四川大学学报(医学版)最新文献

In recent years, real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology has become an essential tool for molecular diagnosis, pathogen detection, and gene expression analysis, thanks to its high sensitivity, speed, and real-time quantification capabilities. In 2022, the global market size of nucleic acid testing-related products and services, including instruments, reagents, consumables, and after-sales service support, reached 7.3 billion US dollars, with PCR-based technologies accounting for 66.7% of the market share and exhibiting a consistent growth trend. Although qPCR technology has been widely applied across multiple fields, the preclinical development of diagnostic kits-a process that includes primer design and reaction system optimization-still faces such issues as unclear procedures, non-standardized methods, and inconsistent evaluation criteria. Herein, we reviewed the guidelines, key resources, and standardized processes of qPCR assay reagent development, aiming to provide theoretical support for improving the efficiency and quality control of assay reagent development, and to discuss future directions for the optimizing and improving qPCR technology in the context of artificial intelligence.

Chikungunya fever is an infectious disease caused by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus. In recent years, large-scale outbreaks of Chikungunya fever have occurred in many parts of the world, posing a serious challenge to public health. Perinatal infection of CHIKV and its impact on neonates have attracted growing attention. This article aims to introduce the mechanisms and the influencing factors of mother-to-child transmission of CHIKV and to explore its impact on the nervous system in neonates. According to reported findings, CHIKV can cross the placental barrier, causing infection in the fetus, and can cross the blood-brain barrier, leading to various neurological diseases in neonates, such as microcephaly and encephalitis. In addition, factors influencing mother-to-child transmission include the maternal viral load and the stage of pregnancy at the time of infection. Through a review of current scholarly works, this article provides ideas and a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of mother-to-child transmission of CHIKV and for research into the mechanisms underlying CHIKV-induced brain injury in neonates.

Objective: To investigate the association between healthy lifestyle factors and cardiovascular biological aging, as well as the relative contributions of different lifestyle factors.

Methods: Based on the clinical biochemical data and anthropometric data from the baseline survey of the UK Biobank (UKB), the Klemera-Doubal method (KDM) was used to establish cardiovascular biological age (CBA), and CBA acceleration was calculated accordingly. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the associations between healthy lifestyle factors and CBA acceleration. Then, the Quantile g-computation (QGC) was applied to evaluate the relative contributions of different lifestyle factors to CBA acceleration, with further analyses conducted separately for male and female populations. Additionally, stratified analyses were performed based on age, sex, body mass index (BMI), racial background, and family history of cardiovascular diseases to examine population heterogeneity.

Results: A total of 251478 participants were included in the study. Both the overall healthy lifestyle score and each of the 7 lifestyle factors were negatively associated with CBA acceleration (overall lifestyle score: β = －0.75, 95% CI: －0.77 to －0.73). Regarding the relative contributions of different lifestyle factors, alcohol consumption and diet accounted for the highest proportions (25.8% and 25.7%, respectively). However, there were differences by sex-alcohol consumption contributed the most in men (29.5%), followed by diet (23.0%), while in women, diet contributed the most (34.5%) and alcohol consumption accounted for a relatively low proportion (5.5%). Stratified analyses suggested that sex, BMI, and race might be potential effect modifiers.

Conclusion: Lifestyle factors, as modifiable behaviors, can slow the rate of cardiovascular biological aging. Among these factors, alcohol consumption and diet may represent effective targets for intervention.

The elimination of biofilms is a crucial step in controlling hospital-acquired infections. Once biofilms colonize luminal instruments, it is difficult to remove them using traditional disinfection methods. Conventional disinfection approaches now face a series of challenges, including microbial resistance, corrosiveness, cytotoxicity, residual disinfection byproducts, and environmental pollution. Therefore, developing novel disinfection technologies specifically targeting biofilm removal is vitally important. New disinfection technologies, such as slightly acidic electrolyzed water, plasma technology, surface modification techniques, nanomaterial-based disinfection, bacteriophage disinfection, and enzymatic disinfection, are constantly emerging. These technologies exhibit excellent performance against biofilms by leveraging the synergistic effects of multiple mechanisms, including the reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, photocatalytic oxidation, physical disruption, and biological targeting. This review summarizes the characteristics, underlying mechanisms, and potential application scenarios of these novel disinfection technologies, with a particular focus on their effects against biofilms formed by common pathogenic bacteria on surfaces in hospital settings. It aims to provide a reference basis for the practical application and translation of these disinfection technologies and the development of new disinfection strategies.

Objective: To analyze the risk factors associated with central nervous system (CNS) infection in patients after neuroendoscopic hematoma removal combined with and microscopic hematoma removal, and to construct and validate a nomogram prediction model.

