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The State of the Records of the Federation Union of Black Artists at the Johannesburg Art Gallery: An Overview 约翰内斯堡美术馆黑人艺术家联合会的记录:综述
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2023-03-08 DOI: 10.1017/hia.2023.1
Brown Maaba
In this paper, the author asserts that the Johannesburg Art Gallery has also done remarkably well in preserving archival material in the field of black visual art. Such documents shed light on the operations of the visual art industry in South Africa before the democratic dispensation of 1994. He argues that heritage practitioners, artists, and scholars can immensely enhance their knowledge through study of these records. The author also thinks that it is crucial for this unique collection to be digitized for preservation and access.
在这篇论文中,作者断言约翰内斯堡美术馆在保存黑人视觉艺术领域的档案材料方面也做得非常好。这些文件揭示了1994年民主统治之前南非视觉艺术行业的运作情况。他认为,遗产从业者、艺术家和学者可以通过研究这些记录来极大地提高他们的知识。作者还认为,对这一独特的藏品进行数字化保存和访问至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction 介绍
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-09-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0361541300006628
J. Seemann, John C. Finn
Each of the following three papers is devoted to one or more aspect of conducting field research in Zambia. In this sense they form a complementary set, although this result was more fortuitous than planned. The intent had been to collect together several short papers which would address themselves to the manifold facets of fieldwork in African historical research. It is hoped that it will still be possible to do this, and it may be useful to discuss some (though by no means all) of the considerations that might merit attention in this regard: 1] With the increasing difficulties in securing research clearance in Africa, it is important -- perhaps even imperative -- that intending field workers develop viable back-up research proposals. The ways in which such alternatives can be applied could probably be illustrated best by one or two case experiences; for, if anything, it appears that the ability to pursue first intentions will diminish in the future. 2] Does Professor Kashoki's paper describe views which are representative of general opinion? Is there widespread disenchantment within Africa -- with the research attitudes and behavior of field researchers; with their commitments to the concerns of host countries; and with their care in assuring that the fruits of their labors are made easily available for local consumption? The views of other African historians, archivists, and librarians can help to reinforce or modify the arguments noted by Professor Kashoki, both by focusing on issues he has raised and by introducing new ones. 3] Graduate students (not to mention other researchers) cannot always function intellectually as freely as they might wish. They have always had to defer to the opinions and interests of their supervisors and their graduate faculty, as well as to the suspected attitudes of relevant funding agencies. Now it appears that the research priorities of host governments must be added to this litany, may even come to dominate it, as we begin to hear of “research brigades” and similar expedients. Whether this should be seen as good or bad will depend on a number of specific variables. In either instance, however, the short- and long-term ramifications of this new phenomenon need to be discussed.
以下三篇论文中的每一篇都致力于在赞比亚进行实地研究的一个或多个方面。从这个意义上说,它们形成了一个互补的集合,尽管这个结果是偶然的,而不是计划好的。其目的是收集几篇简短的论文,这些论文将涉及非洲历史研究中实地工作的各个方面。我们希望仍然有可能做到这一点,并且讨论一些(尽管不是全部)在这方面可能值得注意的考虑因素可能是有用的:1]随着在非洲获得研究许可的难度越来越大,有意向的实地工作人员制定可行的后备研究建议是重要的——甚至是必要的。可以通过一两个案例经验来最好地说明这些替代方案的应用方式;因为,如果说有什么不同的话,那就是追求最初意图的能力在未来似乎会减弱。[2] Kashoki教授的论文所描述的观点是否代表了普遍观点?非洲内部是否存在普遍的幻灭感——实地研究人员的研究态度和行为;对东道国关切的问题作出承诺;他们小心翼翼地确保他们的劳动成果能很容易地供当地消费?其他非洲历史学家、档案保管员和图书管理员的观点可以通过关注Kashoki教授提出的问题和引入新的问题来帮助加强或修改Kashoki教授指出的论点。[3]研究生(更不用说其他研究人员了)并不能总是像他们所希望的那样自由地进行智力活动。他们总是不得不服从他们的导师和研究生教师的意见和利益,以及相关资助机构可疑的态度。现在看来,东道国政府的研究优先事项必须加入到这个冗长的清单中,甚至可能成为主导,因为我们开始听到“研究旅”和类似的权宜之计。这是好是坏将取决于一些具体的变量。然而,无论哪种情况,都需要讨论这种新现象的短期和长期后果。
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引用次数: 0
“Wives Wishing to Join Their Husbands”: Colonial Forgery, Gender Legibility, and Labor Migration in West Africa “希望与丈夫团聚的妻子”:西非的殖民伪造、性别易读性和劳动力迁移
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/hia.2022.3
Ndubueze L. Mbah
Abstract European mobilizations of Africans for labor relied on the forgery that Africans can be harnessed into modern units of capitalist production only when organized into households led by wage-earning men supported by domesticated women. Between the 1930s and 1950s, Nigerian male labor migrants to Fernando Po and Gabon, as well as their wives, advanced diverse forgeries in response to the legibility protocols that European states used to control African migrants. Nigerian men used colonial documentation of their status as husbands to claim women’s bodies. Nigerian women used colonial documentation as wives and mothers to mask autonomy, illicit mobility, child trafficking, and sex work. This article develops a historical theory of forgery to explain how colonial legibility protocols and African manipulations of colonial documents constituted gendering practices. It focuses on the diverse documentary strategies women developed to evade colonial surveillance, including photographs to manufacture kinship and colonial court records to generate identities as temporary wives and fictive mothers. As European agents and African men strove to exploit women’s economic and sexual capacities, women used documentary and social forgeries to exploit fissures in colonial rule and create autonomous spaces of mobility and economic opportunity.
