The Case of Two Provinces in the Philippines","authors":"Alexis M. Fillone, Nicanor R. Roxas, Cristela Goce-Dakila","doi":"10.3860/BER.V20I2.1913","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/BER.V20I2.1913","url":null,"abstract":"This study attempts to relate the poverty problem in the Philippines using spatial accessibility measures. Spatial accessibility is the ease with which one could avail of the social services and economic opportunities laid in geographic space to the individual. Using the provinces of Eastern Samar and Siquijor Island as case studies, a Social Composite Index (SCI) value for the household was derived from the 13+1 CBMS core indicators of poverty, which represents the unmet needs of the household and which was then aggregated at the barangay level. The spatial accessibility values were estimated by measuring how each barangay, specifically households, would avail themselves of the social services (such as schools and hospitals) and economic opportunities in the town center or major economic centers. The ease or difficulty of availing these social services and economic opportunities was estimated using the time variable in order to relate accessibility to the poverty indicators in the barangay. Multiple regression models were developed to relate poverty indicators to spatial accessibility measures and then tested to determine their impact on poverty. The tests showed that expected improvements in accessibility of more elementary schools in Siquijor would redound to a higher SCI or lower poverty levels. The planned merger of hospitals in Eastern Samar, revealed a lower SCI or an increase in poverty levels. Clearly, therefore, the link between poverty and accessibility could be established using CBMS data, and more importantly, could be used to predict the impact of planned social infrastructures on poverty levels. Key Words: poverty; spatial accessibility; barangays; social composite index DOI: 10.3860/ber.v20i2.1913 DLSU Business & Economics Review 20.2 (2011), pp. 45-65","PeriodicalId":38908,"journal":{"name":"DLSU Business and Economics Review","volume":"20 1","pages":"45-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70063630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study empirically examined the impact of capital market development on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1981-2008. The major tool we employed for empirical analysis is a multiple regression analysis model specified on the basis of hypothesized functional relationship between capital market development and economic growth. For capital market development indicators, we considered ratios of value of shares traded, market capitalization, gross capital formation and foreign private investment, to gross domestic product, as explanatory variables, while we used growth rate of gross domestic product as the dependent variable. We introduced an error correction term to capture the flexibility in adjustment to long-run equilibrium. We estimated the model via the ordinary least squares (OLS) techniques. Further, we evaluated the model using relevant statistics. The results showed that while market capitalization, gross capital formation, and foreign private investment individually exerted statistically significant impact on growth of the economy, value of shares traded exerted positive but statistically insignificant impact during the review period. However, the variables jointly exerted statistically significant impact on growth of the economy. In addition, the model exhibited a very high explanatory power and high flexibility in adjustment to long-run equilibrium. The variables time series were stationary at second difference, showed existence of long-run relationship between the two sets of variables, and exhibited stability for the study period. Based on the findings, the study recommended, among others, sustainable development of the capital market to enhance faster rates of capital accumulation for greater productivity gains and economic growth as well as the need to complement market development with real sector macroeconomic policy thrust like significant reduction in lending rates to stimulate investment and manufacturing activities in the real sector and translate capital market gains to real sector output growth. Keywords: Capital Market; Development; Economic Growth DOI: 10.3860/ber.v20i2.1915 DLSU Business & Economics Review 20.2 (2011), pp. 79-96
{"title":"Empirical Analysis of Impact of Capital Market Development on Nigeria’s Economic Growth (1981 – 2008) (Case Study: Nigerian Stock Exchange)","authors":"R. Obiakor, A. Okwu","doi":"10.3860/BER.V20I2.1915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/BER.V20I2.1915","url":null,"abstract":"This study empirically examined the impact of capital market development on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1981-2008. The major tool we employed for empirical analysis is a multiple regression analysis model specified on the basis of hypothesized functional relationship between capital market development and economic growth. For capital market development indicators, we considered ratios of value of shares traded, market capitalization, gross capital formation and foreign private investment, to gross domestic product, as explanatory variables, while we used growth rate of gross domestic product as the dependent variable. We introduced an error correction term to capture the flexibility in adjustment to long-run equilibrium. We estimated the model via the ordinary least squares (OLS) techniques. Further, we evaluated the model using relevant statistics. The results showed that while market capitalization, gross capital formation, and foreign private investment individually exerted statistically