K. Ehara, C. Hagwood, K. Coakley, N. Fukushima, K. Worachotekamjorn, Naoko Tajima, H. Sakurai
properties of the aerosol particles is needed. [1] Among these properties, particle size (particle diameter, if the particle in question is spherical) is an especially important quantity to be measured, because it significantly affects many of the aerosol-related phenomena. Aerosol particles are, however, often non-spherical, and a geometric diameter cannot be defined unequivocally for them; instead, several kinds of effective diameters are defined and measured. On the other hand, particle mass is a quantity inherent to each individual particle: it is uniquely defined even for a non-spherical particle. It is a direct measure of the amount of substance contained in an individual particle, and has crucial effects on particle motion and other physical phenomena; hence it should be no less important than the particle size. Until recently, however, there has been no established method for An aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) which classifies aerosol particles according to their mass has been developed. Mass distributions of aerosol particles are measured by the APM combined with a particle counting device. Particle masses can be measured in the range 3 × 10 -18 g to 2 × 10 -12 g, which partially fills the mass range that has not been covered by existing mass measuring instruments such as mass spectrometers and conventional balances. The invention of the APM has led to a variety of new techniques for evaluating aerosol particle properties such as effective density, material density, porosity, fractal dimension, and mass concentration of suspended particulates, among others. This article describes the principle of the APM, its features differentiating it from other instruments for classifying aerosol particles, and its applications to characterization of aerosol particles. The significance of measurement of particle mass in aerosol science, and the historical process that has led to commercialization of the APM are also described from the viewpoint of “synthesiology.”
{"title":"Measurement of mass of aerosol particles","authors":"K. Ehara, C. Hagwood, K. Coakley, N. Fukushima, K. Worachotekamjorn, Naoko Tajima, H. Sakurai","doi":"10.5571/synth.12.2_92","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/synth.12.2_92","url":null,"abstract":"properties of the aerosol particles is needed. [1] Among these properties, particle size (particle diameter, if the particle in question is spherical) is an especially important quantity to be measured, because it significantly affects many of the aerosol-related phenomena. Aerosol particles are, however, often non-spherical, and a geometric diameter cannot be defined unequivocally for them; instead, several kinds of effective diameters are defined and measured. On the other hand, particle mass is a quantity inherent to each individual particle: it is uniquely defined even for a non-spherical particle. It is a direct measure of the amount of substance contained in an individual particle, and has crucial effects on particle motion and other physical phenomena; hence it should be no less important than the particle size. Until recently, however, there has been no established method for An aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) which classifies aerosol particles according to their mass has been developed. Mass distributions of aerosol particles are measured by the APM combined with a particle counting device. Particle masses can be measured in the range 3 × 10 -18 g to 2 × 10 -12 g, which partially fills the mass range that has not been covered by existing mass measuring instruments such as mass spectrometers and conventional balances. The invention of the APM has led to a variety of new techniques for evaluating aerosol particle properties such as effective density, material density, porosity, fractal dimension, and mass concentration of suspended particulates, among others. This article describes the principle of the APM, its features differentiating it from other instruments for classifying aerosol particles, and its applications to characterization of aerosol particles. The significance of measurement of particle mass in aerosol science, and the historical process that has led to commercialization of the APM are also described from the viewpoint of “synthesiology.”","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70687032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Highlights of the Papers in Synthesiology","authors":"Editorial Board Synthesiology","doi":"10.5571/syntheng.9.1_i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/syntheng.9.1_i","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70697318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.2_88
N. Ishida
The mammalian clock gene, Period2 , was discovered by my research group studying clock genes in 1998. I summarize the progress of understanding the circadian clock molecular mechanism after this discovery. Our group has demonstrated the importance of glycogen synthase kinase 3 – dependent phosphorylation of Period2 and its nuclear transfer and E4BP4 (vrille) negative transcriptional regulation, as well as Clock/Bmal, Period/Cry E-box dependent negative feedback loop. A role of myo-inositol for elongation of the circadian clock was uncovered through collaboration on iceplant projects with Tsujiko Co., Ltd, Shiga prefecture. When we started the molecular study of the circadian clock, we only considered the daily rhythm. Fortuitously, our research on the peripheral clock mechanism (PPARα) revealed a new mechanism of seasonal clocks, which can count photoperiods to adapt to winter (torpor). Our generation of researchers entered Japanese national institutes during a period called “the basic research shift era.” But, basic research grants were cut significantly during the 24 to 25 year period after we joined the institutes, and our research mission was abruptly changed to applied science. After several years of frustration and contemplation, we gave up studies using mice and concentrated on using Drosophila to reduce costs and save time. Consequently, we found a causative role of sleep abnormality around a young age in two neurodegenerative (Gaucher’s and Parkinson’s) diseases by using fly models. I summarize an application for the molecular mechanism of neurodegenerative disease. I am greatly thankful that I was able to spend more than 30 years on the study of molecular circadian clocks with the people who have been involved, from when I started as a researcher in 1986 at the Fermentation Research Institute of the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology to the present day at AIST. sleep, Neurodegenerative disease, Gaucher’s disease, Parkinson’s disease
