Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.1017/9789048551811.006
Mona Chettri
Abstract Sikkim in north-eastern India is a small border state strategically located between China, Nepal and Bhutan. Two decades of state-led investment in infrastructural development and private investment in hydropower and pharmaceutical industries has transformed Sikkim from a remote border state to a de-facto Special Economic Zone (SEZ) where incursions by private capital are masked under state-led development policies. The profusion of pharmaceutical factories and the concomitant corporate land grabs have led to the recalibration of peoples relations with land and the creation of a new layer of rural poor. The paper focuses on Setipool slum, east Sikkim located near two pharmaceutical factories to demonstrate the ways corporate land grabs have altered the relationships between people, land and the state in expected and unexpected ways. Ambiguous land rights and the establishment of pharmaceutical factories have led to spatially contained land booms in Setipool which replicate nexuses of illegality, claim-making and exclusions that are characteristic of corporate land grabs. Land grabs and different forms of intimate exclusions that have emerged within the slum challenge prior assumptions around local responses to corporate incursions and illustrates how even without dispossession, commodification of land can lead to different forms of access and exclusions.
{"title":"From Shangri-La to De facto SEZ: Land Grabs from “Below” in Sikkim, India","authors":"Mona Chettri","doi":"10.1017/9789048551811.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9789048551811.006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Sikkim in north-eastern India is a small border state strategically located between China, Nepal and Bhutan. Two decades of state-led investment in infrastructural development and private investment in hydropower and pharmaceutical industries has transformed Sikkim from a remote border state to a de-facto Special Economic Zone (SEZ) where incursions by private capital are masked under state-led development policies. The profusion of pharmaceutical factories and the concomitant corporate land grabs have led to the recalibration of peoples relations with land and the creation of a new layer of rural poor. The paper focuses on Setipool slum, east Sikkim located near two pharmaceutical factories to demonstrate the ways corporate land grabs have altered the relationships between people, land and the state in expected and unexpected ways. Ambiguous land rights and the establishment of pharmaceutical factories have led to spatially contained land booms in Setipool which replicate nexuses of illegality, claim-making and exclusions that are characteristic of corporate land grabs. Land grabs and different forms of intimate exclusions that have emerged within the slum challenge prior assumptions around local responses to corporate incursions and illustrates how even without dispossession, commodification of land can lead to different forms of access and exclusions.","PeriodicalId":391083,"journal":{"name":"Development Zones in Asian Borderlands","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127209698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.1017/9789048551811.007
P. Meehan, Sai Aung Hla, Sai Kham Phu
How are development zones ‘made’ in conflict-affected borderlands? Addressing this question, this chapter explores the transformation of the Myanmar-China border town of Muse since 1988. Despite ongoing armed conflict in northern Myanmar, Muse has become the country’s most important border development zone and today handles more than 80% of licit overland Myanmar-China trade. It is also a key border hub in China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Policy narratives typically claim that borderland development and regional economic integration offer an antidote to violence, criminality, and illegal practices. This chapter challenges these narratives. It demonstrates how longstanding forms of informal public authority and illegality have become deeply embedded in the technologies of governance that have underpinned Muse’s rise.
{"title":"Development Zones in Conflict-Affected Borderlands: The Case of Muse, Northern Shan State, Myanmar","authors":"P. Meehan, Sai Aung Hla, Sai Kham Phu","doi":"10.1017/9789048551811.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9789048551811.007","url":null,"abstract":"How are development zones ‘made’ in conflict-affected borderlands? Addressing this question, this chapter explores the transformation of the Myanmar-China border town of Muse since 1988. Despite ongoing armed conflict in northern Myanmar, Muse has become the country’s most important border development zone and today handles more than 80% of licit overland Myanmar-China trade. It is also a key border hub in China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Policy narratives typically claim that borderland development and regional economic integration offer an antidote to violence, criminality, and illegal practices. This chapter challenges these narratives. It demonstrates how longstanding forms of informal public authority and illegality have become deeply embedded in the technologies of governance that have underpinned Muse’s rise.","PeriodicalId":391083,"journal":{"name":"Development Zones in Asian Borderlands","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116862778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.1017/9789048551811.002
Galen Murton
Economic activity is central to development zones and represents a core dynamic from which a host of other relationships radiate outwards. While economic logics consistently motivate and produce the development of such zones, the resultant activities are always much more than economic. That is, the development of development zones also sets in motion new configurations of political power and socio-spatial domination. Following this line of thinking, this chapter examines the proliferating development of new import-export dry ports in the Nepal-China borderlands to understand how geopolitical relationships are grounded, localised, and reconfigured through infrastructural projects. Taking Nepal’s post-disaster development landscape as both a point of departure and site of inquiry, I show that the making of development zones in post-disaster environments accomplishes interrelated objectives of state-led territorialisation and economic expansion across a range of social and spatial scales.
