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Grassroots Organizations and Women’s Empowerment in a Post-Conflict Region: Evidence from Women Organizations in Northern Uganda 冲突后地区的基层组织和妇女赋权:乌干达北部妇女组织的证据
Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.1515/jgd-2022-0062
This paper examines the effects of participation in women’s grassroot organizations (WGOs) on women’s empowerment. The analysis is based on cross-sectional survey data from northern Uganda. We study multiple dimensions of empowerment including economic and health care decisions, attitudes towards domestic violence, decision-making over functionings, political and civic participation, personal agency, and leadership. The empirical results suggest no significant effect of WGO membership, participation or satisfaction on empowerment. We argue that these findings raise new questions about why women join WGOs in post-conflict contexts and what the mechanics of individual and collective empowerment are.
本文探讨了参与妇女基层组织(WGOs)对妇女赋权的影响。分析基于乌干达北部的横截面调查数据。我们研究了赋权的多个维度,包括经济和医疗保健决策、对家庭暴力的态度、职能决策、政治和公民参与、个人代理和领导力。实证结果表明,WGO 的成员资格、参与度或满意度对赋权没有显著影响。我们认为,这些研究结果提出了新的问题,即在冲突后环境中,妇女为何要加入妇女非政府组织,以及个人和集体赋权的机制是什么。
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引用次数: 0
Income Inequality and External Wealth of Nations 收入不平等与国家外部财富
Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-03-15 DOI: 10.1515/jgd-2023-0042
We study the relationship between income inequality and external wealth using dynamic panel data models with 5-years average observations to consider the slow motion of available data in the case of 88 emerging and developing economies for the period 1970–2020. We find evidence of a significant positive association between inequality indicators and net external wealth. This relationship is statistically significant for all income inequality measures and net external wealth variables. If the Top 1 of the richest individuals in a given country increments their share by 1 % point this will produce an average same-year increment in net foreign assets of 0.45 % in terms of the country’s GDP. The long-run effect is more than double in magnitude (1.05 % of GDP). For the Top 10, the long-run effect increases tenfold (11.6 % of GDP). When disaggregated into foreign assets and liabilities, we find a heterogeneous behavior of the financial elites. These findings reveal that financialized elites have a greater propensity to accumulate external wealth than the rest of the population.
我们使用动态面板数据模型研究了收入不平等与外部财富之间的关系,模型采用 5 年平均观测值,以考虑到 1970-2020 年间 88 个新兴和发展中经济体可用数据的缓慢变化。我们发现,不平等指标与外部净财富之间存在显著的正相关关系。对于所有收入不平等指标和外部净财富变量,这种关系在统计上都是显著的。如果某个国家最富有的前 1 名个人所占份额增加 1%,那么按该国国内生产总值计算,其对外净资产将在同一年平均增加 0.45%。长期影响的幅度则超过一倍(占国内生产总值的 1.05%)。对于排名前 10 的国家,长期效应增加了 10 倍(占国内生产总值的 11.6%)。如果按照国外资产和负债进行分类,我们会发现金融精英的行为具有异质性。这些发现表明,与其他人群相比,金融化精英更倾向于积累外部财富。
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引用次数: 1
Trade Liberalization and Gender Inequality in India: A Task Content of Occupations Approach 印度的贸易自由化与性别不平等:职业任务内容法
Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.1515/jgd-2023-0006
Abstract This paper considers the differential impact of input and output tariff liberalization on gender outcomes in India’s labour markets. It is the first to distinguish between occupational categories based on their task content to analyse these effects. Recent evidence suggests that trade induced competition and technological upgradation can reduce gender-employment and gender-wage gaps in labour markets. This paper identifies the occupational categories most affected by these competition and technology adoption effects of trade liberalization. It finds that competition effects of output tariff liberalization increases employment of female workers in routine occupations – both manual and cognitive – and reduces gender-employment gaps in routine manual occupations. On the other hand, input tariff liberalization worsens gender-employment gaps in routine manual occupations. The effect of input tariff liberalization on female workers in routine cognitive occupations, however, is to increase cohort-level employment, and there is some evidence that it increases cohort-level average wages for female workers and reduces the gender-wage gap in non-routine cognitive occupations.
