Pub Date : 2021-10-13DOI: 10.1177/09730052211047639
Manoranjan Ghosh, S. Ghosal
A cursory review of literatures shows a void in regional patterns analysis of rural livelihood in the sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India. Therefore, this study has attempted to examine the regional pattern of multidimensional rural livelihoods (assets, accessibility, health and education) in the study area. The study has attempted to look at the various determinants that make a region different from others in the same geographical space in terms of livelihood practices and household well-being. The study has applied a mixed research method, that is, Principal component analysis (PCA), household well-being indicator approach, multiple regressions, and focus group discussions (FGDs). The community blocks of the study area are found to be differently endowed in terms of different assets. The results show that marginalised castes and non-Hindu households have a relatively lower well-being score than the other households. The results suggest that daily work opportunities and an increase in the number of casual labourers positively impact the generation of decent and sustainable livelihood. It also shows an increase in the household well-being score to occupation groups such as businesses and salaried jobs. However, collection of sandstone and other construction materials from the river bed is emerging as a new source of livelihood.
{"title":"Multidimensional Rural Livelihoods in Indian Sub-Himalaya: Regional Analysis, Households Well-Being and Its Determinants","authors":"Manoranjan Ghosh, S. Ghosal","doi":"10.1177/09730052211047639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09730052211047639","url":null,"abstract":"A cursory review of literatures shows a void in regional patterns analysis of rural livelihood in the sub-Himalayan West Bengal, India. Therefore, this study has attempted to examine the regional pattern of multidimensional rural livelihoods (assets, accessibility, health and education) in the study area. The study has attempted to look at the various determinants that make a region different from others in the same geographical space in terms of livelihood practices and household well-being. The study has applied a mixed research method, that is, Principal component analysis (PCA), household well-being indicator approach, multiple regressions, and focus group discussions (FGDs). The community blocks of the study area are found to be differently endowed in terms of different assets. The results show that marginalised castes and non-Hindu households have a relatively lower well-being score than the other households. The results suggest that daily work opportunities and an increase in the number of casual labourers positively impact the generation of decent and sustainable livelihood. It also shows an increase in the household well-being score to occupation groups such as businesses and salaried jobs. However, collection of sandstone and other construction materials from the river bed is emerging as a new source of livelihood.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"19 1","pages":"45 - 63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45229323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-02DOI: 10.1177/09730052211037108
Stutee Gupta, Shikha G. Anand, Ponnam Lakshmi Thanmai, K. M. Reddy, T. Ravisankar
Nations across the world share common responsibility towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To monitor the progress of individual goals and their global-level comparisons, a set of targets and indicators are developed by the experts. However, systematic methods for assessing spatio-temporal progress towards achieving the SDGs are lacking. This study demonstrates the use of geographically referenced information (GIS) analysis in mapping the SDGs as achieved under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Generation Act (MGNREGA) programme in India, taking Uttarakhand state as a case study. Geotagged data of assets representing various work categories permissible under MGNREGA are linked to the targets and indicators of various SDGs. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) function is used to derive spatially explicit maps. Sub-national-level composite analysis of overall contribution of the MGNREGA to SDGs is carried out district wise for better understanding. Results obtained show significant spatial variation in the distribution of works across the districts, reflecting their varying priorities as MGNREGA is a demand-driven scheme. The future implication of the study is a vastly improved ability to derive latent information based on geographical indicators for targeting interventions and developing informed strategies towards SDGs.