{"title":"Post-disaster Development Zones and Dry Ports as Geopolitical Infrastructures in Nepal","authors":"Galen Murton","doi":"10.1017/9789048551811.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/9789048551811.002","url":null,"abstract":"Economic activity is central to development zones and represents a core\u0000 dynamic from which a host of other relationships radiate outwards. While\u0000 economic logics consistently motivate and produce the development of\u0000 such zones, the resultant activities are always much more than economic.\u0000 That is, the development of development zones also sets in motion new\u0000 configurations of political power and socio-spatial domination. Following\u0000 this line of thinking, this chapter examines the proliferating development\u0000 of new import-export dry ports in the Nepal-China borderlands to\u0000 understand how geopolitical relationships are grounded, localised, and\u0000 reconfigured through infrastructural projects. Taking Nepal’s post-disaster\u0000 development landscape as both a point of departure and site of inquiry, I\u0000 show that the making of development zones in post-disaster environments\u0000 accomplishes interrelated objectives of state-led territorialisation and\u0000 economic expansion across a range of social and spatial scales.","PeriodicalId":391083,"journal":{"name":"Development Zones in Asian Borderlands","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131674460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5117/9789463726238_ch07
Duncan McDuie‐Ra
Imphal, the capital city of Manipur, was one of 100 cities awarded bids in India’s Smart Cities Mission (SCM). The extension of the SCM to the borderland is an extension of zone-logic, enrolling the recalcitrant frontier into economic networks that cross India. Through a reading of Imphal’s smart city bid and implementation strategy, this chapter makes three main arguments. First, unlike zone-making projects in other parts of Asia where local elites, brokers, and/or local governments doggedly pursue the granting of zones, the extension of the SCM to Imphal has been driven more by obligation than desire. Second, the idea of an “open city” is counter to the lived reality of surveillance, checkpoints, and limits on mobility and assembly that characterise life in the city. Third, Imphal’s meagre bid and lack of preparedness is barely relevant to the smart city award, as the geopolitical imperatives outweigh all other factors.
{"title":"Smart Enclaves in the Borderland","authors":"Duncan McDuie‐Ra","doi":"10.5117/9789463726238_ch07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463726238_ch07","url":null,"abstract":"Imphal, the capital city of Manipur, was one of 100 cities awarded bids\u0000 in India’s Smart Cities Mission (SCM). The extension of the SCM to the\u0000 borderland is an extension of zone-logic, enrolling the recalcitrant frontier\u0000 into economic networks that cross India. Through a reading of Imphal’s\u0000 smart city bid and implementation strategy, this chapter makes three\u0000 main arguments. First, unlike zone-making projects in other parts of Asia\u0000 where local elites, brokers, and/or local governments doggedly pursue the\u0000 granting of zones, the extension of the SCM to Imphal has been driven\u0000 more by obligation than desire. Second, the idea of an “open city” is counter\u0000 to the lived reality of surveillance, checkpoints, and limits on mobility\u0000 and assembly that characterise life in the city. Third, Imphal’s meagre\u0000 bid and lack of preparedness is barely relevant to the smart city award,\u0000 as the geopolitical imperatives outweigh all other factors.","PeriodicalId":391083,"journal":{"name":"Development Zones in Asian Borderlands","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134412032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5117/9789463726238_ch06
P. Meehan, Sai Aung Hla, Sai Kham Phu
How are development zones “made” in conflict-affected borderlands? Addressing this question, this chapter explores the transformation of the Myanmar-China border town of Muse since 1988. Despite ongoing armed conflict in northern Myanmar, Muse has become the country’s most important border development zone and today handles more than 80% of licit overland Myanmar-China trade. It is also a key border hub in China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Policy narratives typically claim that borderland development and regional economic integration offer an antidote to violence, criminality, and illegal practices. This chapter challenges these narratives. It demonstrates how long-standing forms of informal public authority and illegality have become deeply embedded in the technologies of governance that have underpinned Muse’s rise.