摘要 本文探讨了投入和产出关税自由化对印度劳动力市场性别结果的不同影响。本文首次根据任务内容区分职业类别,以分析这些影响。最近的证据表明,贸易引发的竞争和技术升级可以缩小劳动力市场中的性别-就业和性别-工资差距。本文确定了受贸易自由化的竞争和技术采用效应影响最大的职业类别。它发现,产出关税自由化的竞争效应增加了常规职业(包括体力和认知职业)中女工的就业,并缩小了常规体力职业中的性别就业差距。另一方面,投入品关税自由化则加剧了常规体力职业的性别就业差距。然而,投入品关税自由化对从事常规认知职业的女工的影响是增加了组群层面的就业,而且有一些证据表明,它提高了女工组群层面的平均工资,缩小了非常规认知职业的性别工资差距。
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引用次数: 0
Capital Account Liberalization, Structural Change, and Female Employment 资本账户自由化、结构变化与女性就业
Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-11-21 DOI: 10.1515/jgd-2023-0004
Abstract This paper studies the effects of capital account liberalization on female employment and its implications for structural change in developing countries. Using a large industry-level panel of 88 low and low-middle-income countries, we provide evidence that episodes of financial liberalization lead to large declines in female employment in tradable sectors. These declines are driven primarily by structural reallocation effects between sectors, although we also find modest changes in the gender composition of employment within sectors, depending on the sample definition. Based on this evidence, we build a stylized model of a small open economy with tradable and nontradable sectors featuring occupational segregation across genders. We use this framework to study the impact of capital inflows and the female wage penalty on female employment in tradables and the real exchange rate. Our model also implies that when the female burden of non-market home production is sufficiently large, capital inflows will disproportionately hurt female employment relative to male employment.
摘要 本文研究了资本账户自由化对女性就业的影响及其对发展中国家结构变革的影响。利用 88 个低收入和中低收入国家的大型行业级面板,我们提供了金融自由化导致可贸易部门女性就业大幅下降的证据。这些下降主要是由部门间的结构性重新分配效应驱动的,尽管我们也发现部门内就业的性别构成发生了适度变化,这取决于样本的定义。基于这些证据,我们建立了一个小型开放经济的风格化模型,该模型包含可贸易部门和非贸易部门,其特点是不同性别之间的职业隔离。我们利用这一框架来研究资本流入和女性工资惩罚对女性在可贸易部门就业和实际汇率的影响。我们的模型还意味着,当女性在非市场性家庭生产中的负担足够大时,资本流入将对女性就业造成相对于男性就业不成比例的损害。
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引用次数: 0
The Gendered Effects of Globalization: Recent Evidence from Developing Countries 全球化的性别效应:来自发展中国家的最新证据
Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-11-09 DOI: 10.1515/jgd-2023-0088
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引用次数: 0
Trade Boomers: Evidence from the Commodities-for-Manufactures Boom in Brazil 贸易潮一代:来自巴西“商品换制造业”热潮的证据
Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-11-07 DOI: 10.1515/jgd-2023-0013
Abstract China’s growing prominence as a trade superpower has placed competitive pressure on manufacturing industries in Brazil, while simultaneously bolstering demand for its commodities. I investigate the effects of this so-called manufactures-for-commodities boom on Brazilian birth outcomes from 2000 to 2010. Exploiting exogenous variation in patterns of trade growth with China across different regions within Brazil, I find that both import and export growth led to higher birth weights for babies, and lower infant mortality rates. I also find that negative import shocks reduced fertility rates across all age groups for women, suggesting that selectivity in births induced by negative income shocks, combined with concentration of household resources on the children that are born led to better infant health outcomes. Additional evidence is consistent with income effects playing a role in explaining the results, while ruling out better provision of healthcare and changes to household composition as mechanisms. I also explore changes in trade-induced pollution levels and social assistance programs as a potential mechanism. The findings indicate that increased import and export growth can improve infant health, highlighting another potential benefit from trade liberalization.