{"title":"Spatial Distribution of SDGs Accomplished Under MGNREGA Beyond SDG1","authors":"Stutee Gupta, Shikha G. Anand, Ponnam Lakshmi Thanmai, K. M. Reddy, T. Ravisankar","doi":"10.1177/09730052211037108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09730052211037108","url":null,"abstract":"Nations across the world share common responsibility towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To monitor the progress of individual goals and their global-level comparisons, a set of targets and indicators are developed by the experts. However, systematic methods for assessing spatio-temporal progress towards achieving the SDGs are lacking. This study demonstrates the use of geographically referenced information (GIS) analysis in mapping the SDGs as achieved under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Generation Act (MGNREGA) programme in India, taking Uttarakhand state as a case study. Geotagged data of assets representing various work categories permissible under MGNREGA are linked to the targets and indicators of various SDGs. Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) function is used to derive spatially explicit maps. Sub-national-level composite analysis of overall contribution of the MGNREGA to SDGs is carried out district wise for better understanding. Results obtained show significant spatial variation in the distribution of works across the districts, reflecting their varying priorities as MGNREGA is a demand-driven scheme. The future implication of the study is a vastly improved ability to derive latent information based on geographical indicators for targeting interventions and developing informed strategies towards SDGs.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"19 1","pages":"26 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43355889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-24DOI: 10.1177/09730052211037110
R. Yadav, K. S. Siva Reddy
Access to bank account is only a part of the problem when we talk of financial inclusion because several people with a bank account are not necessarily using them to deposit their savings or carry out transactions. This article makes an attempt to examine the reasons for low utilisation of banking facilities. It employs financial inclusion insights (FII) data for Indian population to find out an outcome of financial inclusion (and thus social inclusion as well) based on the usage of banking services with covariates like financial literacy, the probability that any financial service is accessible to the respondent in terms distance, type of mobile phone and spatial density. We use truncated probit model to measure the incidence of under-banking. Our findings show that there is a negative association between supply-side constraints and usage of banking services, implying that low access to financial services in time and space stands as a hindrance to financial inclusion. Further, we find from the financial inclusion and exclusion map at the district level that even though economic agents intend to participate in the space in which he/she is living is not much inclusive.
{"title":"Banking or Under-banking: Spatial Role of Financial Inclusion and Exclusion","authors":"R. Yadav, K. S. Siva Reddy","doi":"10.1177/09730052211037110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09730052211037110","url":null,"abstract":"Access to bank account is only a part of the problem when we talk of financial inclusion because several people with a bank account are not necessarily using them to deposit their savings or carry out transactions. This article makes an attempt to examine the reasons for low utilisation of banking facilities. It employs financial inclusion insights (FII) data for Indian population to find out an outcome of financial inclusion (and thus social inclusion as well) based on the usage of banking services with covariates like financial literacy, the probability that any financial service is accessible to the respondent in terms distance, type of mobile phone and spatial density. We use truncated probit model to measure the incidence of under-banking. Our findings show that there is a negative association between supply-side constraints and usage of banking services, implying that low access to financial services in time and space stands as a hindrance to financial inclusion. Further, we find from the financial inclusion and exclusion map at the district level that even though economic agents intend to participate in the space in which he/she is living is not much inclusive.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"19 1","pages":"7 - 25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45943413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-05DOI: 10.1177/09730052211034700
Shivam Kakati, Arup Roy
The prime objective of the study is to analyse and evaluate the financial performance of the FPCs in India. Financial ratios, trend analysis and grey relational analysis (GRA) were the tools used to achieve this objective. The present study analysed the financial performance of 83 FPCs in India from 2013–2014 to 2018–2019. The liquidity position of the FPCs was found to be above satisfactory levels. The solvency position of the FPCs was found to be improving as they were shifting from debt financing to equity financing. The efficiency and profitability positions of the FPCs were below par. Almost one-third of the FPCs were loss-making in 2018–2019. Using GRA, ‘Howrah Agro Producer Company’ from West Bengal was found to be the best performing FPC among the select 83 FPCs. The solvency position of the FPCs was found to have a strong positive association with the overall financial performance of the FPCs. The study also proposed financial ratio benchmarks for the FPCs using quartiles. The present study finally proposes to incorporate ‘second-class shareholders’ into the FPC model. These shareholders would have limited rights and voting power, and they would provide FPCs with capital, marketing channels and managerial support.
