Pub Date : 2022-02-18DOI: 10.1093/leobaeck/ybac002
David Jünger, Anna Ullrich
{"title":"Correction to: Introduction. German-Jewish Agency in Times of Crisis, 1914–1938","authors":"David Jünger, Anna Ullrich","doi":"10.1093/leobaeck/ybac002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/ybac002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":391272,"journal":{"name":"The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126418482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-11DOI: 10.1093/leobaeck/ybab011
Dorothea M. Salzer
Children’s literature, conceptualized as a means of enculturation, is a vehicle for transmitting a society’s or community’s shared values, and is designed to mould children’s behaviour according to what is thought appropriate. As such, it is a powerful cultural agent and consequently a valuable source in the historical study of emotions. This article sets out to explore what can be gained from looking at literature designed for the religious education of Jewish children as sources that shed light on the role of emotions in the process of religious modernization in Judaism. Based on the assumption that feelings are to be viewed as a form of knowledge which is transmitted, acquired, and acted out in specific cultural contexts, several criteria for analysing the verbalization, representation, and use of emotions in Jewish children’s literature are outlined by focusing on the subgenre of Jewish children’s bibles. This analysis allows us to explore how emotions unfolded in educational literature, and how they became an integral and transformative part of religious knowledge, self-assertion, (re)definition, and identity formation at a time of tremendous change for Judaism.
{"title":"The School of Bourgeois Religion: Jewish Children, Emotions, and the Hebrew Bible","authors":"Dorothea M. Salzer","doi":"10.1093/leobaeck/ybab011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/ybab011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Children’s literature, conceptualized as a means of enculturation, is a vehicle for transmitting a society’s or community’s shared values, and is designed to mould children’s behaviour according to what is thought appropriate. As such, it is a powerful cultural agent and consequently a valuable source in the historical study of emotions. This article sets out to explore what can be gained from looking at literature designed for the religious education of Jewish children as sources that shed light on the role of emotions in the process of religious modernization in Judaism. Based on the assumption that feelings are to be viewed as a form of knowledge which is transmitted, acquired, and acted out in specific cultural contexts, several criteria for analysing the verbalization, representation, and use of emotions in Jewish children’s literature are outlined by focusing on the subgenre of Jewish children’s bibles. This analysis allows us to explore how emotions unfolded in educational literature, and how they became an integral and transformative part of religious knowledge, self-assertion, (re)definition, and identity formation at a time of tremendous change for Judaism.","PeriodicalId":391272,"journal":{"name":"The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book","volume":"186 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128641076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.1093/leobaeck/ybab015
{"title":"List of Contributors","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/leobaeck/ybab015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/ybab015","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":391272,"journal":{"name":"The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121882260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-01DOI: 10.1093/leobaeck/ybac003
{"title":"Index to The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, 2021","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/leobaeck/ybac003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/ybac003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":391272,"journal":{"name":"The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book","volume":"357 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132095328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-20DOI: 10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAB004
Natalie Naimark-Goldberg
Marriage is a central and binding institution of Jewish life. However, as a historical construct, it was never a static, immutable structure. This article focuses on the changing attitudes towards marriage among German Jews in the second half of the eighteenth century. It discusses how rational considerations external to the couple’s personal needs and desires started losing ground, while its function as a framework for emotional and erotic satisfaction intensified. As marriage was increasingly perceived in terms of self-fulfilment, many pursued happiness through matrimony, embracing the new idea of the love marriage. Although this idea developed from contemporary trends in non-Jewish society, maskilic authors used Jewish sources to maintain this position, trying to present it as consistent with tradition rather than as a break from it. The emergence of a romantic discourse was not the only transformation in the perception of marriage. The individualism that impelled the notion of a love marriage led to another type of discourse among Jewish women and men: the discourse against marriage. Using the perspectives of continuity and change, the article seeks to discern the role that Judaism and Jewish sources played in discourses about misogamy and the modernization of the traditional institution of marriage.