significant impact on growth of the economy, value of shares traded exerted positive but statistically insignificant impact during the review period. However, the variables jointly exerted statistically significant impact on growth of the economy. In addition, the model exhibited a very high explanatory power and high flexibility in adjustment to long-run equilibrium. The variables time series were stationary at second difference, showed existence of long-run relationship between the two sets of variables, and exhibited stability for the study period. Based on the findings, the study recommended, among others, sustainable development of the capital market to enhance faster rates of capital accumulation for greater productivity gains and economic growth as well as the need to complement market development with real sector macroeconomic policy thrust like significant reduction in lending rates to stimulate investment and manufacturing activities in the real sector and translate capital market gains to real sector output growth. Keywords: Capital Market; Development; Economic Growth DOI: 10.3860/ber.v20i2.1915 DLSU Business & Economics Review 20.2 (2011), pp. 79-96","PeriodicalId":38908,"journal":{"name":"DLSU Business and Economics Review","volume":"20 1","pages":"79-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70063733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The series of accounting scandals have intensified pressure from stakeholders and regulators on the audit committees to do the jobs for which they are hired. Though most companies have audit committees, their role has been limited due to the lack of expertise and time. An active audit committee is important because it indicate the commitment to the issues of interest because of the reports it release about the activities undertaken during the financial year and the efforts made to ensure adequate internal control. Audit committees must be given the role to approve and review audit fees, thus neutralizing the bias of management influence on the negotiations with the auditors. Of equal importance, auditor independence can be safeguarded if audit committees were composed of a majority of independent and non-executive directors and this might indicate that their independent status would contribute to auditor independence through bridging communication networks and neutralizing any conflict between the management and the auditor. Audit committee can go a long way in enhancing the credibility of the financial disclosures of a company and promoting transparency. Thus, it is essential for the Indian companies to accept and continue with the reforms that are demarcated by the challenges of the new millennium. Keywords: audit committee; corporate governance; internal auditors; statutory auditors DOI: 10.3860/ber.v20i2.1914 DLSU Business & Economics Review 20.2 (2011), pp. 67-78
{"title":"Audit Committee Observation/Recommendations Versus Practices as a Compliance of Corporate Governance in India","authors":"D. Chatterjee","doi":"10.3860/BER.V20I2.1914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/BER.V20I2.1914","url":null,"abstract":"The series of accounting scandals have intensified pressure from stakeholders and regulators on the audit committees to do the jobs for which they are hired. Though most companies have audit committees, their role has been limited due to the lack of expertise and time. An active audit committee is important because it indicate the commitment to the issues of interest because of the reports it release about the activities undertaken during the financial year and the efforts made to ensure adequate internal control. Audit committees must be given the role to approve and review audit fees, thus neutralizing the bias of management influence on the negotiations with the auditors. Of equal importance, auditor independence can be safeguarded if audit committees were composed of a majority of independent and non-executive directors and this might indicate that their independent status would contribute to auditor independence through bridging communication networks and neutralizing any conflict between the management and the auditor. Audit committee can go a long way in enhancing the credibility of the financial disclosures of a company and promoting transparency. Thus, it is essential for the Indian companies to accept and continue with the reforms that are demarcated by the challenges of the new millennium. Keywords: audit committee; corporate governance; internal auditors; statutory auditors DOI: 10.3860/ber.v20i2.1914 DLSU Business & Economics Review 20.2 (2011), pp. 67-78","PeriodicalId":38908,"journal":{"name":"DLSU Business and Economics Review","volume":"20 1","pages":"67-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70063669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Quality of Work Life (QWL) is a multi-faceted concept, having multi-dimensional constructs brought about by the variation of interest of the researchers and/or its users. The issue of QWL has become critical due to the increasing demands of today’s business environment and of the family structure. This gave rise to an increased interest in QWL not only in business but also for many professions and fields. Determining QWL always involves the interplay between and among the worker, job content, and job context. Furthermore, the determination of the extent of QWL in an organization is a perceptual undertaking. As such, QWL is greatly influenced by the personal characteristics of those who determine it. Measuring the extent by which QWL in an organization is usually done through the level of satisfaction employees experience using a given set of variables that are appropriate and useful in their situation.