欧洲对非洲劳动力的动员依赖于这样一种假象,即只有当非洲人被组织成由工薪男性领导、由家庭妇女支持的家庭时,非洲人才能被利用到资本主义生产的现代单位中。在20世纪30年代到50年代之间,移民到费尔南多波和加蓬的尼日利亚男性劳工,以及他们的妻子,为了回应欧洲国家用来控制非洲移民的易读性协议,制造了各种伪造品。尼日利亚男人利用殖民时期的丈夫身份文件来占有女人的身体。尼日利亚妇女利用殖民时期的文件作为妻子和母亲来掩盖自主、非法流动、贩卖儿童和性工作。本文发展了一种伪造的历史理论,以解释殖民易读性协议和非洲对殖民文件的操纵如何构成性别实践。它重点关注妇女为逃避殖民监视而制定的各种记录策略,包括拍摄照片以制造亲属关系和殖民法庭记录,以产生临时妻子和虚构母亲的身份。当欧洲代理人和非洲男子努力利用妇女的经济和性能力时,妇女利用文献和社会伪造来利用殖民统治的裂缝,创造自主的流动空间和经济机会。
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引用次数: 0
Cinema and the Idea of Fieldwork in Sol Plaatje’s Journeys 索尔·普拉杰的《旅行》中的电影与田野考察思想
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/hia.2022.8
F. Pinto de Almeida, Aidan Erasmus
Abstract In the mid-1920s, Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje toured the South African countryside showing films he brought from the Tuskegee Institute in the United States. Plaatje’s cinema tours complemented his educational talks on the status of Africans in the Union of South Africa alongside the material he collected for books, speeches and political tours. Focusing on the itinerant cinema as an element of fieldwork, our article asks what can be learned from approaching Plaatje’s research practices. We consider Plaatje’s methods of research in relation to conventional notions of social scientific fieldwork, which also relied on modern media but were often entangled in colonial projects that projected an image of African rural life. Drawing on letters, novels, and accounts of his film screenings, our essay argues for an interdisciplinary engagement with cinema practices in African history that is attentive to the uses of mass media in research and the pedagogical valences of itinerant film screenings. Considering Plaatje’s cinema alongside the value he attached to travelling and mobility, we argue that his cinema puts the field to work and inspires new practices of research in African Studies.
摘要20世纪20年代中期,Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje在南非乡村巡回演出,放映他从美国塔斯基吉研究所带来的电影。普拉特杰的电影之旅补充了他关于非洲人在南非联盟地位的教育演讲,以及他为书籍、演讲和政治之旅收集的材料。我们的文章将巡回电影作为田野调查的一个元素,询问从普拉杰的研究实践中可以学到什么。我们将普拉特杰的研究方法与传统的社会科学实地考察概念联系起来,后者也依赖于现代媒体,但往往与投射非洲农村生活形象的殖民项目纠缠在一起。根据信件、小说和对他的电影放映的描述,我们的文章主张跨学科参与非洲历史上的电影实践,关注大众媒体在研究中的使用以及巡回电影放映的教学价值。考虑到普拉杰的电影以及他对旅行和流动性的重视,我们认为他的电影为非洲研究开辟了新的领域,并激发了新的研究实践。
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引用次数: 0
Recycling Interdisciplinary Evidence: Abandoned Hypotheses and African Historiologies in the Settlement History of Littoral East Africa 跨学科证据的再循环:东非沿岸定居史中被抛弃的假设与非洲史学
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/hia.2022.7
Daren E. Ray
Abstract Scholars can elevate African voices as they recycle evidence from abandoned lines of research. This article discusses how to apply the confirmation and recycling methods of interdisciplinary research to engage with African historiologies. After reviewing contentious debates about Shungwaya from ca. 1955–2000, it draws on Mijikenda elder Thomas Govi’s descriptions of uganga and clanship (in a published collection of oral traditions) as a historiological theory for reimagining cross-linguistic collaborations, the formation of “stone towns,” and Islamic conversion in the settlement history of littoral East Africa.