{"title":"Between Love and Misogamy: Changing Perceptions of Marriage among German Jews, 1750–1800","authors":"Natalie Naimark-Goldberg","doi":"10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAB004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAB004","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Marriage is a central and binding institution of Jewish life. However, as a historical construct, it was never a static, immutable structure. This article focuses on the changing attitudes towards marriage among German Jews in the second half of the eighteenth century. It discusses how rational considerations external to the couple’s personal needs and desires started losing ground, while its function as a framework for emotional and erotic satisfaction intensified. As marriage was increasingly perceived in terms of self-fulfilment, many pursued happiness through matrimony, embracing the new idea of the love marriage. Although this idea developed from contemporary trends in non-Jewish society, maskilic authors used Jewish sources to maintain this position, trying to present it as consistent with tradition rather than as a break from it. The emergence of a romantic discourse was not the only transformation in the perception of marriage. The individualism that impelled the notion of a love marriage led to another type of discourse among Jewish women and men: the discourse against marriage. Using the perspectives of continuity and change, the article seeks to discern the role that Judaism and Jewish sources played in discourses about misogamy and the modernization of the traditional institution of marriage.","PeriodicalId":391272,"journal":{"name":"The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115071605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-13DOI: 10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAB003
S. Panter
This article rethinks research on Jewish experiences during the First World War and asks what changes if the concept of ‘agency’ is explicitly applied to the subject of Jewish soldiers. Over the past years, historians working on the (German-)Jewish war experience have avoided a one-sided narrative of Jewish marginalization by focusing on larger questions of civic and ethnic belonging. This article picks up this thread, putting emphasis on the possibilities and concrete manifestations of the (German-)Jewish soldiers’ agency and how it was negotiated between the war and the home fronts. It argues that by concentrating on Jewish soldiers as actors in their own right, a more ambivalent narrative becomes visible—one that sees Jews during the First World War not as marginalized subjects across the board. Even though many Jewish soldiers experienced exclusion on an individual and collective level, their coming to terms with what it meant to be a soldier and a Jew during the war frequently triggered a process of Jewish reorientation as well. Bringing these two perspectives together, I show how Jews in and outside Germany were not simply bystanders during the national crisis, but took an active part in shaping their own history.
{"title":"Beyond Marginalization: The (German-)Jewish Soldiers’ Agency in Times of War, 1914–1918","authors":"S. Panter","doi":"10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAB003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAB003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article rethinks research on Jewish experiences during the First World War and asks what changes if the concept of ‘agency’ is explicitly applied to the subject of Jewish soldiers. Over the past years, historians working on the (German-)Jewish war experience have avoided a one-sided narrative of Jewish marginalization by focusing on larger questions of civic and ethnic belonging. This article picks up this thread, putting emphasis on the possibilities and concrete manifestations of the (German-)Jewish soldiers’ agency and how it was negotiated between the war and the home fronts. It argues that by concentrating on Jewish soldiers as actors in their own right, a more ambivalent narrative becomes visible—one that sees Jews during the First World War not as marginalized subjects across the board. Even though many Jewish soldiers experienced exclusion on an individual and collective level, their coming to terms with what it meant to be a soldier and a Jew during the war frequently triggered a process of Jewish reorientation as well. Bringing these two perspectives together, I show how Jews in and outside Germany were not simply bystanders during the national crisis, but took an active part in shaping their own history.","PeriodicalId":391272,"journal":{"name":"The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134197547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-08DOI: 10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAB001
Viola Alianov-Rautenberg
This article offers an in-depth analysis of the relation of gender and change in the migration experience from National Socialist Germany to Mandate Palestine in the 1930s. Choosing a micro-perspective, this article draws on various unpublished writings of Dr. jur. Fritz Wolf (1908–2006). Concentrating on Wolf’s first encounter with Palestine, this article considers the different stages of migration—journey, arrival, and first year in a new homeland—to shed light on the crucial importance of gender in his observations, interactions, and self-perception in this process. While Fritz Wolf is at the centre of this case study, gender will be used in this article as a relational category, relating this case study to experiences of German-Jewish immigrants in general, both male and female. Therefore, this article provides a discussion of changing gender relations, different masculinities and femininities, and altered concepts of marriage and sexuality within the German-Jewish immigrant community in Mandate Palestine in general.