中国作为贸易超级大国的地位日益突出,给巴西制造业带来了竞争压力,同时也提振了对巴西大宗商品的需求。我调查了2000年至2010年所谓的“制造业换大宗商品”热潮对巴西出生结果的影响。利用巴西不同地区与中国贸易增长模式的外生变化,我发现进出口增长都会导致婴儿出生体重增加,婴儿死亡率降低。我还发现,负进口冲击降低了所有年龄组妇女的生育率,这表明,负收入冲击导致的生育选择性,加上家庭资源集中在出生的孩子身上,导致了更好的婴儿健康结果。其他证据表明,收入效应在解释这一结果方面发挥了作用,同时排除了更好地提供医疗保健和改变家庭构成的机制。我还探讨了贸易引起的污染水平变化和社会援助计划作为潜在机制。研究结果表明,进出口增长的增加可以改善婴儿健康,突出了贸易自由化的另一个潜在好处。
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引用次数: 0
What Predicts the Growth of Small Firms? Evidence from Tanzanian Commercial Loan Data 什么预测小企业的增长?坦桑尼亚商业贷款数据的证据
Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-09-27 DOI: 10.1515/jgd-2023-0005
Mia Ellis, Cynthia Kinnan, Margaret McMillan, Sarah Shaukat
Abstract Not all firms have equal capacity to absorb productive credit. Identifying those with higher potential may have large consequences for productivity. We collect detailed survey data on small- and medium-sized Tanzanian firms who borrow from a large commercial bank, which in turn raises funds via international capital markets. Using machine learning methods to identify predictors of loan growth, we document, first, that we achieve high rates of predictive power. Second, “soft” information (entrepreneurs’ motivations for entrepreneurship and constraints faced) has predictive power over and above administrative data (sector, age, etc.). Third, there is a different and larger set of predictors for women than men, consistent with greater barriers to efficient capital allocation among female entrepreneurs.
并非所有企业都具有同等的吸收生产性信贷的能力。识别出那些更有潜力的人可能会对生产力产生很大的影响。我们收集了坦桑尼亚中小型企业的详细调查数据,这些企业从大型商业银行借款,进而通过国际资本市场筹集资金。使用机器学习方法来识别贷款增长的预测因素,我们首先证明了我们实现了高预测能力。其次,“软”信息(企业家的创业动机和面临的约束)比行政数据(行业、年龄等)具有更强的预测能力。第三,与男性相比,女性有一套不同的、更多的预测指标,这与女性企业家在有效配置资本方面面临的更大障碍是一致的。
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引用次数: 0
Extended Total Temporomandibular Joint Replacement - A Feasible Option for Functional and Aesthetic Reconstruction of Mandibular Defects Involving the Temporomandibular Joint. 扩展全颞下颌关节置换术-颞下颌关节缺损功能和美学重建的可行选择。
IF 0.8 Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-09-01 Epub Date: 2022-05-14 DOI: 10.1177/19433875221094971

Study design: Retrospective case series. Objective: Alloplastic temporomandibular joint replacement has been established as a standard technique for end- stage temporomandibular (TMJ) pathologies. Joint replacement when there are extensive mandibular defects remains a challenging clinical problem. Custom-made extended temporomandibular joint replacement is a feasible option but there is limited information about this emerging technique. Methods: Included were all patients undergoing extended TMJ-replacements (TMJe), all operatrions were carried out by the senior author. Surgical technique was either single stage or two stage protocol. Surgical details and pitfalls and outcome of more than 2 years follow-up with reference to thirteen including twelve patients were recorded. Results: The most common diagnosis was ameloblastoma of the mandibular ramus. Single stage or two stagge regime were carried out depending on resection requirements and involvement of teeth. Improved mouth opening of more than 30mm was achieved in 10 of 12 patients. One patient with previous TMJ replacement reported temporary weakness of the facial nerve, which resolved after 10 months. Conclusions: The authors suggest a simplified anatomically based single-stage or two-stage regime, with both regimes achieved excellent anatomic reconstruction, facial appearance and function with low surgical morbidity. Custom-made extended temporomandibular joint protheses appear an advanced and reliable solution for reconstruction of combined complex mandibular defects including the temporomandibular joint. If surgical clearance of the pathology can be achieved, a single-stage regime is favoured.