{"title":"Quality of Work Life: A Review of Literature","authors":"Maynard Riveral Bagtasos","doi":"10.3860/BER.V20I2.1909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/BER.V20I2.1909","url":null,"abstract":"The Quality of Work Life (QWL) is a multi-faceted concept, having multi-dimensional constructs brought about by the variation of interest of the researchers and/or its users. The issue of QWL has become critical due to the increasing demands of today’s business environment and of the family structure. This gave rise to an increased interest in QWL not only in business but also for many professions and fields. Determining QWL always involves the interplay between and among the worker, job content, and job context. Furthermore, the determination of the extent of QWL in an organization is a perceptual undertaking. As such, QWL is greatly influenced by the personal characteristics of those who determine it. Measuring the extent by which QWL in an organization is usually done through the level of satisfaction employees experience using a given set of variables that are appropriate and useful in their situation.","PeriodicalId":38908,"journal":{"name":"DLSU Business and Economics Review","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70063932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study identified correlates of poverty for Pasay City and Mogpog, Marinduque representing an urban and a rural area in the Philippines, respectively, by utilizing the 2005 census data from its Community-Based Monitoring System. Regression models with the arcsine of the square root of barangay level poverty incidence as dependent variable were investigated which allowed the identification of the correlates of poverty at the barangay level. Results showed that the significant correlates of barangay poverty incidence were average household size, proportion of households whose housing units/lot are not owned and proportion of households who own telephone/cellphone. Furthermore, lower poverty incidences were observed in barangays located in an urban area.
{"title":"Correlates of Poverty: Evidence from the Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS) Data","authors":"R. Arcilla, Frumencio F. Co, Shirlee R. Ocampo","doi":"10.3860/BER.V20I2.1912","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/BER.V20I2.1912","url":null,"abstract":"This study identified correlates of poverty for Pasay City and Mogpog, Marinduque representing an urban and a rural area in the Philippines, respectively, by utilizing the 2005 census data from its Community-Based Monitoring System. Regression models with the arcsine of the square root of barangay level poverty incidence as dependent variable were investigated which allowed the identification of the correlates of poverty at the barangay level. Results showed that the significant correlates of barangay poverty incidence were average household size, proportion of households whose housing units/lot are not owned and proportion of households who own telephone/cellphone. Furthermore, lower poverty incidences were observed in barangays located in an urban area.","PeriodicalId":38908,"journal":{"name":"DLSU Business and Economics Review","volume":"20 1","pages":"33-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70063569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Philippines committed itself to the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDG), one of which is the universal access to primary education by 2015. To address the goal, supply factors and demand factors must be considered. Supply factors refer to the ability of the government to provide resources to finance elementary education. Demand factors refer to the variables affecting household’s decision to demand educational services such as income, education cost, and demographic characteristics of the households: age structure and family characteristics. This study explored the extent to which household income and household head employment status influence elementary school participation rate among urban and rural households. Based on household data, it was empirically verified that the magnitude of household income does not significantly affect school participation. Although household income has a very small impact on school participation, it must not be ignored because of the probability that households will use the additional income received to augment the insufficiency of basic sustenance that can aid in increasing school participation. Another important result of the study is the varying and positive impact of the employment status on school participation in Pasay and Eastern Samar respectively. School participation can be guaranteed if the household head is employed. This dictum does hold true in Pasay City and Eastern Samar evidencing that parent’s employment status plays an important role in the school participation of children as suggested in the literature. Keywords: employment status; human capital theory; millennium development goals on education; school participation DOI: 10.3860/ber.v20i2.1911 DLSU Business & Economics Review 20.2 (2011), pp. 23-31
{"title":"The Role of Income and Employment on School Participation Rate in Pasay City and Eastern Samar","authors":"Tereso S. Tullao, J. P. Rivera","doi":"10.3860/BER.V20I2.1911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/BER.V20I2.1911","url":null,"abstract":"The Philippines committed itself to the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDG), one of which is the universal access to primary education by 2015. To address the goal, supply factors and demand factors must be considered. Supply factors refer to the ability of the government to provide resources to finance elementary education. Demand factors refer to the variables affecting household’s decision to demand educational services such as income, education cost, and demographic characteristics of the households: age structure and family characteristics. This study explored the extent to which household income and household head employment status influence elementary school participation rate among urban and rural households. Based on household data, it was empirically verified that the magnitude of household income does not significantly affect school participation. Although household income has a very small impact on school participation, it must not be ignored because of the probability that households will use the additional income received to augment the insufficiency of basic sustenance that can aid in increasing school participation. Another important result of the study is the varying and positive impact of the employment status on school participation in Pasay and Eastern Samar respectively. School participation can be guaranteed if the household head is employed. This dictum does hold true in Pasay City and Eastern Samar evidencing that parent’s employment status plays an important role in the school participation of children as suggested in the literature. Keywords: employment status; human capital theory; millennium development goals on education; school participation DOI: 10.3860/ber.v20i2.1911 DLSU Business & Economics Review 20.2 (2011), pp. 23-31","PeriodicalId":38908,"journal":{"name":"DLSU Business and Economics Review","volume":"20 1","pages":"23-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70063524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 A general global trend up to the 1980's has been for nations to rely substantially on external loans and aids for economic sustenance and technological development. This is particularly true for less developed countries (LDC). Unfortunately for these LDCs, their debts have gone beyond the countries' capacity to repay. The debts have, for many such developing countries, been on a perpetual geometrical increase. Such countries have ended up with a debt overhang, with its detrimental impacts on the countries' economic growth and social development. This research note gives a treatise on the theoretical framework of a debt overhang, and a critical review of the challenges, implications, and impacts of a debt overhang on a nation's development and economic growth.
