Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1080/17528631.2018.1559789
E. Chacko
ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the ethno-national and racial identities adopted by and assigned to 1.5 and 2nd generation African immigrants and the transnational connections of this group using a focus group discussion and 30 semi-structured interviews with full-time undergraduates enrolled at universities in the Washington Metropolitan Area. Belonging was critical in framing identity for this group over the life course. An early emphasis on ethno-national African identity gave way over time to identities that more closely aligned with the realities of the second generation. During college this group sought out African-based traditions and cultures, fusing these with American sensibilities to reflect their complex and hybrid identities. Transnational connections with Africa were expressed through Afrocentric music, fashion, art and dance rather than physical movements to the continent. Students considered themselves powerful future change agents, who through transnational activities could improve the image of Africa and help in the development of their ancestral homelands.
{"title":"Fitting In and standing out: identity and transnationalism among second-generation African immigrants in the United States","authors":"E. Chacko","doi":"10.1080/17528631.2018.1559789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2018.1559789","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper analyzes the ethno-national and racial identities adopted by and assigned to 1.5 and 2nd generation African immigrants and the transnational connections of this group using a focus group discussion and 30 semi-structured interviews with full-time undergraduates enrolled at universities in the Washington Metropolitan Area. Belonging was critical in framing identity for this group over the life course. An early emphasis on ethno-national African identity gave way over time to identities that more closely aligned with the realities of the second generation. During college this group sought out African-based traditions and cultures, fusing these with American sensibilities to reflect their complex and hybrid identities. Transnational connections with Africa were expressed through Afrocentric music, fashion, art and dance rather than physical movements to the continent. Students considered themselves powerful future change agents, who through transnational activities could improve the image of Africa and help in the development of their ancestral homelands.","PeriodicalId":39013,"journal":{"name":"African and Black Diaspora","volume":"12 1","pages":"228 - 242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17528631.2018.1559789","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43899714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1080/17528631.2018.1559791
Kassahun Kebede
ABSTRACT The New African Diaspora’s second generation in the United States is large and growing, yet it is one of the least studied immigrant groups. The purpose of this special issue is to bring together recent work by immigration researchers on the identity negotiations and transnational engagements of the children of first-generation African immigrants. Second generation Africans, who create hybrid identities at the intersection of their ethnic/national origins and the racial categories of U.S. society, often contest (and sometimes embrace), being boxed into embracing a Black identity that is the product of specific African American histories, values, and experiences not shared by recent African immigrants. Contributors examine these issues, as well as the occurrence, distinctive nature of, and motivations for second-generation economic and cultural participation in transnational activities. The collection by key immigration scholars represents a groundbreaking contribution to the nascent discussion of the New African Diaspora’s second generation.
{"title":"The African second generation in the United States – identity and transnationalism: an introduction","authors":"Kassahun Kebede","doi":"10.1080/17528631.2018.1559791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2018.1559791","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The New African Diaspora’s second generation in the United States is large and growing, yet it is one of the least studied immigrant groups. The purpose of this special issue is to bring together recent work by immigration researchers on the identity negotiations and transnational engagements of the children of first-generation African immigrants. Second generation Africans, who create hybrid identities at the intersection of their ethnic/national origins and the racial categories of U.S. society, often contest (and sometimes embrace), being boxed into embracing a Black identity that is the product of specific African American histories, values, and experiences not shared by recent African immigrants. Contributors examine these issues, as well as the occurrence, distinctive nature of, and motivations for second-generation economic and cultural participation in transnational activities. The collection by key immigration scholars represents a groundbreaking contribution to the nascent discussion of the New African Diaspora’s second generation.","PeriodicalId":39013,"journal":{"name":"African and Black Diaspora","volume":"12 1","pages":"119 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17528631.2018.1559791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44153686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-27DOI: 10.1080/17528631.2018.1559790
Onoso Imoagene
ABSTRACT This article examines second generation Nigerian adults’ attitudes to affirmative action and whether black immigrants and their children should be beneficiaries of the policy to gauge their panethnic levels and notions of linked fate with African Americans. I find evidence of panethnic developments based on shared racial status and experiences of discrimination. However, this panethnic identity exists alongside emerging class based affinities with middle class Black Americans.
