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Virtual Testing Integration and Material Allowables Generation 虚拟测试集成和材料允许值生成
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23967/composites.2021.013
S. Miot, L. Barrière, J. Casero, M. Lozzo
Reducing uncertainties and therefore risks in structural design implies determining accurate statistically-based properties of the material. IRT Saint-Exupéry has been developing a software solution called VIMS that uses the GEMS open source python library [1] to generate material allowables. VIMS offers a framework to integrate, evaluate and use advanced composites models in association with experimental data post-processing, decision-making support and an innovation-friendly environment that facilitates the deployment within design offices. Fig.1 illustrates the strategies implemented in VIMS.
减少结构设计中的不确定性和风险意味着确定准确的基于统计的材料特性。IRT saint - exupsamry一直在开发一个名为VIMS的软件解决方案,该解决方案使用GEMS开源python库[1]来生成材料允许值。VIMS提供了一个框架,可以集成、评估和使用先进的复合材料模型,并结合实验数据后处理、决策支持和创新环境,促进设计办公室的部署。图1说明了在VIMS中实现的策略。
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引用次数: 0
High-cycle Fatigue Optimization of Laminated Composite Structures 层合复合材料结构的高周疲劳优化
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23967/composites.2021.081
S. Hermansen, E. Lund
Structural design against fatigue failure is typically a comprehensive exercise. This is particularly the case for laminated composite structures due to the added complexity associated with their multi-directional behavior, resulting in materialand load-dependent failure modes. In fatigue analysis, these factors materialize as a non-linear relationship between reversals to failure and mean stress, load sequence effects as well as stiffness and strength degradation that also have to be taken into account. To minimize the material use in composite structures, it is desirable to apply structural optimization. In this work, a methodology for gradient-based high-cycle fatigue optimization of general laminated composite structures is presented. An efficient approach for fatigue topology optimization was demonstrated in [1] by the use of an aggregation function to reduce the amount of fatigue damage measures from local finite element quantities to a single global measure. This is utilized with the adjoint method to efficiently compute gradients by solving only an extra set of linear equations where the factored stiffness matrix is reused. This same approach is adopted for solving the present problem. Parametrization of the structure is done by Discrete Material and Thickness Optimization (DMTO) approach [2], such that an optimized combination of material, fiber orientation, layup sequence, and layer thickness is sought. The fatigue analysis approach used in this work is typically employed in the wind turbine industry for blade design, see e.g. [3]. Offset is taken in variable amplitude loading, which is quantified by Rainflow counting yielding a set of scaling factors for determining amplitude and mean stress. Proportional loading is assumed, meaning the computationally expensive Rainflow counting only has to be performed once during the optimization. A constant life diagram approach is used to calculate an equivalent stress from the amplitude and mean components, taking into account mean stress of various magnitudes by interpolating between their respective SN curves. Reversals to failure are then computed from the SN curves, which are constructed using a data-fitted power law. Damages are then summed using cumulative methods such as linear and non-linear Palmgren-Miner sum. A number of structural optimization examples including fatigue constraints will demonstrate the potential of this approach.