研究设计:回顾性病例系列。目的:同种异体颞下颌关节置换术已被确立为治疗终末期颞下颌关节病变的标准技术。下颌骨大面积缺损的关节置换术仍然是一个具有挑战性的临床问题。定制的扩展颞下颌关节置换术是一种可行的选择,但关于这种新兴技术的信息有限。方法:纳入所有行延伸性颞下颌关节置换术(TMJe)的患者,所有手术均由资深作者进行。手术技术为单阶段或两阶段方案。我们记录了13例(其中12例)患者2年以上随访的手术细节、陷阱和结果。结果:下颌支成釉细胞瘤最常见。单阶段或两阶段的方案进行取决于切除的要求和累及的牙齿。在12例患者中,有10例患者的口腔开口改善超过30mm。一名患者曾做过颞下颌关节置换术,报告面神经暂时无力,10个月后消退。结论:作者建议一种简化的基于解剖的单期或两期方案,两种方案都能获得良好的解剖重建,面部外观和功能,手术发病率低。定制的扩展颞下颌关节假体是包括颞下颌关节在内的复合复杂下颌缺损重建的先进可靠的解决方案。如果手术清除病理可以实现,单阶段方案是有利的。
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引用次数: 0
When Women’s Work Disappears: Marriage and Fertility Decisions in Peru 当妇女的工作消失:秘鲁的婚姻和生育决定
Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-08-17 DOI: 10.1515/jgd-2023-0012
Hani Mansour, Pamela Medina, Andrea Velásquez
Abstract This paper studies the gendered labor market and demographic effects of trade liberalization in Peru. To identify these effects, we use variation in the exposure of local labor markets to import competition from China based on their baseline industrial composition. On average, the increase in Chinese imports during 1998–2008 led to a persistent decline in the employment share of low-educated female workers but had smaller and transitory effects on the employment of low-educated men. In contrast to the predictions of Becker’s model of household specialization, we find that the increase in import competition during this period increased the share of single low-educated people and decreased their marriage rates. There is little evidence that import competition affected fertility decisions. The results highlight the role of gains from joint consumption in marriage formation.
摘要本文研究了秘鲁性别劳动力市场和贸易自由化对人口的影响。为了确定这些影响,我们根据当地劳动力市场的基线产业构成,使用了当地劳动力市场对来自中国的进口竞争敞口的变化。平均而言,1998-2008年期间中国进口的增加导致低学历女性工人就业份额持续下降,但对低学历男性就业的影响较小且短暂。与贝克尔家庭专业化模型的预测相反,我们发现这一时期进口竞争的增加增加了单身低学历人群的比例,降低了他们的结婚率。几乎没有证据表明进口竞争影响了生育决策。研究结果强调了共同消费的收益在婚姻形成中的作用。
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引用次数: 0
International Trade, Labor Flexibilization, and Wage Inequality: The Colombian Manufacturing Case 国际贸易、劳动力弹性化和工资不平等:哥伦比亚制造业案例
Q3 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.1515/jgd-2022-0017
Abstract This article delivers empirical evidence for the Colombian manufacturing sectors (during 1993–2012 and the subperiod 2000–2012) regarding the relationship between trade integration after the openness policy and the sector skill intensity over the skill premia, which depends on the Skill Biased Technical Change. We find that international trade reduces the positive sector skill intensity effect on wage inequality, moderately benefiting unskilled workers; however, a negative impact of the 1990 labor flexibilization on the skill premia, which increased the hiring of less expensive temporary and agency workers. Furthermore, the positive sector skill intensity impact on wage inequality is more important for trade with less developed countries than with the developed ones.
本文以哥伦比亚制造业为研究对象(1993-2012年和2000-2012年),分析了开放政策后贸易一体化与行业技能强度与技能溢价之间的关系,这取决于技能偏向性技术变革。我们发现,国际贸易降低了部门技能强度对工资不平等的正向影响,对非熟练工人有一定的好处;然而,1990年劳动灵活性对技能溢价的负面影响,这增加了雇用较便宜的临时工和代理工人。此外,在与欠发达国家的贸易中,部门技能强度对工资不平等的积极影响比与发达国家的贸易更为重要。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Globalization and Development
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