{"title":"From Cravat to Khaki: Gender, Sexuality, and Change in the Immigration of Fritz Wolf to Mandate Palestine1","authors":"Viola Alianov-Rautenberg","doi":"10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAB001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAB001","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article offers an in-depth analysis of the relation of gender and change in the migration experience from National Socialist Germany to Mandate Palestine in the 1930s. Choosing a micro-perspective, this article draws on various unpublished writings of Dr. jur. Fritz Wolf (1908–2006). Concentrating on Wolf’s first encounter with Palestine, this article considers the different stages of migration—journey, arrival, and first year in a new homeland—to shed light on the crucial importance of gender in his observations, interactions, and self-perception in this process. While Fritz Wolf is at the centre of this case study, gender will be used in this article as a relational category, relating this case study to experiences of German-Jewish immigrants in general, both male and female. Therefore, this article provides a discussion of changing gender relations, different masculinities and femininities, and altered concepts of marriage and sexuality within the German-Jewish immigrant community in Mandate Palestine in general.","PeriodicalId":391272,"journal":{"name":"The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121530740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-02DOI: 10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAB002
J. By
This essay seeks to present the history and context of the ‘Synagogenordnungen’, the synagogal bylaws that German-Jewish communities established in the middle and late nineteenth century. Focusing primarily upon the bylaws instituted within the Israelitische Religionsgesellschaft (IRG), the Neo-Orthodox synagogue in Frankfurt am Main, this essay argues that these ordinances reflect the uniquely centrist character of that synagogue, as it concomitantly rejected the encroachment of Reform Judaism and embraced many elements of the surrounding Germanic cultural norms and mores. By examining both the contextual framework and the historical development of the three iterations of these bylaws (written in 1874, 1907, and 1927 respectively) it is possible to gain a large measure of insight into both the ideological priorities of the IRG’s leadership and the practical manner in which these priorities were acted upon.
{"title":"The Bylaws of Frankfurt’s Neo-Orthodox Synagogue: A Developmental History","authors":"J. By","doi":"10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAB002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAB002","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This essay seeks to present the history and context of the ‘Synagogenordnungen’, the synagogal bylaws that German-Jewish communities established in the middle and late nineteenth century. Focusing primarily upon the bylaws instituted within the Israelitische Religionsgesellschaft (IRG), the Neo-Orthodox synagogue in Frankfurt am Main, this essay argues that these ordinances reflect the uniquely centrist character of that synagogue, as it concomitantly rejected the encroachment of Reform Judaism and embraced many elements of the surrounding Germanic cultural norms and mores. By examining both the contextual framework and the historical development of the three iterations of these bylaws (written in 1874, 1907, and 1927 respectively) it is possible to gain a large measure of insight into both the ideological priorities of the IRG’s leadership and the practical manner in which these priorities were acted upon.","PeriodicalId":391272,"journal":{"name":"The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130437693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-30DOI: 10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAA010
Tina Frühauf
The miniseries Hotel Polan und seine Gäste tells the story of three generations of a Jewish family of hoteliers in Bohemia from 1908 to National Socialist persecution. Produced by GDR television in the early 1980s, the series was subsequently broadcast in other European countries and met with a mixed reception. Later on, scholars evaluated it as blatantly antisemitic and anti-Zionist. This essay seeks to re-evaluate these prerogatives by centring the analysis of the miniseries on a close reading of its music—a method not often used in Jewish studies, but a suitable lens through which to interrogate the employment of stereotypes, especially in film, and in light of textual sources from the Cold War era often being reflective of ideologies rather than facts. Employing critical theories of cultural studies and film music, it seeks to identify stereotypes and their dramatic placement and to analyse their operation. It asserts that story, image, and sound constitute both synchronous and asynchronous agents that perpetuate various stereotypes associated with Jews, thereby placing Hotel Polan in the liminal space of allosemitism. Constructed through difference from a perceived norm, Hotel Polan ultimately represents a space in which the egregious stereotype and the strategic employment of types meet. Its deployment of Jewish musical topics specifically shows that it is less their dramatic function that is of relevance, but the discourse that they have the power to enable.