{"title":"Gauging panethnicity: affirmative action, African Americans, and children of black immigrants","authors":"Onoso Imoagene","doi":"10.1080/17528631.2018.1559790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2018.1559790","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines second generation Nigerian adults’ attitudes to affirmative action and whether black immigrants and their children should be beneficiaries of the policy to gauge their panethnic levels and notions of linked fate with African Americans. I find evidence of panethnic developments based on shared racial status and experiences of discrimination. However, this panethnic identity exists alongside emerging class based affinities with middle class Black Americans.","PeriodicalId":39013,"journal":{"name":"African and Black Diaspora","volume":"12 1","pages":"156 - 170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17528631.2018.1559790","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47540296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.1080/17528631.2018.1541959
Lamonte Aidoo
ABSTRACT This article examines three cases of infanticide committed by slave women in the Americas – Margaret Garner (1856) of Ohio, Ignácia (1868) of Paraná, Brazil, and Justina (1878) of Rio de Janeiro. The article argues that each woman sought to dislodge their own as well as their children's place in what I term slavery's ‘genealogy of horror’, making the act of killing their children into an expression of black female agency, love, and insurgence against slavery. The cases of Justina and Ignácia's, I argue, provide a counternarrative to the myth of Brazil's genteel and harmonious slavery, propagated throughout the nineteenth century, by exposing the violence and desperation in which slave women and their progeny lived. In the second half of the article, I examine how cases of infanticide were depicted and used in the nineteenth-century abolitionist poetry of Brazilian poet Castro Alves and noted African American writer Frances Harper.
{"title":"Genealogies of horror: three stories of slave-women, motherhood, and murder in the Americas","authors":"Lamonte Aidoo","doi":"10.1080/17528631.2018.1541959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2018.1541959","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines three cases of infanticide committed by slave women in the Americas – Margaret Garner (1856) of Ohio, Ignácia (1868) of Paraná, Brazil, and Justina (1878) of Rio de Janeiro. The article argues that each woman sought to dislodge their own as well as their children's place in what I term slavery's ‘genealogy of horror’, making the act of killing their children into an expression of black female agency, love, and insurgence against slavery. The cases of Justina and Ignácia's, I argue, provide a counternarrative to the myth of Brazil's genteel and harmonious slavery, propagated throughout the nineteenth century, by exposing the violence and desperation in which slave women and their progeny lived. In the second half of the article, I examine how cases of infanticide were depicted and used in the nineteenth-century abolitionist poetry of Brazilian poet Castro Alves and noted African American writer Frances Harper.","PeriodicalId":39013,"journal":{"name":"African and Black Diaspora","volume":"13 1","pages":"40 - 53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17528631.2018.1541959","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45706091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-13DOI: 10.1080/17528631.2018.1541958
Mandisi Majavu
ABSTRACT This article explores and theorizes anti-Black racist discourses that shape the ways in which the Australian media and other mainstream Australian institutions talk about and view Black Africans. It argues that the long-standing racist trope of synonymizing Blackness with criminality is widespread in Australia. Thus, among other things, this paper theorizes the Australian media narrative of ‘African gangs’ who are supposedly causing havoc in the State of Victoria, Australia. It argues that the January 2018 media reporting about the so-called ‘African gangs’ is a good example that illustrates how the long-standing racist trope of conflating Blackness with criminality is employed in Australia. The discussion is framed within a Black/African Diaspora theoretical framework that allows this study to conceptualize and connect the lived experiences of Black people globally.
{"title":"The ‘African gangs’ narrative: associating Blackness with criminality and other anti-Black racist tropes in Australia","authors":"Mandisi Majavu","doi":"10.1080/17528631.2018.1541958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2018.1541958","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores and theorizes anti-Black racist discourses that shape the ways in which the Australian media and other mainstream Australian institutions talk about and view Black Africans. It argues that the long-standing racist trope of synonymizing Blackness with criminality is widespread in Australia. Thus, among other things, this paper theorizes the Australian media narrative of ‘African gangs’ who are supposedly causing havoc in the State of Victoria, Australia. It argues that the January 2018 media reporting about the so-called ‘African gangs’ is a good example that illustrates how the long-standing racist trope of conflating Blackness with criminality is employed in Australia. The discussion is framed within a Black/African Diaspora theoretical framework that allows this study to conceptualize and connect the lived experiences of Black people globally.","PeriodicalId":39013,"journal":{"name":"African and Black Diaspora","volume":"13 1","pages":"27 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17528631.2018.1541958","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44720400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-25DOI: 10.1080/17528631.2018.1537592
Benedetta Morsiani
ABSTRACT This article examines embodied representation of race, ethnicity, and gender, questioning ideas of cultural appropriation. Using the London-based Congolese transnational fashion brand Kiyana Wraps as a case study, the article addresses how young Congolese designers re-invent their cultural heritage to conceive the label stylisation and construct meanings of Blackness/Africanness. The article also explores the brand’s social spaces, where the headwrap ritual is used by different actors to perform hybrid identities. In addition, wearing the headwrap reveals symbolic metaphors of empowerment, through which intertwined ‘feminist’ and ‘feminine’ identities are evoked. The paper examines how Congolese women are creatively taking inspiration from the environment of London to produce innovative fashion trajectories as lived socio-cultural experiences. It argues how the headwrap ritual signifies an aesthetic and material process through which specific racial and ethnic boundaries are transcended, fabricating transcultural body spaces which encompass individuals with diverse cultural backgrounds.
