Pub Date : 1997-05-21DOI: 10.1109/NEBC.1997.594939
S. Reisman
In this tutorial paper, the methods presently used for measuring the degree of stress and relaxation in human physiology are discussed. Measurements include heart rate variability, respiration, blood levels of substance such as cortisol and catecholamine levels, EEG effects and the change in peripheral blood flow. Examples of methods presently used in the author's laboratory are described.
{"title":"Measurement of physiological stress","authors":"S. Reisman","doi":"10.1109/NEBC.1997.594939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBC.1997.594939","url":null,"abstract":"In this tutorial paper, the methods presently used for measuring the degree of stress and relaxation in human physiology are discussed. Measurements include heart rate variability, respiration, blood levels of substance such as cortisol and catecholamine levels, EEG effects and the change in peripheral blood flow. Examples of methods presently used in the author's laboratory are described.","PeriodicalId":393788,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121571076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-05-21DOI: 10.1109/NEBC.1997.594963
B. Odegard, N. Bulat, B. Savilonis, Y. Mendelson
Describes a method developed to assess the contact forces in the knee due to different race walking techniques. Current rules require the walker's leg to be straightened upon impact with the ground, while previous rules allowed the leg to be bent until it passed beneath the walker's center of gravity. A system incorporating EMG, force plate readings, and kinematic video analysis was used in conjunction with a 2-D mathematical model of the lower leg. The model was developed to be applicable at initial impact. Significant differences were found between the two techniques in terms of the contact forces as well as accelerations of the tibia during impact.
{"title":"An analysis of race walking styles using a 2-dimensional mathematical knee model","authors":"B. Odegard, N. Bulat, B. Savilonis, Y. Mendelson","doi":"10.1109/NEBC.1997.594963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBC.1997.594963","url":null,"abstract":"Describes a method developed to assess the contact forces in the knee due to different race walking techniques. Current rules require the walker's leg to be straightened upon impact with the ground, while previous rules allowed the leg to be bent until it passed beneath the walker's center of gravity. A system incorporating EMG, force plate readings, and kinematic video analysis was used in conjunction with a 2-D mathematical model of the lower leg. The model was developed to be applicable at initial impact. Significant differences were found between the two techniques in terms of the contact forces as well as accelerations of the tibia during impact.","PeriodicalId":393788,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129045150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-05-21DOI: 10.1109/NEBC.1997.594954
E. Clancy, N. Hogan
Amplitude estimates of simulated surface electromyograms (EMGs) were studied using both unwhitened and whitened EMG amplitude estimators. Constant-effort non-fatiguing EMGs were simulated as the superposition of simple synthetic motor unit action potential trains (MUAPTs). Each MUAPT was formed from random firings of randomly shaped motor unit action potentials. Two aspects of unwhitened vs. whitened amplitude estimators were studied: (1) the relationship between the mean value of the EMG amplitude estimate vs. the level of contraction and (2) the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) performance of the EMG amplitude estimate. It was found that the relationships between estimated EMG amplitude vs. MUAPT firing rate and the number of MUAPTs were not altered by whitening. However, the performance of whitened amplitude estimators was markedly better. These results suggest that whitening can provide a higher fidelity EMG amplitude estimate without distorting the relationship between EMG and the mechanical output of the muscle.
{"title":"A simulation study of unwhitened versus whitened EMG amplitude estimation","authors":"E. Clancy, N. Hogan","doi":"10.1109/NEBC.1997.594954","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBC.1997.594954","url":null,"abstract":"Amplitude estimates of simulated surface electromyograms (EMGs) were studied using both unwhitened and whitened EMG amplitude estimators. Constant-effort non-fatiguing EMGs were simulated as the superposition of simple synthetic motor unit action potential trains (MUAPTs). Each MUAPT was formed from random firings of randomly shaped motor unit action potentials. Two aspects of unwhitened vs. whitened amplitude estimators were studied: (1) the relationship between the mean value of the EMG amplitude estimate vs. the level of contraction and (2) the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) performance of the EMG amplitude estimate. It was found that the relationships between estimated EMG amplitude vs. MUAPT firing rate and the number of MUAPTs were not altered by whitening. However, the performance of whitened amplitude estimators was markedly better. These results suggest that whitening can provide a higher fidelity EMG amplitude estimate without distorting the relationship between EMG and the mechanical output of the muscle.","PeriodicalId":393788,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121276923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-05-21DOI: 10.1109/NEBC.1997.594943
X. Tang, S. Reisman, W. Guo, S.A. Soldan
A signal processing algorithm to derive spectra of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate variability (HRV) in conscious rats is reported. In this algorithm, the carotid arterial blood pressure is acquired and the rhythmic fluctuations in SBP and HRV are analyzed with a spectral technique based on the fast Fourier transform. Three major components were examined in the spectra of both SBP and HRV, a high frequency component (HF) synchronized by respiration, a low-frequency component (LF) at a frequency of /spl sim/0.5 Hz and a very low-frequency component (VLF) at frequencies below 0.5 Hz.