抗疲劳破坏的结构设计通常是一项综合性的工作。对于层压复合材料结构来说尤其如此,因为其多向行为增加了复杂性,导致材料和载荷相关的失效模式。在疲劳分析中,这些因素体现为失效逆转与平均应力、载荷序列效应以及刚度和强度退化之间的非线性关系,这些因素也必须考虑在内。为了最大限度地减少复合材料的使用,需要对复合材料进行结构优化。本文提出了一种基于梯度的复合材料层合结构高周疲劳优化方法。文献[1]证明了一种有效的疲劳拓扑优化方法,该方法使用聚合函数将疲劳损伤测度从局部有限元量减少到单个全局测度。这是利用伴随方法有效地计算梯度,只需求解一组额外的线性方程,其中因子刚度矩阵被重用。解决目前的问题也采用了同样的方法。通过离散材料和厚度优化(DMTO)方法对结构进行参数化[2],从而寻求材料、纤维取向、铺层顺序和层厚的优化组合。这项工作中使用的疲劳分析方法通常用于风力涡轮机行业的叶片设计,参见示例[3]。在可变振幅加载中采取偏移,通过雨流计数量化,产生一组用于确定振幅和平均应力的缩放因子。假设成比例加载,这意味着计算上昂贵的雨流计数只需要在优化期间执行一次。采用恒寿命图方法从幅值分量和均值分量计算等效应力,并通过在各自的SN曲线之间插值来考虑不同量级的平均应力。然后从SN曲线计算失败的反转,SN曲线使用数据拟合的幂律构造。然后使用线性和非线性Palmgren-Miner和等累积方法对损害求和。包括疲劳约束在内的许多结构优化示例将证明这种方法的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Process Induced Deformations and Residual Stresses in Curved Composite Parts: A Parametric Analysis 弯曲复合材料零件的工艺诱发变形和残余应力:参数分析
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23967/composites.2021.092
E. Zappino, M. Petrolo, N. Zobeiry, E. Carrera
The manufacturing process of composite materials leads to residual stresses and process-induced deformations. These defects originate from the thermoset resin’s curing process, and the thermo-elastic loads originated by the curing cycle [1]. The extent of residual stresses and deformations can be affected by many parameters, e.g., stacking sequence, part geometry, curing cycle, tool-part interaction, tool material. Curved parts, such as L-shaped components, undergo severe residual deformations, referred to as spring-in angle. The prediction of these phenomena requires the use of refined numerical models. The three-dimensional nature of the problem and the multiple physical fields involved make classical models ineffective. The use of solid elements leads to accurate results but requires a very high computational cost. An efficient numerical approach for predicting the spring-in angle of composite parts has been presented recently [2]. The use of higher-order finite elements has been demonstrated to be as accurate as a three-dimensional model with a fraction of the computational cost. The present work exploits the computational efficiency of this model [3] to investigate the effects of many parameters on residual stresses and process-induced deformations of L-shaped composite parts. A large simulation matrix has been considered, including a combination of different stacking sequences, tool materials, curing cycles, and part geometries. The effects of each of those parameters on the spring-in angle have been evaluated. The use of a layer-wise model has allowed the effects of each parameter on the residual stresses to be investigated. The
复合材料的制造过程会产生残余应力和加工变形。这些缺陷源于热固性树脂的固化过程,以及固化周期产生的热弹性载荷[1]。残余应力和变形的程度可以受到许多参数的影响,例如,堆叠顺序,零件几何形状,固化周期,工具-零件相互作用,工具材料。弯曲的部件,如l形部件,经历严重的残余变形,称为弹簧入角。对这些现象的预测需要使用精细的数值模型。问题的三维性质和涉及的多个物理场使得经典模型无效。使用固体元可以得到准确的结果,但需要很高的计算成本。最近提出了一种预测复合材料零件弹簧入角的有效数值方法[2]。高阶有限元的使用已被证明与计算成本的一小部分的三维模型一样精确。本文利用该模型的计算效率[3],研究了许多参数对l型复合材料零件残余应力和工艺诱发变形的影响。考虑了一个大的模拟矩阵,包括不同堆叠顺序、刀具材料、固化周期和零件几何形状的组合。评估了这些参数对弹簧入角的影响。使用分层模型可以研究每个参数对残余应力的影响。的
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引用次数: 0
Characterization of Interlaminar Friction During Forming Processes of Thermoplastic CFRP Materials 热塑性CFRP材料成形过程中层间摩擦的表征
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23967/composites.2021.064
M. Fagerström, G.Catalanotti, Campos Daniel, Maimí Pere, López Sergi, Martín Alberto
This paper describes the experimental work carried out to characterize the interlaminar friction phenomena during dynamic forming processes for thermoplastic composites materials. First, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were conducted to study the microstructural behaviours of both target materials: UD PEEK (Polyetheretherketone) and UD PAEK (Polyaryletherketone) prepregs. Second, a set of experiments inspired by the work of Murtagh [1], Vanclooster [2], and Sachs [3] was performed to obtain the dependency of the different parameters, such as temperature, pressure, and pulling rate on the interlaminar friction coefficient and shear stress. The proposed experimental process was a horizontal pull-out fixed-plies test. This rig consisted of pulling out a ply that lays in between two fixed plies. A machine applied a relative sliding motion between the middle ply and the fixed ones by loading the system in tension while a normal force was applied. A load cell was placed between the clamping and the pulling machine to measure the friction force. Temperatures
本文描述了热塑性复合材料动态成形过程中层间摩擦现象表征的实验工作。首先,采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和动态力学分析(DMA)研究了两种目标材料聚醚醚酮(聚醚醚酮)和聚芳醚酮(聚醚醚酮)预浸料的微观结构行为。其次,受Murtagh[1]、Vanclooster[2]和Sachs[3]工作的启发,进行了一系列实验,得到了温度、压力、拉拔速率等不同参数对层间摩擦系数和剪切应力的依赖关系。提出的实验过程为水平拉出固定层试验。该钻机包括抽出位于两个固定层之间的层。在施加法向力的同时,机器在中间层和固定层之间施加相对滑动运动。在夹紧机和拉紧机之间放置称重传感器以测量摩擦力。温度
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引用次数: 0
An Arc-Length Solver with Dissipation Path-Following for Complex Analysis of Brittle Failure and Stability of Composite Structures 复合材料结构脆性破坏与稳定性复杂分析的耗散路径跟踪弧长求解器
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23967/composites.2021.120
Elias I. B¨orjesson, Martin Fagerstr¨om, J. Remmers
.