{"title":"Development Zones in Conflict-Affected Borderlands","authors":"P. Meehan, Sai Aung Hla, Sai Kham Phu","doi":"10.5117/9789463726238_ch06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463726238_ch06","url":null,"abstract":"How are development zones “made” in conflict-affected borderlands?\u0000 Addressing this question, this chapter explores the transformation of\u0000 the Myanmar-China border town of Muse since 1988. Despite ongoing\u0000 armed conflict in northern Myanmar, Muse has become the country’s\u0000 most important border development zone and today handles more than\u0000 80% of licit overland Myanmar-China trade. It is also a key border hub\u0000 in China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Policy narratives typically claim\u0000 that borderland development and regional economic integration offer\u0000 an antidote to violence, criminality, and illegal practices. This chapter\u0000 challenges these narratives. It demonstrates how long-standing forms of\u0000 informal public authority and illegality have become deeply embedded\u0000 in the technologies of governance that have underpinned Muse’s rise.","PeriodicalId":391083,"journal":{"name":"Development Zones in Asian Borderlands","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115611447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5117/9789463726238_ch10
A. Rippa
The Boten SEZ at the China-Laos border is undergoing major development as part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Its story goes back to 2007 when Boten opened as a land concession for a Chinese hotel-casino complex. Yet crime and mismanagement led to its abrupt closure in 2011, when most people left. This chapter is based on research in Boten in 2015-2017, between the zone’s first failure and its current boom. After introducing the history of Boten I show how “waiting” for development became an embodied trope for those living in the SEZ throughout this period. Secondly, I engage with the notion of “suspension” as an analytical device to address development zones in the context of China’s global ambitions.
{"title":"From Boom to Bust – to Boom Again?","authors":"A. Rippa","doi":"10.5117/9789463726238_ch10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463726238_ch10","url":null,"abstract":"The Boten SEZ at the China-Laos border is undergoing major development\u0000 as part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Its story goes back to\u0000 2007 when Boten opened as a land concession for a Chinese hotel-casino\u0000 complex. Yet crime and mismanagement led to its abrupt closure in 2011,\u0000 when most people left. This chapter is based on research in Boten in\u0000 2015-2017, between the zone’s first failure and its current boom. After\u0000 introducing the history of Boten I show how “waiting” for development\u0000 became an embodied trope for those living in the SEZ throughout this\u0000 period. Secondly, I engage with the notion of “suspension” as an analytical\u0000 device to address development zones in the context of China’s global\u0000 ambitions.","PeriodicalId":391083,"journal":{"name":"Development Zones in Asian Borderlands","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128953084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5117/9789463726238_ch04
J. Cons
This chapter interrogates an emergent genre of development zone in the India-Bangladesh borderlands that seek to instil resilience in climatevulnerable populations. Unlike development zones framed in relation to development as economic growth, these zones venture a darker vision of life in a warming world – one where portable technologies become necessary for managing a future of climate chaos. I propose, following Foucault, understanding these projects as heterodystopias: spaces managed as and in anticipation of a world of dystopian climate crisis that are at once, stages for future interventions and present-day spectacles of climate security. Heterodystopia provides an analytic for diagnosing the visions of time, space, and development embedded in these and other securitised framings of the future.
{"title":"Thinking the Zone","authors":"J. Cons","doi":"10.5117/9789463726238_ch04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463726238_ch04","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter interrogates an emergent genre of development zone in the\u0000 India-Bangladesh borderlands that seek to instil resilience in climatevulnerable\u0000 populations. Unlike development zones framed in relation to\u0000 development as economic growth, these zones venture a darker vision\u0000 of life in a warming world – one where portable technologies become\u0000 necessary for managing a future of climate chaos. I propose, following\u0000 Foucault, understanding these projects as heterodystopias: spaces managed\u0000 as and in anticipation of a world of dystopian climate crisis that\u0000 are at once, stages for future interventions and present-day spectacles\u0000 of climate security. Heterodystopia provides an analytic for diagnosing\u0000 the visions of time, space, and development embedded in these and other\u0000 securitised framings of the future.","PeriodicalId":391083,"journal":{"name":"Development Zones in Asian Borderlands","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116996515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5117/9789463726238_ch05
Mona Chettri
Sikkim in north-eastern India is a small border state strategically located between China, Nepal, and Bhutan. Two decades of state-led investment in infrastructural development and private investment in hydropower and pharmaceutical industries has transformed Sikkim from a remote border state to a de facto Special Economic Zone (SEZ) where incursions by private capital are masked under state-led development policies. The chapter focuses on Setipool slum, east Sikkim, located near two pharmaceutical factories, to demonstrate how ambiguous land rights and the establishment of pharmaceutical factories have led to spatially contained land booms which replicate nexuses of illegality, claim-making, and exclusions that are characteristic of corporate land grabs. The paper illustrates (i) the liminal origins of development zones, (ii) the networks and, sometimes, unforeseen socio-spatial impacts within and outside development zones, and (iii) the different forms of intimate exclusions that challenge prior assumptions around local responses to corporate incursions.