{"title":"Toward overcoming neurodegenerative disease by the circadian molecular clock study: — My 30 year history in a national institute —@@@— 国立研究所30年の総括 —","authors":"N. Ishida","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.2_88","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.2_88","url":null,"abstract":"The mammalian clock gene, Period2 , was discovered by my research group studying clock genes in 1998. I summarize the progress of understanding the circadian clock molecular mechanism after this discovery. Our group has demonstrated the importance of glycogen synthase kinase 3 – dependent phosphorylation of Period2 and its nuclear transfer and E4BP4 (vrille) negative transcriptional regulation, as well as Clock/Bmal, Period/Cry E-box dependent negative feedback loop. A role of myo-inositol for elongation of the circadian clock was uncovered through collaboration on iceplant projects with Tsujiko Co., Ltd, Shiga prefecture. When we started the molecular study of the circadian clock, we only considered the daily rhythm. Fortuitously, our research on the peripheral clock mechanism (PPARα) revealed a new mechanism of seasonal clocks, which can count photoperiods to adapt to winter (torpor). Our generation of researchers entered Japanese national institutes during a period called “the basic research shift era.” But, basic research grants were cut significantly during the 24 to 25 year period after we joined the institutes, and our research mission was abruptly changed to applied science. After several years of frustration and contemplation, we gave up studies using mice and concentrated on using Drosophila to reduce costs and save time. Consequently, we found a causative role of sleep abnormality around a young age in two neurodegenerative (Gaucher’s and Parkinson’s) diseases by using fly models. I summarize an application for the molecular mechanism of neurodegenerative disease. I am greatly thankful that I was able to spend more than 30 years on the study of molecular circadian clocks with the people who have been involved, from when I started as a researcher in 1986 at the Fermentation Research Institute of the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology to the present day at AIST. sleep, Neurodegenerative disease, Gaucher’s disease, Parkinson’s disease","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":"87-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70688727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.2_47
T. Usuda, A. Oota, H. Nozato, W. Kokuyama
On the other hand, as it can be projected from Fig. 1, while the mass can stay at a fixed point as long as the vibration amplitude is small enough, the mass will not be able to stay at the fixed point due to the restoring force of the spring when the vibration surpasses a certain level. Such a property is determined by the stiffness of the spring, the natural vibration when considered as a mass-spring model, and the viscous element (damping) that absorbs vibration though this is abbreviated in Fig. 1. The vibrometer manufacturers optimize the above parameters for specific uses such as measurement of earthquakes, vibration of structures such
{"title":"Establishing reliability in vibration measurement and its international equivalency: —Development of national metrology standards for vibration, acceleration, shock measurement and progress on international comparisons—","authors":"T. Usuda, A. Oota, H. Nozato, W. Kokuyama","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.2_47","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.2_47","url":null,"abstract":"On the other hand, as it can be projected from Fig. 1, while the mass can stay at a fixed point as long as the vibration amplitude is small enough, the mass will not be able to stay at the fixed point due to the restoring force of the spring when the vibration surpasses a certain level. Such a property is determined by the stiffness of the spring, the natural vibration when considered as a mass-spring model, and the viscous element (damping) that absorbs vibration though this is abbreviated in Fig. 1. The vibrometer manufacturers optimize the above parameters for specific uses such as measurement of earthquakes, vibration of structures such","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":"47-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.1_34
Muneaki Hashimoto, S. Yatsushiro, Shohei Yamamura, M. Kataoka
−34− Synthesiology English edition Vol.10 No.1 pp.34–41 (Jul. 2017) detection limit of RDT is equivalent to the analysis of Giemsa microscopy, and incidences of false-positives and falsenegatives are common. Therefore, it is used as a preliminary screening method prior to the definitive diagnosis by the Giemsa microscopy. It is not possible to calculate the infection rate with RDT (i.e. diagnosis of infection only), and this is one of the disadvantages. Recently, new diagnostic methods utilizing the flow cytometer and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been developed, but the sensitivity is insufficient for early diagnosis, and several hours are required before the results are obtained, respectively. To prevent infection by early detection of malaria, development of a new diagnostic method with high sensitivity, accuracy, quickness, and easy operation is demanded. The characteristics of each diagnostic method are shown in Table 1.