Methods: A total of 460 patients who underwent neuroendoscopic hematoma removal combined with microscopic hematoma removal at our hospital between January 2021 and December 2024 were retrospectively enrolled. The patients were assigned to a modeling cohort (n = 322) and a validation cohort (n = 138) in a 7∶3 ratio. Furthermore, the modeling cohort was divided into an infection group (n = 68) and a non-infected group (n = 254) according to whether CNS infection occurred. The independent predictors of central nervous system infection were identified by logistic regression analysis, and a nomogram prediction model was constructed accordingly.

Results: The overall incidence of CNS infection in the 460 patients was 20.65% (95/460). According to the logistic regression analysis, the independent risk factors for CNS infection in patients after neuroendoscopic and microscopic combined hematoma removal included a history of diabetes mellitus (odds ratio [OR] = 3.431, 95% CI: 1.300-9.057), the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (OR = 0.574, 95% CI: 0.462-0.711), cerebrospinal fluid leakage (OR = 4.492, 95% CI: 1.430-14.116), operation duration (OR = 1.011, 95% CI: 1.004-1.019), duration of drainage tube placement (OR = 5.452, 95% CI: 2.423-12.268) and albumin (ALB) level (OR = 0.778, 95% CI: 0.720-0.840) (P < 0.05). Based on these risk factors, a nomogram prediction model was constructed, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the predicted events in the modeling cohort and the validation cohort was 0.928 (95% CI: 0.895-0.960) and 0.918 (95% CI: 0.885-0.951), respectively. The calibration curve fitted well with the ideal curve (Hosmer-Lemeshow test, P > 0.05), and the decision curve analysis demonstrated significant net benefit.

Conclusion: The nomogram model based on history of diabetes mellitus, GCS score, cerebrospinal fluid leakage, operation duration, duration of drainage tube placement, and ALB level demonstrates high predictive performance for CNS infection after neuroendoscopy-assisted microscopic hematoma removal.

Food safety problems caused by foodborne pathogenic bacteria pose a serious threat to public health, creating an urgent need to develop testing methods and techniques with excellent performance and are simple to use and of affordable cost. Traditional testing methods, such as isolation and culture, morphological observation, biochemical identification, and serological tests, have many limitations, including complex procedures, reliance on specialized technical equipment and personnel, and long turnaround time, rendering them inadequate for meeting current and future testing demands. Therefore, it is particularly important to develop simple, rapid, and highly sensitive methods for analyzing pathogenic bacteria. The fusion of nucleic acid aptamers and nanozymes brings new ideas for the rapid testing of pathogenic bacteria. On one hand, aptamers offer specific recognition capability for target bacteria and can be combined with various nucleic acid signal amplification techniques. On the other hand, the enzyme-like catalytic activity and signal amplification effect of many nanomaterials provide a basis for highly sensitive testing. This review highlights the application potential of nanozyme‒aptamer coupling systems in the field of microbial analysis by briefly summarizing the latest research progress in the use of nanozymes combined with aptamers for the detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. First of all, two main approaches to conjugating nanozymes with aptamers are introduced. Then, the testing mechanisms and typical applications of nanozyme‒aptamer coupling systems for foodborne pathogenic bacteria are discussed. Finally, future development trends and existing challenges are disucssed from four perspectives, including specificity, high sensitivity, high throughput, and intelligent detection. This review aims to provide a useful reference for the fusion of nanozymes and aptamers and for the development of on-site rapid testing techniques for foodborne pathogens, and to encourage broader academic interest to further advance this promising research field.

A growing body of evidence indicates that the visual cortex retains a considerable degree of plasticity well into adulthood, suggesting that the visual acuity and binocular visual function of adult amblyopic patients can be improved even beyond the critical period of visual development. Currently, as novel treatment options for amblyopia, pharmacological and non-invasive methods that can enhance the plasticity of the visual cortex have not yet been widely applied in clinical practice. Therefore, it is of critical importance to investigate the underlying mechanisms of visual cortex plasticity to pave the way for the development of new therapeutic strategies for amblyopia. This paper reviews current research progress on mechanisms contributing to changes in visual cortical plasticity, including the regulation of the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neural activities, extracellular matrix remodeling, inhibitory factors associated with plasticity, and neurotrophic factors. With the continued advancement of various neuroimaging technologies, future research should aim to elucidate the precise mechanisms that control the initiation and closure of the critical period, and to clarify how the various factors involved in the regulation of visual cortical plasticity act jointly across different cell types and signaling pathways. Such investigations will provide new approaches and strategies for the treatment of amblyopia.