{"title":"Transcultural body spaces: re-inventing and performing headwrap practice among young Congolese women in London","authors":"Benedetta Morsiani","doi":"10.1080/17528631.2018.1537592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2018.1537592","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article examines embodied representation of race, ethnicity, and gender, questioning ideas of cultural appropriation. Using the London-based Congolese transnational fashion brand Kiyana Wraps as a case study, the article addresses how young Congolese designers re-invent their cultural heritage to conceive the label stylisation and construct meanings of Blackness/Africanness. The article also explores the brand’s social spaces, where the headwrap ritual is used by different actors to perform hybrid identities. In addition, wearing the headwrap reveals symbolic metaphors of empowerment, through which intertwined ‘feminist’ and ‘feminine’ identities are evoked. The paper examines how Congolese women are creatively taking inspiration from the environment of London to produce innovative fashion trajectories as lived socio-cultural experiences. It argues how the headwrap ritual signifies an aesthetic and material process through which specific racial and ethnic boundaries are transcended, fabricating transcultural body spaces which encompass individuals with diverse cultural backgrounds.","PeriodicalId":39013,"journal":{"name":"African and Black Diaspora","volume":"13 1","pages":"15 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17528631.2018.1537592","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48330185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-20DOI: 10.1080/17528631.2018.1519896
S. Clarke
ABSTRACT This paper considers Partha Chatterjee’s [1993. The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press] theory of anti-colonial nationalism – itself a response to Benedict Anderson [(1983) 2006. Imagined Communities. Reprint, London: Verso] – to understand how migrants from Barbados and their children construct their national identities in postcolonial Britain. Using interviews with first-, second- and third-generation Barbadian-Britons, it aims to determine what it means to be Barbadian, fifty years since independence, and how this identity has developed in the long shadow of colonialism and the more recent era of sovereignty. Guided by Chatterjee’s framework of spiritual and material nationalism, the findings locate Barbadian nationalism in the dynamic spiritual domain of family, racial consciousness and culture, unaffected by British aesthetic and institutions that have endured since the island’s occupation. How is this identity constructed within the borders of the former colonial power? This research locates the Caribbean within these competing discourses of nationalism, particularly nationalism as it responds and adapts to migration.
{"title":"The (un)making of Bimshire and the Black Englishman: Barbadian nationalism in post-colonial Britain","authors":"S. Clarke","doi":"10.1080/17528631.2018.1519896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2018.1519896","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper considers Partha Chatterjee’s [1993. The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press] theory of anti-colonial nationalism – itself a response to Benedict Anderson [(1983) 2006. Imagined Communities. Reprint, London: Verso] – to understand how migrants from Barbados and their children construct their national identities in postcolonial Britain. Using interviews with first-, second- and third-generation Barbadian-Britons, it aims to determine what it means to be Barbadian, fifty years since independence, and how this identity has developed in the long shadow of colonialism and the more recent era of sovereignty. Guided by Chatterjee’s framework of spiritual and material nationalism, the findings locate Barbadian nationalism in the dynamic spiritual domain of family, racial consciousness and culture, unaffected by British aesthetic and institutions that have endured since the island’s occupation. How is this identity constructed within the borders of the former colonial power? This research locates the Caribbean within these competing discourses of nationalism, particularly nationalism as it responds and adapts to migration.","PeriodicalId":39013,"journal":{"name":"African and Black Diaspora","volume":"12 1","pages":"64 - 76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17528631.2018.1519896","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43862401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-12DOI: 10.1080/17528631.2018.1519894
Haseenah Ebrahim
ABSTRACT This article explores the significant role played by arcane knowledge and expressions of African spirituality in the iconography of powerful black women in three films directed by independent African-American filmmakers in the 1990s: Sankofa (Haile Gerima, 1993, USA), Mother of the River (Zeinabu irene Davis, 1995, USA), and Eve’s Bayou (Kasi Lemmons, 1997, USA). My discussion draws on the orature and legendary tales of West African-based cosmologies in the African diasporas of the Americas and the concept (and practice) of ‘conjure’ in African–American cultures. It argues that heroic black women characters possessing extraordinary or supernatural powers not only predate the current vogue of cinematic superheroism, but that the iconography of such ‘science-women’ is embedded in culturally specific, African-rooted cosmological, epistemological and spiritual contexts. I argue that the feminine power celebrated in the films by the independent African-American filmmakers discussed here draw on legendary and historical accounts of women in African diasporic oral, literary and spiritual traditions for their cinematic storytelling to construct an affirmative and paradigmatic model of black female heroism based on empowering African spiritual beliefs and arcane knowledge.