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引用次数: 0
Inverse Differential Quadrature Method for 3d Static Analysis of Composite Beam Structures 复合梁结构三维静力分析的逆微分正交法
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23967/composites.2021.099
S. O. Ojo, C. Luan, Trinh, P. M. Weaver
Modelling of laminated structures requires adequate computational frameworks which can accurately estimate displacement and stress fields resulting from systems of high-order partial differential equations [1]. The recently developed inverse differential quadrature method (iDQM) [2] shows promising outcomes for obtaining solution of high-order systems of equation. In this study, we perform static analysis of composite structures based on the theory of Unified Formulation (UF) and mixed methods, comprising of a combination of high-order Finite Element (FE) Method and the new iDQM. According to the theory of UF, a 3D structure is geometrically reconfigured by separating the kinematics governing the 2D cross-section from the 1D axial deformation. In this context, the so-called Serendipity Lagrange Element [3] is employed in a FE framework to capture the cross-sectional deformation with enhanced accuracy without the need for remeshing or loss of numerical stability. On the other hand, the deformation of the refined 1D structure is captured by a new iDQM-based beam element which is either characterised by approximation of derivatives of intermediate order (in a mixed iDQM framework) or highest derivatives (in a full iDQM framework) of the 1D displacement fields. By invoking plane strain and simple support conditions, FE-iDQM predictions of stresses for different lami-nate configurations show good agreement with Pagano’s exact solution and compare well with DQM solutions with the same level of discretisation as shown in Figure 1.
层合结构的建模需要足够的计算框架,可以准确地估计由高阶偏微分方程组产生的位移和应力场[1]。最近发展起来的逆微分求积法(iDQM)[2]在求解高阶方程组方面显示出良好的结果。在本研究中,我们基于统一公式(UF)理论和混合方法对复合材料结构进行了静力分析,混合方法包括高阶有限元(FE)方法和新的iDQM方法的结合。根据UF理论,通过将控制二维截面的运动学与一维轴向变形分离,对三维结构进行几何重构。在这种情况下,在有限元框架中采用所谓的Serendipity Lagrange Element[3],在不需要重新网格划分或失去数值稳定性的情况下,以提高精度捕获截面变形。另一方面,精细一维结构的变形由一个新的基于iDQM的梁单元捕获,该梁单元的特征是一维位移场的中间阶导数(在混合iDQM框架中)或最高导数(在完整iDQM框架中)的近似。通过调用平面应变和简单支撑条件,FE-iDQM对不同层状结构的应力预测与Pagano的精确解非常吻合,并且与具有相同离散化水平的DQM解相比较,如图1所示。
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引用次数: 4
Longitudinal Debonding in Unidirectional Composites: A Numerical Study of the Effect of Interfacial Properties 单向复合材料纵向脱粘:界面特性影响的数值研究
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23967/composites.2021.095
S. AhmadvashAghbash, C. Breite, M. Mehdikhani, Y. Swolfs
Fibre-matrix longitudinal debonding, governed by the interfacial shear strength and fracture toughness, alters the stress transfer mechanism in the composite by changing the stress field around the broken fiber [1]. In a majority of the fibre-matrix debonding finite element models in the literature, as in [2], the debonded length has been imposed based on the experimentally measured lengths. The simplified models typically treat the matrix as a linear elastic material and/or exclude the effects of interfacial friction and thermal residual stresses on the stress behavior of the constituents. The current work develops high-fidelity debonding models, which include the main relevant phenomena occurring in reality to perform a numerical parametric study of the interfacial properties in carbon fibre/epoxy systems in single-fiber (Figure 1a) and multi-fibre composites (Figure 1b-c). Numerical results show that the thermal residual stresses constrain the debond propagation and the interfacial friction has a significant influence on how the axial load in the broken fibre recovers (Figure 1d). Figure 1e shows the effect of fracture toughness on the stress profile for the broken fibre in the single-fibre model. It is concluded that, within the range of reported interfacial properties, for large friction coefficients (μ > 0.4) or high interfacial fracture toughnesses (GII c > 0.1 N/mm) no debonding will be developed.
