Abstract In early colonial Lagos, struggles over race, place and identity were played out over ownership of land, and ended with the displacement of sections of the indigenous population. “Africa for the Africans” combines texts and maps to narrate the history of 1860s Lagos. This article demonstrates how, with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), European colonial maps can be used to analyze the significance of changing urban spatial relationships in 1860s Lagos. Though much of this analysis employs GIS, it also leans heavily on other tools for making timelines, story maps and vector diagrams. This process of creating digital representations of the past also has pedagogical applications, as these methods can be extended to the classroom for undergraduates learning about African history.
{"title":"“Africa for the Africans?” – Mapmaking, Lagos, and the Colonial Archive","authors":"Ademide Adelusi-Adeluyi","doi":"10.1017/hia.2020.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2020.9","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In early colonial Lagos, struggles over race, place and identity were played out over ownership of land, and ended with the displacement of sections of the indigenous population. “Africa for the Africans” combines texts and maps to narrate the history of 1860s Lagos. This article demonstrates how, with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), European colonial maps can be used to analyze the significance of changing urban spatial relationships in 1860s Lagos. Though much of this analysis employs GIS, it also leans heavily on other tools for making timelines, story maps and vector diagrams. This process of creating digital representations of the past also has pedagogical applications, as these methods can be extended to the classroom for undergraduates learning about African history.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"47 1","pages":"275 - 296"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2020.9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43023436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The present article contributes to understanding of the Zimbabwe political institution of the southern portion of the Zambesi Valley based on the conceptualization of its population, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. We reconstruct the local perceptions of this institution by detecting information provided by local persons as recounted in Portuguese ethnographic documents. The original information underwent different types and degrees of translation and editing to reach the forms recorded in these documents. We present a critical process of recovering local voices, ideologies, and conceptualizations from written literal translations of excerpts of oral statements that can serve as a valuable methodological tool in expanding our understanding of the history of early African politics.
{"title":"African Voices Echoing in European Texts: The Muffled Meanings of the Madzimbabwe of the Mocaranga between the Sixteenth and the Nineteenth Centuries","authors":"Gai Roufe, Joseph C. Miller","doi":"10.1017/hia.2020.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2020.8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The present article contributes to understanding of the Zimbabwe political institution of the southern portion of the Zambesi Valley based on the conceptualization of its population, between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. We reconstruct the local perceptions of this institution by detecting information provided by local persons as recounted in Portuguese ethnographic documents. The original information underwent different types and degrees of translation and editing to reach the forms recorded in these documents. We present a critical process of recovering local voices, ideologies, and conceptualizations from written literal translations of excerpts of oral statements that can serve as a valuable methodological tool in expanding our understanding of the history of early African politics.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"47 1","pages":"5 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2020.8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48386408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The digitization of African materials has made it easier than ever for students to engage with primary source documentation and undertake original research. Digitizing sources and using digital sources to teach African history has great pedagogical value, but must be done ethically. This article suggests a model for collaborative and publicly-engaged scholarship, demonstrating the potential of transnational projects and shared knowledge production while maintaining sensitivity towards questions of the hegemony of the North. The study draws on experience of a virtual internship project between North American-based university students and the South African non-profit South African History Online (SAHO).
{"title":"Teaching South African History in the Digital Age: Collaboration, Pedagogy, and Popularizing History","authors":"J. E. Kelly, Omar Badsha","doi":"10.1017/hia.2020.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2020.6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The digitization of African materials has made it easier than ever for students to engage with primary source documentation and undertake original research. Digitizing sources and using digital sources to teach African history has great pedagogical value, but must be done ethically. This article suggests a model for collaborative and publicly-engaged scholarship, demonstrating the potential of transnational projects and shared knowledge production while maintaining sensitivity towards questions of the hegemony of the North. The study draws on experience of a virtual internship project between North American-based university students and the South African non-profit South African History Online (SAHO).","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"47 1","pages":"297 - 325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2020.6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46343271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This article examines the digitization policy of Archives du Maroc (AdM), Morocco’s national archival institution, which was set up in 2011 and opened in 2013. Given its recent creation, the AdM lead us to question the particularity of digitization in archiving policies when included from the start rather than retroactively. Through an analysis of the creation and development of AdM as a public policy connected to national efforts at transparency and “good governance,” I argue that digitization has served as a way of performing modernity through technology and international standards, thus reinforcing the legitimacy of a nascent institution.