{"title":"Financial Performance of Farmer Producer Companies of India: A Study from 2013–2014 to 2018–2019","authors":"Shivam Kakati, Arup Roy","doi":"10.1177/09730052211034700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09730052211034700","url":null,"abstract":"The prime objective of the study is to analyse and evaluate the financial performance of the FPCs in India. Financial ratios, trend analysis and grey relational analysis (GRA) were the tools used to achieve this objective. The present study analysed the financial performance of 83 FPCs in India from 2013–2014 to 2018–2019. The liquidity position of the FPCs was found to be above satisfactory levels. The solvency position of the FPCs was found to be improving as they were shifting from debt financing to equity financing. The efficiency and profitability positions of the FPCs were below par. Almost one-third of the FPCs were loss-making in 2018–2019. Using GRA, ‘Howrah Agro Producer Company’ from West Bengal was found to be the best performing FPC among the select 83 FPCs. The solvency position of the FPCs was found to have a strong positive association with the overall financial performance of the FPCs. The study also proposed financial ratio benchmarks for the FPCs using quartiles. The present study finally proposes to incorporate ‘second-class shareholders’ into the FPC model. These shareholders would have limited rights and voting power, and they would provide FPCs with capital, marketing channels and managerial support.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"410 - 428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/09730052211034700","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44224324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-05DOI: 10.1177/09730052211035296
W. Awoke, Kefale Eniyew, Belete Meseret
In Ethiopia, food insecurity is a major problem, which affects the livelihood of rural communities. Hence, this study was conducted in Central and North Gondar Zones with the main aim of analysing causes and coping strategies of food insecurity. Primary data were collected through an interview schedule, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. A total of 500 sample respondents were selected through a systematic sampling technique. Data were analysed through simple descriptive statistics and a chi-square test. Frequently used coping strategies by sample respondents were planting early maturing crop (82.4%), turning to low-quality and cheaper foodstuff (81.2%), changing cropping pattern (78.6%), sale of livestock (75.6%) and purchasing food on cash 75.0%. Sex, educational status, fertiliser utilisation, livelihood diversification and off-farm activities had an association and significant with a food security status of sample respondents at p ≤ 0.01. Furthermore, farmland and on-farm were significantly associated with food security status at 0.01 < p ≤ 0.05 and 0.05 < p ≤ 0.10, respectively. To ensure food security, different organisations that support rural households should be aware of peak food insecurity seasons. Moreover, due attention should be paid to practical-oriented education and training to diversify the household’s livelihood.
{"title":"Analysis of Causes and Coping Strategies of Food Insecurity: The Case of Central and North Gondar Zone, Ethiopia","authors":"W. Awoke, Kefale Eniyew, Belete Meseret","doi":"10.1177/09730052211035296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09730052211035296","url":null,"abstract":"In Ethiopia, food insecurity is a major problem, which affects the livelihood of rural communities. Hence, this study was conducted in Central and North Gondar Zones with the main aim of analysing causes and coping strategies of food insecurity. Primary data were collected through an interview schedule, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. A total of 500 sample respondents were selected through a systematic sampling technique. Data were analysed through simple descriptive statistics and a chi-square test. Frequently used coping strategies by sample respondents were planting early maturing crop (82.4%), turning to low-quality and cheaper foodstuff (81.2%), changing cropping pattern (78.6%), sale of livestock (75.6%) and purchasing food on cash 75.0%. Sex, educational status, fertiliser utilisation, livelihood diversification and off-farm activities had an association and significant with a food security status of sample respondents at p ≤ 0.01. Furthermore, farmland and on-farm were significantly associated with food security status at 0.01 < p ≤ 0.05 and 0.05 < p ≤ 0.10, respectively. To ensure food security, different organisations that support rural households should be aware of peak food insecurity seasons. Moreover, due attention should be paid to practical-oriented education and training to diversify the household’s livelihood.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"429 - 448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45007169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1177/09730052211034350
C. Gichuki, Charles Wambu Kamau
The purpose of this article is to empirically examine and compare the factors or determinants of financial inclusion in commercial banking institutions, microfinance banks, mobile banking platforms and table banking groups (informal banking groups) in Kenya. The data used in the study were obtained from 631 small and micro-sized (SMS) farming enterprises in Kenya. We use probit model to empirically establish the factors that determine the probability of small and micro-sized farming enterprises in accessing agricultural credit from the four major lending institutions. Also, we apply Heckman selection model to establish the determinants of agricultural credit rationing. OLS model is used to investigate the determinants of agricultural credit delinquency rates in the lending institutions. The results show that female-owned SMS farming enterprises are likely to access less agricultural credit amount from table banking groups, own small farms with no title deed and own less valued assets compared to male-owned SMS farming enterprises which access agricultural credit from commercial banks and microfinance banks. Further results revealed that household dependency ratio was a significant determinant factor in agricultural credit access from mobile banks, commercial banks and table banking groups. Additionally, agricultural credit delinquency in mobile banking is significantly reduced by distance to the banking agent. The availability of mobile banking agencies within village centres would considerably enable agri-entrepreneurs to make credit repayment within the required period.