{"title":"Stereotypes and Jewish Musical Topics in East German Film: Ambiguities and Allosemitism in Hotel Polan und seine Gäste","authors":"Tina Frühauf","doi":"10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAA010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/LEOBAECK/YBAA010","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The miniseries Hotel Polan und seine Gäste tells the story of three generations of a Jewish family of hoteliers in Bohemia from 1908 to National Socialist persecution. Produced by GDR television in the early 1980s, the series was subsequently broadcast in other European countries and met with a mixed reception. Later on, scholars evaluated it as blatantly antisemitic and anti-Zionist. This essay seeks to re-evaluate these prerogatives by centring the analysis of the miniseries on a close reading of its music—a method not often used in Jewish studies, but a suitable lens through which to interrogate the employment of stereotypes, especially in film, and in light of textual sources from the Cold War era often being reflective of ideologies rather than facts. Employing critical theories of cultural studies and film music, it seeks to identify stereotypes and their dramatic placement and to analyse their operation. It asserts that story, image, and sound constitute both synchronous and asynchronous agents that perpetuate various stereotypes associated with Jews, thereby placing Hotel Polan in the liminal space of allosemitism. Constructed through difference from a perceived norm, Hotel Polan ultimately represents a space in which the egregious stereotype and the strategic employment of types meet. Its deployment of Jewish musical topics specifically shows that it is less their dramatic function that is of relevance, but the discourse that they have the power to enable.","PeriodicalId":391272,"journal":{"name":"The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132178897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-19DOI: 10.1093/leobaeck/ybaa007
Renate Evers By
In many territories of the Holy Roman Empire, Jews had been obliged to take a special oath during certain interactions between Jews and Christians since the medieval era. The 1484 Nuremberg Jewry Oath was probably the first Jewry Oath ever to be printed, and it became the dominant model for oath formulas until the eighteenth century. This article explores the legal, historical, and social background of the Jewry Oath, and its role in the history of Nuremberg during the transitional period between manuscripts and early printing. It looks closely at the elements and the conception of the 1484 Jewry Oath, and shows that it was incorporated as rather an afterthought into Die Reformation der Stadt Nürnberg, the city’s innovative, elaborately printed legal code. While its inclusion and careful wording were an acknowledgement that interactions with Jews were vital, and needed a legal framework that was valid for both Christians and Jews, the fact that it was less integrated than other legal rules suggests that its future removal was envisioned. This question is explored in the context of the expulsion of Jews from Nuremberg in 1498–99 and the 1503 edition of Die Reformation der Stadt Nürnberg.
自中世纪以来，在神圣罗马帝国的许多领土上，犹太人在犹太人和基督徒之间的某些互动中必须进行特殊的宣誓。1484年纽伦堡犹太誓词可能是第一个印刷出来的犹太誓词，直到18世纪，它一直是誓词公式的主要模式。本文探讨了犹太誓言的法律、历史和社会背景，以及它在手稿和早期印刷之间的过渡时期在纽伦堡历史上的作用。它仔细研究了1484年犹太人誓言的要素和概念，并表明它是作为一种事后的想法被纳入了伦贝格城市改革(Die Reformation der Stadt nrnberg)，这是该市创新的、精心印刷的法律法规。虽然它的包含和谨慎的措辞承认与犹太人的互动是至关重要的，需要一个对基督徒和犹太人都有效的法律框架，但与其他法律规则相比，它的整合程度较低，这一事实表明，它的未来被取消是有设想的。这个问题是在1498-99年纽伦堡驱逐犹太人和1503年版的Die Reformation der Stadt n伦堡》(Die Reformation der Stadt nnberg)的背景下探讨的。
{"title":"The 1484 Nuremberg Jewry Oath (More Judaico)*","authors":"Renate Evers By","doi":"10.1093/leobaeck/ybaa007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/ybaa007","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In many territories of the Holy Roman Empire, Jews had been obliged to take a special oath during certain interactions between Jews and Christians since the medieval era. The 1484 Nuremberg Jewry Oath was probably the first Jewry Oath ever to be printed, and it became the dominant model for oath formulas until the eighteenth century. This article explores the legal, historical, and social background of the Jewry Oath, and its role in the history of Nuremberg during the transitional period between manuscripts and early printing. It looks closely at the elements and the conception of the 1484 Jewry Oath, and shows that it was incorporated as rather an afterthought into Die Reformation der Stadt Nürnberg, the city’s innovative, elaborately printed legal code. While its inclusion and careful wording were an acknowledgement that interactions with Jews were vital, and needed a legal framework that was valid for both Christians and Jews, the fact that it was less integrated than other legal rules suggests that its future removal was envisioned. This question is explored in the context of the expulsion of Jews from Nuremberg in 1498–99 and the 1503 edition of Die Reformation der Stadt Nürnberg.","PeriodicalId":391272,"journal":{"name":"The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book","volume":"259 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124246978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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