学者们可以通过回收废弃研究领域的证据来提升非洲的声音。本文讨论了如何运用跨学科研究的确认和再循环方法来参与非洲历史研究。在回顾了1955年至2000年关于Shungwaya的争议性辩论之后,它借鉴了Mijikenda长老Thomas Govi对乌干达和部族关系的描述(在一本已出版的口述传统合集中),作为重新想象跨语言合作、“石城”形成和东非沿海定居史中伊斯兰教转换的历史理论。
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引用次数: 0
Ecologies of Development: Ecophilosophies and Indigenous Action on the Tana River 发展生态学:塔纳河的生态哲学和土著行动
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/hia.2022.11
James D. Parker
Abstract This article argues for a reorientation of African environmental history that incorporates localized ecophilosophies, racial ecologies, and environmental justice, and posits that doing so allows us to challenge the sociocultural and ecological implications of colonial and postcolonial environmental development more rigorously in East Africa. Focusing on Kenya, I argue that environmental justice-oriented histories of economic development elevate the subjectivities, cosmologies, and experiences of rural Kenyan populations rather than reducing the environment and its resources to their instrumental qualities On the Tana River, pastoral and riverine groups such as the Pokomo and Orma suffered and challenged the exigencies of water extraction in specific ways tied to their existing relationships with the local environment. By looking at the ways rural communities in arid regions framed their environmental relationships, we can begin to appreciate the specific modalities and cosmologies through which they resisted the imposition of cash crop agriculture and water development. The article demonstrates an interdisciplinary approach utilizing Black ecologies and environmental justice frameworks that restores vitality to the rural experience of imperialism and offers more rigorous critiques of global development dogmas under racial capitalism, particularly surrounding the omnipresent threat of ecocide driven by dispossession, resource extraction, toxicity, and climate change.
摘要本文主张重新定位非洲环境史,将本地化的生态哲学、种族生态学和环境正义纳入其中,并认为这样做可以让我们更严格地挑战东非殖民和后殖民环境发展的社会文化和生态影响。以肯尼亚为中心,我认为以环境正义为导向的经济发展史提升了肯尼亚农村人口的主观能动性、宇宙观和经验,而不是将环境及其资源减少到他们的工具品质,Pokomo和Orma等牧民和河流群体以与当地环境现有关系相关的特定方式,承受并挑战了取水的紧迫性。通过观察干旱地区农村社区构建环境关系的方式,我们可以开始了解他们抵制经济作物农业和水资源开发的具体模式和宇宙观。这篇文章展示了一种利用黑人生态学和环境正义框架的跨学科方法,该方法恢复了帝国主义乡村经历的活力,并对种族资本主义下的全球发展教条提出了更严格的批评,特别是围绕着由剥夺、资源开采、毒性、,以及气候变化。
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引用次数: 0
Rethinking Archives, Rewriting History: Other-Archives and the Interdisciplinary Approaches to Moroccan History of the “Years of Lead” 重新思考档案,重写历史:他者档案与摩洛哥“铅年”历史的跨学科研究
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/hia.2022.6
Brahim El Guabli
Abstract Archives are loci of power where state (and archive creators’) hegemony is reproduced and sustained through the stories they allow to be told and the ones they suppress. However, this applies only to contexts in which archives actually exist and are organized. I argue that Morocco’s postcolonial history challenges Western notions of archives and begs for a conceptualization of “other-archives” in which silenced stories find their way to the public arena and resist authoritarian amnesia. Not only do other-archives liberate history (re)writing from archival hegemony, but they also open up space for an interdisciplinary study of history. Other-archives, as I theorize them, allow the inscription of the voices of the subaltern into the other-archival documents while also helping to decenter history and historiographical discourses by creating the need for historians to collaborate with specialists in other non-history-focused disciplines, such as cinema, literature, sociology, and political science. This article reveals how the existence and wide dissemination of other-archives within the context of the Equity and Reconciliation Commission’s work in Morocco (2004–2005) spurred transformative debates among Moroccan historians and incited them to push the boundaries of their discipline through the use of tārīkh al-zaman al-rāhin (history of the present).