{"title":"Development of a cell microarray chip system for early and accurate malaria diagnosis: — Finding one parasite in 2 million erythrocytes for elimination of malaria —@@@— 200万分の1の感染を見出しマラリアに立ち向かう —","authors":"Muneaki Hashimoto, S. Yatsushiro, Shohei Yamamura, M. Kataoka","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.1_34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.1_34","url":null,"abstract":"−34− Synthesiology English edition Vol.10 No.1 pp.34–41 (Jul. 2017) detection limit of RDT is equivalent to the analysis of Giemsa microscopy, and incidences of false-positives and falsenegatives are common. Therefore, it is used as a preliminary screening method prior to the definitive diagnosis by the Giemsa microscopy. It is not possible to calculate the infection rate with RDT (i.e. diagnosis of infection only), and this is one of the disadvantages. Recently, new diagnostic methods utilizing the flow cytometer and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been developed, but the sensitivity is insufficient for early diagnosis, and several hours are required before the results are obtained, respectively. To prevent infection by early detection of malaria, development of a new diagnostic method with high sensitivity, accuracy, quickness, and easy operation is demanded. The characteristics of each diagnostic method are shown in Table 1.","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"12 1","pages":"33-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.1_34","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70689092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.1_11
M. Oguma
Legislation and standardization are necessary and important for fuel quality control to ensure safety, security, and stability with regard to the commercialization and trading of new fuels. The author began R&D of dimethyl ether (DME) fuel utilization technology in 2001. This work involved basic research on fuel spray and combustion, applied research on the development of test vehicles, and field tests of these applications. In addition, work on standardizing DME fuel specifications commenced in 2007. In 2015, five ISO standards were published. In this paper, the standardization of DME fuel is presented, which includes a way to define limits on impurities, and the results of round-robin-tests for deterioration by impurities from the users’ viewpoint.
{"title":"Standardization of dimethyl ether (DME) fuel specifications","authors":"M. Oguma","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.1_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.1_11","url":null,"abstract":"Legislation and standardization are necessary and important for fuel quality control to ensure safety, security, and stability with regard to the commercialization and trading of new fuels. The author began R&D of dimethyl ether (DME) fuel utilization technology in 2001. This work involved basic research on fuel spray and combustion, applied research on the development of test vehicles, and field tests of these applications. In addition, work on standardizing DME fuel specifications commenced in 2007. In 2015, five ISO standards were published. In this paper, the standardization of DME fuel is presented, which includes a way to define limits on impurities, and the results of round-robin-tests for deterioration by impurities from the users’ viewpoint.","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":"11-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.1_11","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70688941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.1_24
T. Harasawa, H. Noguchi
2.1 Use of magnetic tape Magnetic recording was first introduced in 1898, with the invention of the magnetic recording device by Valdemar Poulsen, a Danish scientist working on audio recording. Later, magnetic recording technology expanded from sound recording to the fields of image and information recording, with the rapid advancement of television, computers, and similar technology.
{"title":"A study on high-density recording with particulate tape media for data storage systems: — On the process of introducing barium-ferrite tape media to the market —@@@— バリウムフェライトテープの市場導入までの道のり —","authors":"T. Harasawa, H. Noguchi","doi":"10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.1_24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.1_24","url":null,"abstract":"2.1 Use of magnetic tape Magnetic recording was first introduced in 1898, with the invention of the magnetic recording device by Valdemar Poulsen, a Danish scientist working on audio recording. Later, magnetic recording technology expanded from sound recording to the fields of image and information recording, with the rapid advancement of television, computers, and similar technology.","PeriodicalId":39206,"journal":{"name":"Synthesiology","volume":"10 1","pages":"24-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.5571/SYNTHENG.10.1_24","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70688958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：