{"title":"Born Digital? Digitization and the Birth of the Moroccan National Archives","authors":"Nora El Qadim","doi":"10.1017/hia.2020.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2020.4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This article examines the digitization policy of Archives du Maroc (AdM), Morocco’s national archival institution, which was set up in 2011 and opened in 2013. Given its recent creation, the AdM lead us to question the particularity of digitization in archiving policies when included from the start rather than retroactively. Through an analysis of the creation and development of AdM as a public policy connected to national efforts at transparency and “good governance,” I argue that digitization has served as a way of performing modernity through technology and international standards, thus reinforcing the legitimacy of a nascent institution.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"47 1","pages":"195 - 218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2020.4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42407381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article explores archival practices and ownership of the largely Arabic manuscript collections at the Djenné Manuscript Library. From 2009 to 2017 grants from the British Library’s Endangered Archives Programme enabled the preservation of 8,520 manuscripts and digitization of about 400,000 folios. In a politically volatile environment like Mali, the future of historical research is mostly contingent on the availability of digital archives. While these archives enable research that otherwise could not be conducted, they also limit the research experience in situ and thus affect findings. For the manuscript owners, questions arise about digital imperialism.
{"title":"Preserving and Digitizing Djenné’s Manuscript Collections: The Politics of Space and Agency in Central Mali","authors":"Elke E. Stockreiter","doi":"10.1017/hia.2020.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2020.3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article explores archival practices and ownership of the largely Arabic manuscript collections at the Djenné Manuscript Library. From 2009 to 2017 grants from the British Library’s Endangered Archives Programme enabled the preservation of 8,520 manuscripts and digitization of about 400,000 folios. In a politically volatile environment like Mali, the future of historical research is mostly contingent on the availability of digital archives. While these archives enable research that otherwise could not be conducted, they also limit the research experience in situ and thus affect findings. For the manuscript owners, questions arise about digital imperialism.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"47 1","pages":"119 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2020.3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42606022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: Broadcasting archives have been being digitized in West Africa since the 2000s. Their digital transfer, presented as both a solution to their decay and a necessary step to take them into the new century, presents considerable challenges. This article, while emphasizing the historiographical value of the archives as sources and traces, argues that the processes they undergo, which also participate in these technical objects’ afterlife, are connected to a long and circulatory history of cooperation in broadcasting. Located at the interface of past, present, and future, they also provide an opportunity to question certain geopolitical fracture lines, especially those of knowledge and memory.
{"title":"Preserving Public Broadcasting Archives in the Digital Era: Circulatory Stories and Technologies, the Digital Turn, and the Return of the Past in West Africa","authors":"Flora Losch","doi":"10.1017/hia.2020.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2020.2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: Broadcasting archives have been being digitized in West Africa since the 2000s. Their digital transfer, presented as both a solution to their decay and a necessary step to take them into the new century, presents considerable challenges. This article, while emphasizing the historiographical value of the archives as sources and traces, argues that the processes they undergo, which also participate in these technical objects’ afterlife, are connected to a long and circulatory history of cooperation in broadcasting. Located at the interface of past, present, and future, they also provide an opportunity to question certain geopolitical fracture lines, especially those of knowledge and memory.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"47 1","pages":"219 - 241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2020.2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42795615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This is a study of research and conservation activities into a newly rediscovered and opened regional archive in the Préfecture of Pointe-Noire in the Republic of Congo. The study illustrates the constraints attaching to complicated post-independence materials and the need for flexibility in approaching them. Begun as an initially well-defined project targeting a vanished colonial territorial archive, the work turned instead into the finding and reorganizing of an extremely valuable but dispersed post-independence archive. The article discusses the implications of such conditions for priorities in preservation measures and questions of digitization; it makes the case for a pragmatic approach.