纤维-基体纵向剥离受界面剪切强度和断裂韧性的支配,通过改变断裂纤维周围的应力场改变复合材料中的应力传递机制[1]。在文献中的大多数纤维矩阵脱粘有限元模型中,如[2],脱粘长度是根据实验测量的长度施加的。简化模型通常将基体视为线弹性材料,并且/或排除了界面摩擦和热残余应力对组分应力行为的影响。目前的工作开发了高保真的脱粘模型,其中包括现实中发生的主要相关现象,以对单纤维(图1a)和多纤维复合材料(图1b-c)中碳纤维/环氧树脂体系的界面特性进行数值参数研究。数值结果表明,热残余应力约束了剥离扩展,界面摩擦对断裂纤维中轴向载荷的恢复有显著影响(图1d)。图1e显示了单纤维模型中断裂韧性对断裂纤维应力分布的影响。结果表明,在所报道的界面性能范围内,大摩擦系数(μ > 0.4)或高界面断裂韧性(GII c > 0.1 N/mm)不会发生脱粘。
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引用次数: 0
Predicting the Elasto-Plastic Response of Short Fiber Composites Using Deep Neural Networks Trained on Micro-Mechanical Simulations 基于微力学模拟训练的深度神经网络预测短纤维复合材料弹塑性响应
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23967/composites.2021.086
J. Friemann, B. Dashtbozorg, M. Fagerström, M. Mirkhalaf
mechanical modeling of Short Fiber Reinforced Composites (SFRC) is of anisotropy, discontinuity and orientation distribution of fibers. to accurately predict the behavior of SFRC with fiber orientations and fiber volume fractions is in the design and produc-tion of injection molded parts. constitutive
短纤维增强复合材料(SFRC)的力学模型是纤维的各向异性、不连续和取向分布。在注塑件的设计和生产中,准确地预测纤维取向和纤维体积分数对SFRC性能的影响。本构
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引用次数: 0
Quasi-Isotropic Carbon-Carbon Hybrid Laminate: Static and Low-Cyclic Performance 准各向同性碳-碳混合层压板:静态和低循环性能
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23967/composites.2021.028
S. Sapozhnikov, M. Gundappa, S. Lomov, Y. Swolfs, V. Carvelli
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引用次数: 0
On the Numerical Modeling and Validation of Fracture Mechanics for Printed Electronics Composites. 印刷电子复合材料断裂力学的数值模拟与验证。
Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.23967/composites.2021.002
M. Linke, T. Genco, R. Lammering
During the service life of all kinds of structures (e.g. aircrafts, wind turbines) the structural integrity is a key factor for safe performance. Due to the increasing use of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) in various structures, there is a growing need for timely detection of non-visible damage. Since common scheduled maintenance is ineffective in terms of time and cost, the investigation of possibly viable structural health monitoring (SHM) concepts is a main research focus [1]. Integration of electrical sensors into these structures allows diagnosis about the existence and extent of damage by measuring of in-situ electrical characteristics. Nanojet printed sensors made of carbon nanotube (CNT) enriched composite materials can exhibit considerable electrical and mechanical properties for this task.
在各种结构(如飞机、风力涡轮机)的使用寿命中,结构的完整性是保证其安全性能的关键因素。由于纤维增强聚合物(FRP)在各种结构中的使用越来越多,因此越来越需要及时检测不可见的损伤。由于常规的定期维护在时间和成本方面是无效的,因此对可能可行的结构健康监测(SHM)概念的研究是一个主要的研究热点。将电传感器集成到这些结构中,可以通过测量原位电特性来诊断损坏的存在和程度。由富含碳纳米管(CNT)的复合材料制成的纳米射流打印传感器可以表现出良好的电学和力学性能。
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引用次数: 0
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VIII Conference on Mechanical Response of Composites
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