摘要档案馆是权力的场所,国家(和档案创作者)的霸权通过他们允许讲述的故事和他们压制的故事得以再现和维持。然而,这只适用于档案实际存在和组织的情况。我认为,摩洛哥的后殖民历史挑战了西方对档案的概念,并要求对“其他档案”进行概念化,在这些档案中,沉默的故事进入公共舞台,抵制独裁健忘症。其他档案不仅将历史写作从档案霸权中解放出来,而且为跨学科的历史研究开辟了空间。根据我的理论,其他档案允许将下级的声音记录在其他档案文件中,同时也有助于分散历史和史学话语,因为历史学家需要与其他非历史学科的专家合作,如电影、文学、社会学和政治学。这篇文章揭示了在摩洛哥公平与和解委员会(2004-2005年)工作的背景下,其他档案的存在和广泛传播如何在摩洛哥历史学家中引发变革性的辩论,并促使他们通过使用tārīkh al-zamanal-rāhin(现代史)来突破其学科的界限。
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引用次数: 1
Notes from the University of the Free State 来自自由州大学的笔记
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/hia.2021.17
N. Roos
Abstract Through an ethnographic telling of a curriculum reform project, this short contribution seeks to elucidate developments in the Department of History at the University of the Free State in South Africa. It touches on questions of transformation – both demographic and intellectual, what historical knowledge is valued, decolonization and international engagement, and it ends with some prognoses for the future.
通过对课程改革项目的民族志讲述,这篇简短的文章试图阐明南非自由州大学历史系的发展。它涉及转型的问题- -人口和知识、重视哪些历史知识、非殖民化和国际参与,并以对未来的一些预测结束。
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引用次数: 0
Editors’ Introduction: African History’s Interdisciplinary Roots, Ruts, and Routes 编辑简介:非洲历史的跨学科根源、道路和路线
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/hia.2022.17
Lorelle Semley, T. Barnes, Bayo Holsey, Egodi Uchendu
History’s Interdisciplinary Roots, Ruts, and Routes Lorelle Semley* , Teresa Barnes, Bayo Holsey, and Egodi Uchendu Department of History, College of the Holy Cross,Worcester, MA 01610, USA Department of History, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL 61801, USA Department of Anthropology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Department of History, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nsukka, Nigeria *Corresponding Author: lsemley@holycross.edu
历史的跨学科根源、道路和路线Lorelle Semley*、Teresa Barnes、Bayo Holsey和Egodi Uchendu美国伊利诺斯州厄巴纳-香槟市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳-香槟市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州厄巴纳市伊利诺斯州亚特兰大市埃默里大学美国人类学系30322美国尼日利亚恩苏卡市尼日利亚大学历史系通讯作者:lsemley@holycross.edu
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引用次数: 0
Mau Mau as Method 他是美国卫理公会教徒
Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1017/hia.2022.12
Christian Alvarado
Abstract During the period of the Kenya Emergency (1952–1960), an assemblage of anticolonial forces waged war against the British colonial apparatus and its allies. Their notoriety would be crystallized in a single, enigmatic phrase: “Mau Mau.” Through considering the character of both contemporary and current framings, this article contends that Mau Mau exists as a historical method in itself, rather than simply as a phenomenon subjected to the analytical frameworks of historians. Mau Mau’s mythological dimension—something acknowledged in even its earliest formal studies—has rarely been focused upon in any sustained way that centers its implications for historical methodology. Yet it existed as a signifier set within enormous discursive webs and systems of information that people interfaced with in myriad ways. More concretely, understandings of and debates about Mau Mau drove human action through their articulation in realms such as (counter)insurgency, politics, and popular culture in geographically-disparate regions of the world. Approaching “events” such as Mau Mau in this fashion reveals the layout of these discursive webs and how they formed around flows of imperial capital, anticolonial resistance, and professional networks.
摘要在肯尼亚紧急状态期间(1952–1960),一群反殖民势力对英国殖民机构及其盟友发动了战争。他们的恶名可以用一个神秘的短语来体现:“茂茂”。通过考虑当代和当代框架的特征,本文认为茂茂本身是一种历史方法,而不仅仅是一种受历史学家分析框架约束的现象。毛的神话维度——甚至在其最早的正式研究中也得到了承认——很少以任何持续的方式来关注它对历史方法论的影响。然而,它作为一个能指集存在于巨大的话语网络和信息系统中,人们以各种方式与之互动。更具体地说,对毛的理解和辩论通过它们在世界地理不同地区的(反)叛乱、政治和流行文化等领域的表达来推动人类行动。以这种方式处理毛等“事件”,揭示了这些话语网的布局,以及它们是如何围绕帝国资本流动、反殖民抵抗和专业网络形成的。
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引用次数: 0
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History in Africa
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