{"title":"Nigeria’s Debt Overhang (1960-2005): A Critical Revisit","authors":"Solomon A. Adebola","doi":"10.3860/BER.V19I2.1475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/BER.V19I2.1475","url":null,"abstract":"Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 A general global trend up to the 1980's has been for nations to rely substantially on external loans and aids for economic sustenance and technological development. This is particularly true for less developed countries (LDC). Unfortunately for these LDCs, their debts have gone beyond the countries' capacity to repay. The debts have, for many such developing countries, been on a perpetual geometrical increase. Such countries have ended up with a debt overhang, with its detrimental impacts on the countries' economic growth and social development. This research note gives a treatise on the theoretical framework of a debt overhang, and a critical review of the challenges, implications, and impacts of a debt overhang on a nation's development and economic growth.","PeriodicalId":38908,"journal":{"name":"DLSU Business and Economics Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70063347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 This study aimed to determine if the SPV Act was actually responsible for the marked decline in NPL ratios this past four years. Using aggregated data for the entire Philippine Banking System, segregated according to type of bank, results suggest that the SPV Act was not responsible for the decline in the NPL ratios but may be attributed to a downward trend in the loan to asset ratio where values are getting closer to the interval for which NPL ratios are at a minimum, economic sluggishness as measured by deviations from the long run trend of macroeconomic variables, and seasonal patterns in macroeconomic variables coinciding with fluctuations in NPL ratios.
{"title":"Is the Special Purpose Vehicles Act Responsible for the Decline in NPL Ratios","authors":"Stephanie L. Chan","doi":"10.3860/BER.V19I2.1469","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/BER.V19I2.1469","url":null,"abstract":"Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 This study aimed to determine if the SPV Act was actually responsible for the marked decline in NPL ratios this past four years. Using aggregated data for the entire Philippine Banking System, segregated according to type of bank, results suggest that the SPV Act was not responsible for the decline in the NPL ratios but may be attributed to a downward trend in the loan to asset ratio where values are getting closer to the interval for which NPL ratios are at a minimum, economic sluggishness as measured by deviations from the long run trend of macroeconomic variables, and seasonal patterns in macroeconomic variables coinciding with fluctuations in NPL ratios.","PeriodicalId":38908,"journal":{"name":"DLSU Business and Economics Review","volume":"204 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70063056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 This study used the multiple case study research approach and presents a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in entrepreneurship styles among second, third and fourth generation overseas Chinese and Filipinos in the Philippines. Specifically, it aimed to compare the entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial characteristics, leadership styles, and value orientation. The results indicate that the two groups are heterogeneous even though they operate business in the same country. However, slowly, the influence of Filipino culture is seen in the fourth generation overseas Chinese. The study hopes to provide new generation of entrepreneurs insights on entrepreneurial styles that need to change to cope with the fast-paced economy brought about by globalization, and traditional styles they can still adopt to capitalize on their rich cultural and ethnic background.
{"title":"A Comparative Analysis of the Entrepreneurial Styles of Second, Third, and Fourth Generation Overseas Chinese and Filipinos in the Philippines","authors":"Gerley Q Po","doi":"10.3860/BER.V19I2.1470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3860/BER.V19I2.1470","url":null,"abstract":"Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 This study used the multiple case study research approach and presents a comparative analysis of the similarities and differences in entrepreneurship styles among second, third and fourth generation overseas Chinese and Filipinos in the Philippines. Specifically, it aimed to compare the entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial characteristics, leadership styles, and value orientation. The results indicate that the two groups are heterogeneous even though they operate business in the same country. However, slowly, the influence of Filipino culture is seen in the fourth generation overseas Chinese. The study hopes to provide new generation of entrepreneurs insights on entrepreneurial styles that need to change to cope with the fast-paced economy brought about by globalization, and traditional styles they can still adopt to capitalize on their rich cultural and ethnic background.","PeriodicalId":38908,"journal":{"name":"DLSU Business and Economics Review","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70063064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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