{"title":"Science-women: arcane knowledge and African spirituality in independent African-American cinema of the 1990s","authors":"Haseenah Ebrahim","doi":"10.1080/17528631.2018.1519894","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2018.1519894","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article explores the significant role played by arcane knowledge and expressions of African spirituality in the iconography of powerful black women in three films directed by independent African-American filmmakers in the 1990s: Sankofa (Haile Gerima, 1993, USA), Mother of the River (Zeinabu irene Davis, 1995, USA), and Eve’s Bayou (Kasi Lemmons, 1997, USA). My discussion draws on the orature and legendary tales of West African-based cosmologies in the African diasporas of the Americas and the concept (and practice) of ‘conjure’ in African–American cultures. It argues that heroic black women characters possessing extraordinary or supernatural powers not only predate the current vogue of cinematic superheroism, but that the iconography of such ‘science-women’ is embedded in culturally specific, African-rooted cosmological, epistemological and spiritual contexts. I argue that the feminine power celebrated in the films by the independent African-American filmmakers discussed here draw on legendary and historical accounts of women in African diasporic oral, literary and spiritual traditions for their cinematic storytelling to construct an affirmative and paradigmatic model of black female heroism based on empowering African spiritual beliefs and arcane knowledge.","PeriodicalId":39013,"journal":{"name":"African and Black Diaspora","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17528631.2018.1519894","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43440450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17528631.2018.1516276
Hager Weslati
ABSTRACT In his essay film, The Stuart Hall Project, Akomfrah resumes his exploration of the multi-layered screen approach to political aesthetics, offering a complex portrait of his subject’s abiding concern with social inequality, tracking its manifestations in the ‘conjugated cultural realities’ of colonialism, post-colonialism and neo-colonialism down to its vanishing point in the ‘neo-liberal problem space’ of present-day Britain. Paying close attention to the use of associative editing, Vertovian color montage, and contrapuntal rhythmicity, this paper highlights the film’s critical take on the coalescence of multicultural drift, the slow moving glacier of feminism, and the paradigm of the diaspora into three-layered screens through which positional politics is redefined within the framework of Présence Africaine and the larger trajectory of contemporary African and diasporan artists, intellectuals, and activists.
{"title":"Unaccented beat: positional politics and the enigma of visibility in The Stuart Hall Project","authors":"Hager Weslati","doi":"10.1080/17528631.2018.1516276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2018.1516276","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In his essay film, The Stuart Hall Project, Akomfrah resumes his exploration of the multi-layered screen approach to political aesthetics, offering a complex portrait of his subject’s abiding concern with social inequality, tracking its manifestations in the ‘conjugated cultural realities’ of colonialism, post-colonialism and neo-colonialism down to its vanishing point in the ‘neo-liberal problem space’ of present-day Britain. Paying close attention to the use of associative editing, Vertovian color montage, and contrapuntal rhythmicity, this paper highlights the film’s critical take on the coalescence of multicultural drift, the slow moving glacier of feminism, and the paradigm of the diaspora into three-layered screens through which positional politics is redefined within the framework of Présence Africaine and the larger trajectory of contemporary African and diasporan artists, intellectuals, and activists.","PeriodicalId":39013,"journal":{"name":"African and Black Diaspora","volume":"11 1","pages":"293 - 308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17528631.2018.1516276","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47934528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-02DOI: 10.1080/17528631.2018.1505192
F. Demissie, Sandra Jackson
{"title":"SPECIAL ISSUE: Hybridizing and decolonizing the metropole: Stuart Hall, Caribbean routes and diasporic identity","authors":"F. Demissie, Sandra Jackson","doi":"10.1080/17528631.2018.1505192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17528631.2018.1505192","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39013,"journal":{"name":"African and Black Diaspora","volume":"11 1","pages":"229 - 231"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/17528631.2018.1505192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49231015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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