{"title":"Rescuing, Interpreting, and, Eventually, Digitizing Regional Postcolonial Archives: Endangered Archives and Research in Pointe-Noire, Republic of Congo","authors":"A. Keese, Brice I. Owabira","doi":"10.1017/hia.2020.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2020.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This is a study of research and conservation activities into a newly rediscovered and opened regional archive in the Préfecture of Pointe-Noire in the Republic of Congo. The study illustrates the constraints attaching to complicated post-independence materials and the need for flexibility in approaching them. Begun as an initially well-defined project targeting a vanished colonial territorial archive, the work turned instead into the finding and reorganizing of an extremely valuable but dispersed post-independence archive. The article discusses the implications of such conditions for priorities in preservation measures and questions of digitization; it makes the case for a pragmatic approach.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"47 1","pages":"143 - 165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2020.1","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47295253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This brief introduction to a special section on Digital History in African Studies situates three articles on recent digital humanities initiatives among African historians within the broader histories of the use of digital methodologies in the study of Africa. In particular, it highlights the way that Africanist digital scholarship sits at the intersection of digital historical representation, community engagement, and academic research. While Africanist digital history builds on the work of a much broader digital humanities community, historians of Africa also draw on their discipline’s long history of methodological innovation to raise important questions about the potential contributions and limitations of digital technologies in academic research.
{"title":"Introduction: Digital History in African Studies","authors":"J. Hart","doi":"10.1017/hia.2020.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2020.5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This brief introduction to a special section on Digital History in African Studies situates three articles on recent digital humanities initiatives among African historians within the broader histories of the use of digital methodologies in the study of Africa. In particular, it highlights the way that Africanist digital scholarship sits at the intersection of digital historical representation, community engagement, and academic research. While Africanist digital history builds on the work of a much broader digital humanities community, historians of Africa also draw on their discipline’s long history of methodological innovation to raise important questions about the potential contributions and limitations of digital technologies in academic research.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"47 1","pages":"269 - 274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2020.5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41534945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract: This report is on the J.H. Kwabena Nketia Archive at the University of Ghana, Legon, Accra. In the light of growing destruction of public archives in Ghana, mainly due to chieftaincy and land litigation but also because of the lack of a proper maintenance culture, this report will suggest that other, non-conventional archives, such as the J.H. Kwabena Nketia Archive should be explored by historians and researchers. This report highlights the contribution of J.H. Kwabena Nketia who sought to preserve information that is crucial at a time when the world seems to be abandoning most of the most important and significant aspects of Africa’s cultural and artistic history. Résumé: Ce texte est un rapport est sur les archives de J.H. Kwabena Nketia situées à l’Université du Ghana, Legon, Accra. À la lumière de la destruction croissante des archives publiques au Ghana, principalement en raison des litiges fonciers et de chefferie, mais aussi en raison de l’absence d’une culture de la maintenance appropriée, le présent rapport suggère que d’autres archives non conventionnelles, telles que les archives de J.H. Kwabena Nketia devraient être exploitées par des historiens et des chercheurs. Ce rapport met en évidence la contribution de J.H. Kwabena Nketia à la préservation d’informations cruciales à un moment où le monde semble abandonner la plupart des aspects les plus importants et les plus significatifs de l’histoire culturelle et artistique de l’Afrique.