{"title":"Financing Agribusiness: Potential Determinants of Financial Inclusion for Smallholder Rural Farming Communities in Kenya","authors":"C. Gichuki, Charles Wambu Kamau","doi":"10.1177/09730052211034350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09730052211034350","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this article is to empirically examine and compare the factors or determinants of financial inclusion in commercial banking institutions, microfinance banks, mobile banking platforms and table banking groups (informal banking groups) in Kenya. The data used in the study were obtained from 631 small and micro-sized (SMS) farming enterprises in Kenya. We use probit model to empirically establish the factors that determine the probability of small and micro-sized farming enterprises in accessing agricultural credit from the four major lending institutions. Also, we apply Heckman selection model to establish the determinants of agricultural credit rationing. OLS model is used to investigate the determinants of agricultural credit delinquency rates in the lending institutions. The results show that female-owned SMS farming enterprises are likely to access less agricultural credit amount from table banking groups, own small farms with no title deed and own less valued assets compared to male-owned SMS farming enterprises which access agricultural credit from commercial banks and microfinance banks. Further results revealed that household dependency ratio was a significant determinant factor in agricultural credit access from mobile banks, commercial banks and table banking groups. Additionally, agricultural credit delinquency in mobile banking is significantly reduced by distance to the banking agent. The availability of mobile banking agencies within village centres would considerably enable agri-entrepreneurs to make credit repayment within the required period.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"376 - 393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/09730052211034350","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46601708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-04DOI: 10.1177/09730052211034352
P. K. Nath, Chinmoy Raj Saikia
Ensuring agricultural sustainability with escalating population is a real challenge before humanity. At present, heightened demand of state’s rich farmland for non-agricultural activities is posing a pressing need for assessing the prospects of agricultural sustainability. Being a part of central Brahmaputra floodplain in Assam, Sipajhar revenue circle of Darrang district has experienced extraordinary population pressure on land resources over time, which leads to vulnerability of agro-ecological conditions. As per census report, the circle has witnessed 108% increase of population over 40 years. The circle with diverse agriculture and its allied activities has borne the brunt of population pressure in some caste-community concentration areas. The present study assesses the prospects of agricultural sustainability across the gram panchayats of the circle on the basis of six sustainability indicators, namely castes and communities; agriculture and allied practices; spatial pattern of crop productivity; agricultural input–output relation; agro-ecological conditions; and sustainable methods of agriculture selected from social, economic and ecological dimensions of sustainable development. After synthesising these indicators, prospects of agricultural sustainability have been assigned to three groupings of gram panchayats in the circle. This investigation is also intended to provide a rationale for future orientation of agricultural planning in laggard districts like Darrang of Assam.
{"title":"Assessing the Prospects of Agricultural Sustainability in Central Brahmaputra Floodplain Environment of Darrang District, Assam","authors":"P. K. Nath, Chinmoy Raj Saikia","doi":"10.1177/09730052211034352","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09730052211034352","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring agricultural sustainability with escalating population is a real challenge before humanity. At present, heightened demand of state’s rich farmland for non-agricultural activities is posing a pressing need for assessing the prospects of agricultural sustainability. Being a part of central Brahmaputra floodplain in Assam, Sipajhar revenue circle of Darrang district has experienced extraordinary population pressure on land resources over time, which leads to vulnerability of agro-ecological conditions. As per census report, the circle has witnessed 108% increase of population over 40 years. The circle with diverse agriculture and its allied activities has borne the brunt of population pressure in some caste-community concentration areas. The present study assesses the prospects of agricultural sustainability across the gram panchayats of the circle on the basis of six sustainability indicators, namely castes and communities; agriculture and allied practices; spatial pattern of crop productivity; agricultural input–output relation; agro-ecological conditions; and sustainable methods of agriculture selected from social, economic and ecological dimensions of sustainable development. After synthesising these indicators, prospects of agricultural sustainability have been assigned to three groupings of gram panchayats in the circle. This investigation is also intended to provide a rationale for future orientation of agricultural planning in laggard districts like Darrang of Assam.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"358 - 375"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/09730052211034352","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46464356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-28DOI: 10.1177/09730052211034631
S. Agrawal
The study tried to explore the adopted branding strategy in trading essential goods in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. The lead researcher observed the buying behaviour of 600 rural customers as a participant–observer in grocery shops. Additionally, he interviewed five grocery shopkeepers in that village to cross-check the customers’ observations. The study categorised these observations into similar themes using content analysis. The sorting of the study data resulted in six main categories. Out of six categories, two are the most important, which reveal that customers don’t want to compromise with their choice of products/brands even in this adverse situation and they ask their preferred products/brands in code word very often to their nearby shopkeepers. Actually, these code words are the impact of silent branding of a product in their mind. The current study reveals that silent branding works long-lasting for customers and could be beneficial for firms. The study imperatively adds the concept of silent branding in the existing literature on branding.