{"title":"From Shangri-La to De facto SEZ","authors":"Mona Chettri","doi":"10.5117/9789463726238_ch05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463726238_ch05","url":null,"abstract":"Sikkim in north-eastern India is a small border state strategically located\u0000 between China, Nepal, and Bhutan. Two decades of state-led investment\u0000 in infrastructural development and private investment in hydropower and\u0000 pharmaceutical industries has transformed Sikkim from a remote border\u0000 state to a de facto Special Economic Zone (SEZ) where incursions by private\u0000 capital are masked under state-led development policies. The chapter\u0000 focuses on Setipool slum, east Sikkim, located near two pharmaceutical\u0000 factories, to demonstrate how ambiguous land rights and the establishment\u0000 of pharmaceutical factories have led to spatially contained land\u0000 booms which replicate nexuses of illegality, claim-making, and exclusions\u0000 that are characteristic of corporate land grabs. The paper illustrates (i) the\u0000 liminal origins of development zones, (ii) the networks and, sometimes,\u0000 unforeseen socio-spatial impacts within and outside development zones,\u0000 and (iii) the different forms of intimate exclusions that challenge prior\u0000 assumptions around local responses to corporate incursions.","PeriodicalId":391083,"journal":{"name":"Development Zones in Asian Borderlands","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129780442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5117/9789463726238_ch03
J. Zhang
This chapter offers a reflection on the speculative ways in which global casino hotels become new zones of development in many Asian destinations. As ultra-modern integrated resorts developed to boost tourism and foreign direct investment, these casino and entertainment enclaves carve out exceptional spaces in search of profit and legitimacy. Looking at casino establishments in Asia’s special economic zones, this chapter examines the development of casino zones as a strategy for progress in places still marred by underdevelopment. New casino zones create novel forms of territorialisation and responsibilisation, enabling differentiated biopolitics of control.
{"title":"Casinos as Special Zones","authors":"J. Zhang","doi":"10.5117/9789463726238_ch03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463726238_ch03","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter offers a reflection on the speculative ways in which global\u0000 casino hotels become new zones of development in many Asian destinations.\u0000 As ultra-modern integrated resorts developed to boost tourism\u0000 and foreign direct investment, these casino and entertainment enclaves\u0000 carve out exceptional spaces in search of profit and legitimacy. Looking\u0000 at casino establishments in Asia’s special economic zones, this chapter\u0000 examines the development of casino zones as a strategy for progress in\u0000 places still marred by underdevelopment. New casino zones create novel\u0000 forms of territorialisation and responsibilisation, enabling differentiated\u0000 biopolitics of control.","PeriodicalId":391083,"journal":{"name":"Development Zones in Asian Borderlands","volume":"207 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114303060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1900-01-01DOI: 10.5117/9789463726238_ch08
Nadine Plachta
This chapter is concerned with the making of development zones in Nepal’s northern borderlands. Focusing on the shifting economic geographies of traders and businessmen, I demonstrate that the current revival of border markets and informal economies is inseparable from the combined processes of state restructuring and infrastructural reconstruction that ensued after the 2015 earthquakes devastated large parts of the country. I seek to develop the category of “informal development zones” to attend to the ways in which state power is enacted to control and discipline the margins in the post-disaster moment, while also foregrounding how rural inhabitants engage with, resist, or support the formalities of state laws and regulations. Looking closely at local narratives of social differences and insecurities, I show how people navigate the complex space between competition and choice to carve out investment strategies and entrepreneurial opportunities. Informal development zones are transforming life in borderlands and offer an urgent reminder of the uncertain and uneven outcomes of market economies following moments of rupture.
{"title":"Post-Disaster Economies at the Margins","authors":"Nadine Plachta","doi":"10.5117/9789463726238_ch08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463726238_ch08","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter is concerned with the making of development zones in Nepal’s\u0000 northern borderlands. Focusing on the shifting economic geographies of\u0000 traders and businessmen, I demonstrate that the current revival of border\u0000 markets and informal economies is inseparable from the combined processes\u0000 of state restructuring and infrastructural reconstruction that ensued after the\u0000 2015 earthquakes devastated large parts of the country. I seek to develop the\u0000 category of “informal development zones” to attend to the ways in which state\u0000 power is enacted to control and discipline the margins in the post-disaster moment,\u0000 while also foregrounding how rural inhabitants engage with, resist, or\u0000 support the formalities of state laws and regulations. Looking closely at local\u0000 narratives of social differences and insecurities, I show how people navigate\u0000 the complex space between competition and choice to carve out investment\u0000 strategies and entrepreneurial opportunities. Informal development zones are\u0000 transforming life in borderlands and offer an urgent reminder of the uncertain\u0000 and uneven outcomes of market economies following moments of rupture.","PeriodicalId":391083,"journal":{"name":"Development Zones in Asian Borderlands","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126181287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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