{"title":"The J.H. Kwabena Nketia Archive at the University of Ghana- Legon","authors":"J. Opoku-Boateng, E. Cann, S. Ntewusu, S. Owusu","doi":"10.1017/hia.2019.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.27","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: This report is on the J.H. Kwabena Nketia Archive at the University of Ghana, Legon, Accra. In the light of growing destruction of public archives in Ghana, mainly due to chieftaincy and land litigation but also because of the lack of a proper maintenance culture, this report will suggest that other, non-conventional archives, such as the J.H. Kwabena Nketia Archive should be explored by historians and researchers. This report highlights the contribution of J.H. Kwabena Nketia who sought to preserve information that is crucial at a time when the world seems to be abandoning most of the most important and significant aspects of Africa’s cultural and artistic history. Résumé: Ce texte est un rapport est sur les archives de J.H. Kwabena Nketia situées à l’Université du Ghana, Legon, Accra. À la lumière de la destruction croissante des archives publiques au Ghana, principalement en raison des litiges fonciers et de chefferie, mais aussi en raison de l’absence d’une culture de la maintenance appropriée, le présent rapport suggère que d’autres archives non conventionnelles, telles que les archives de J.H. Kwabena Nketia devraient être exploitées par des historiens et des chercheurs. Ce rapport met en évidence la contribution de J.H. Kwabena Nketia à la préservation d’informations cruciales à un moment où le monde semble abandonner la plupart des aspects les plus importants et les plus significatifs de l’histoire culturelle et artistique de l’Afrique.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"47 1","pages":"375 - 382"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2019.27","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41443571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabienne Chamelot, Vincent Hiribarren, Marie Rodet
Abstract: With the rise of information technology, an increasing proportion of public African archives are being digitized and made accessible on the internet. The same is being done to a certain extent with private archives too. As much as the new technologies are raising enthusiasm, they have prompted discussion among researchers and archivists, on subjects ranging from matters of intellectual property to sovereignty and governance. Digital archiving disrupts archival norms and practices, opening up a field of reflection relatively little explored by historians. This article therefore seeks to reflect on the digital turn of African archives as a subject for study in its own right, located at the crossroads of political and economic interests. Résumé: Avec l’essor des technologies de l’information, de plus en plus d’archives africaines publiques (et dans une certaine mesure privées) sont numérisées et rendues accessibles sur Internet. Même si ces nouvelles technologies suscitent l’enthousiasme, elles génèrent également des discussions entre chercheurs et archivistes, qui vont de la propriété intellectuelle à la souveraineté en passant par la gouvernance. L’archivage numérique perturbe les normes et les pratiques archivistiques et conséquemment ouvre un champ de réflexion relativement peu exploré par les historiens. Cet article cherche à offrir une réflexion sur le virage numérique pris par les archives africaines en le considérant comme un objet d’étude à part entière situé au carrefour d’intérêts politiques et économiques.
摘要:随着信息技术的兴起，越来越多的非洲公共档案被数字化并在互联网上开放。在某种程度上，私人档案也在做同样的事情。新技术在激发人们热情的同时，也引发了研究人员和档案工作者之间的讨论，讨论的主题从知识产权到主权和治理。数字档案颠覆了档案规范和实践，开辟了一个历史学家相对较少探索的反思领域。因此，本文试图反思非洲档案的数字化转变，将其作为一个研究主题，它本身就处于政治和经济利益的十字路口。信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术、信息技术等都可以通过互联网访问。Même我们的新技术支持“热情”，我们的新技术支持“交流与交流”，我们的新技术支持“交流与交流”，我们的新技术支持“交流与交流”，我们的新技术支持“交流与交流”，我们的新技术支持“交流与交流”。档案学上，档案学上，档案学上的，档案学上的，档案学上的，档案学上的，档案学上的，档案学上的，档案学上的，档案学上的，档案学上的，档案学上的，档案学上的。Cet(中央东部东京)要条offrir一个反射苏尔le virage numerique取了par les档案africaines en le considerant像联合国同时'etude entiere一部分用非盟家乐福有中心的资本再生产。
{"title":"Archives, the Digital Turn, and Governance in Africa","authors":"Fabienne Chamelot, Vincent Hiribarren, Marie Rodet","doi":"10.1017/hia.2019.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/hia.2019.26","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract: With the rise of information technology, an increasing proportion of public African archives are being digitized and made accessible on the internet. The same is being done to a certain extent with private archives too. As much as the new technologies are raising enthusiasm, they have prompted discussion among researchers and archivists, on subjects ranging from matters of intellectual property to sovereignty and governance. Digital archiving disrupts archival norms and practices, opening up a field of reflection relatively little explored by historians. This article therefore seeks to reflect on the digital turn of African archives as a subject for study in its own right, located at the crossroads of political and economic interests. Résumé: Avec l’essor des technologies de l’information, de plus en plus d’archives africaines publiques (et dans une certaine mesure privées) sont numérisées et rendues accessibles sur Internet. Même si ces nouvelles technologies suscitent l’enthousiasme, elles génèrent également des discussions entre chercheurs et archivistes, qui vont de la propriété intellectuelle à la souveraineté en passant par la gouvernance. L’archivage numérique perturbe les normes et les pratiques archivistiques et conséquemment ouvre un champ de réflexion relativement peu exploré par les historiens. Cet article cherche à offrir une réflexion sur le virage numérique pris par les archives africaines en le considérant comme un objet d’étude à part entière situé au carrefour d’intérêts politiques et économiques.","PeriodicalId":39318,"journal":{"name":"History in Africa","volume":"47 1","pages":"101 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1017/hia.2019.26","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44068662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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