{"title":"Disclosure of Silent Branding During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Study of Sarsiwa Village in Chhattisgarh State of India","authors":"S. Agrawal","doi":"10.1177/09730052211034631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09730052211034631","url":null,"abstract":"The study tried to explore the adopted branding strategy in trading essential goods in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. The lead researcher observed the buying behaviour of 600 rural customers as a participant–observer in grocery shops. Additionally, he interviewed five grocery shopkeepers in that village to cross-check the customers’ observations. The study categorised these observations into similar themes using content analysis. The sorting of the study data resulted in six main categories. Out of six categories, two are the most important, which reveal that customers don’t want to compromise with their choice of products/brands even in this adverse situation and they ask their preferred products/brands in code word very often to their nearby shopkeepers. Actually, these code words are the impact of silent branding of a product in their mind. The current study reveals that silent branding works long-lasting for customers and could be beneficial for firms. The study imperatively adds the concept of silent branding in the existing literature on branding.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"394 - 409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/09730052211034631","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41694138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-25DOI: 10.1177/09730052211018884
Marjan Moradi, A. Hosseini
The current study aims to contextualise cohousing with a focus on analysing a traditional rural settlement in Iran. Azghad is a historical village located in Iran, which has been developed throughout centuries based on strong social and environmental systems. The research uses field studies in the form of observing the environment of Azghad village, initial and natural explanation of housing pattern and interviews with local people with a qualitative research approach and documentary studies examines the physical characteristics of this rural community. Through investigating the physical pattern of the village in the area under study, the elements of the social–physical system which form the residential type of the village were extracted. The comparison of the social and physical system of the residential fabric of the Azghad and its residential neighbourhoods showed that the residential pattern of Azghad could be introduced as an example of a collective housing model. The rural housing type is an example of a collective housing style that has been formed over time based on the shared values of residents and the activities they wanted to do collectively.
{"title":"The Rural Texture of Azghad Village: Historical Context of Collective Housing","authors":"Marjan Moradi, A. Hosseini","doi":"10.1177/09730052211018884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09730052211018884","url":null,"abstract":"The current study aims to contextualise cohousing with a focus on analysing a traditional rural settlement in Iran. Azghad is a historical village located in Iran, which has been developed throughout centuries based on strong social and environmental systems. The research uses field studies in the form of observing the environment of Azghad village, initial and natural explanation of housing pattern and interviews with local people with a qualitative research approach and documentary studies examines the physical characteristics of this rural community. Through investigating the physical pattern of the village in the area under study, the elements of the social–physical system which form the residential type of the village were extracted. The comparison of the social and physical system of the residential fabric of the Azghad and its residential neighbourhoods showed that the residential pattern of Azghad could be introduced as an example of a collective housing model. The rural housing type is an example of a collective housing style that has been formed over time based on the shared values of residents and the activities they wanted to do collectively.","PeriodicalId":39177,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Rural Management","volume":"18 1","pages":"289 - 310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/09730052211018884","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65342772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1177/09730052211018891
Seyyed Ali Mahboub, A. Araghieh, A. Khorshidi, A. K. Babadi, S. Moradi
School building is one of the vital activities in the realisation of educational justice in Iran, and given the effective cooperation and participation of educational non-governmental organisations (NGOs) with the government in this field, having a local model and overall framework appropriate to these organisations will certainly play a very important and influential role in realising and facilitating things. Therefore, this research aims to present a model for educational NGOs active in the field of school construction. The research approaches used were mixed methods (qualitative and quantitative) and exploratory analysis. In the qualitative part of the research, the grounded theory method and purposive sampling were used, whereas in the quantitative part, the cross-sectional survey method and random stratified sampling were adopted. The data collection tool used for the qualitative part was semi-structured interviews, and for the quantitative part a researcher-made questionnaire with 117 questions was used. The validity of the questionnaire was established by the Cronbach’s alpha of 0.90. Results of the quantitative part confirmed the chi-square (χ2), goodness of fit, adjusted goodness of fit, mean deviation root and rounded squares of the qualitative part of the research. The results also show that the combination of the management’s characteristics and beliefs and organisational and social factors influences the management of educational NGOs. Also, the consequences of the utilisation of the management pattern for educational NGOs are divided into two: individual and social aspects. In terms of influencing the manner of management, contextual factors were influential in two environmental and policymaking aspects, and intervening factors were influential in two internal and external aspects. Furthermore, it was found that non-localised execution and implementation of patterns shall result in the failure of most management programmes throughout these organisations. As a result, the organization shall gain productivity and success if it manages educational NGOs with reliance on factors effective in paradigmatic model of grounded theory.
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