{"title":"Signal processing of systolic arterial blood pressure and heart rate variability in conscious rats","authors":"X. Tang, S. Reisman, W. Guo, S.A. Soldan","doi":"10.1109/NEBC.1997.594943","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBC.1997.594943","url":null,"abstract":"A signal processing algorithm to derive spectra of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate variability (HRV) in conscious rats is reported. In this algorithm, the carotid arterial blood pressure is acquired and the rhythmic fluctuations in SBP and HRV are analyzed with a spectral technique based on the fast Fourier transform. Three major components were examined in the spectra of both SBP and HRV, a high frequency component (HF) synchronized by respiration, a low-frequency component (LF) at a frequency of /spl sim/0.5 Hz and a very low-frequency component (VLF) at frequencies below 0.5 Hz.","PeriodicalId":393788,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"99 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127265905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-05-21DOI: 10.1109/NEBC.1997.594940
M. Deprince, S. Reisman
A key function of the autonomic nervous system is to alter physiological variables, such as heart rate and blood pressure, in order to accommodate changes in the body due to stressful or relaxing situations. Research in both the fields of heart rate variability and cardiovascular reactivity have studied the physiological effects of many different tasks, such as mental arithmetic. Very few studies, however, have investigated whether there is a correlation between heart rate variability and cardiovascular reactivity measurements. The main objective of the present study is to gain further insight about the relationships between noninvasive measures of parasympathetic activity and cardiovascular reactivity. In order to better fulfill this objective, aspects of data analysis techniques, experimental designs and protocols for the present study are changed from those used in previous research.
{"title":"The relationships between heart rate variability and cardiovascular reactivity","authors":"M. Deprince, S. Reisman","doi":"10.1109/NEBC.1997.594940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBC.1997.594940","url":null,"abstract":"A key function of the autonomic nervous system is to alter physiological variables, such as heart rate and blood pressure, in order to accommodate changes in the body due to stressful or relaxing situations. Research in both the fields of heart rate variability and cardiovascular reactivity have studied the physiological effects of many different tasks, such as mental arithmetic. Very few studies, however, have investigated whether there is a correlation between heart rate variability and cardiovascular reactivity measurements. The main objective of the present study is to gain further insight about the relationships between noninvasive measures of parasympathetic activity and cardiovascular reactivity. In order to better fulfill this objective, aspects of data analysis techniques, experimental designs and protocols for the present study are changed from those used in previous research.","PeriodicalId":393788,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125098692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-05-21DOI: 10.1109/NEBC.1997.594967
G. Benko
While seeking a particular lead combination that would demonstrate the His bundle impulse noninvasively, an esophageal lead system was found that shows a clear cut positive going ramp in the final 40 msec of the P-R segment. Using a dual beam oscilloscope in a totally shielded true hi-fi system, tracings showed this ramp occurs immediately before the QRS of chest leads. With its timing, polarity and electrode placement it appears that it can only arise from His bundle (nodobundle) activity. Tracings are presented which show how electromagnetic interference obscures this and other P-R interval signals illustrating the need for true hi-fi conditions in ECG research.
{"title":"Noninvasive real time observation of His bundle activity","authors":"G. Benko","doi":"10.1109/NEBC.1997.594967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBC.1997.594967","url":null,"abstract":"While seeking a particular lead combination that would demonstrate the His bundle impulse noninvasively, an esophageal lead system was found that shows a clear cut positive going ramp in the final 40 msec of the P-R segment. Using a dual beam oscilloscope in a totally shielded true hi-fi system, tracings showed this ramp occurs immediately before the QRS of chest leads. With its timing, polarity and electrode placement it appears that it can only arise from His bundle (nodobundle) activity. Tracings are presented which show how electromagnetic interference obscures this and other P-R interval signals illustrating the need for true hi-fi conditions in ECG research.","PeriodicalId":393788,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134352745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-05-21DOI: 10.1109/NEBC.1997.594936
J. Stitt, R. Gaumond, J. L. Frazier, F. Hanson
In insects, the summed responses of neural activity can be obtained by recording from the exterior of a taste organ (sensillum) of an intact animal. These multiunit recordings are commonly used to understand sensory and behavioral physiology. It is possible to distinguish between the neural spikes produced by these chemosensory neurons using such features as amplitude and shape. We have developed an artificial neural network (ANN) spike classifier which is capable of distinguishing among neural responses of each insect taste organ. The ANN is "trained" on prototypical spikes produced by each of the constituent neurons. It performs very well when compared with conventional optimal methods of template matching and principal components.
{"title":"An artificial neural network for neural spike classification","authors":"J. Stitt, R. Gaumond, J. L. Frazier, F. Hanson","doi":"10.1109/NEBC.1997.594936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBC.1997.594936","url":null,"abstract":"In insects, the summed responses of neural activity can be obtained by recording from the exterior of a taste organ (sensillum) of an intact animal. These multiunit recordings are commonly used to understand sensory and behavioral physiology. It is possible to distinguish between the neural spikes produced by these chemosensory neurons using such features as amplitude and shape. We have developed an artificial neural network (ANN) spike classifier which is capable of distinguishing among neural responses of each insect taste organ. The ANN is \"trained\" on prototypical spikes produced by each of the constituent neurons. It performs very well when compared with conventional optimal methods of template matching and principal components.","PeriodicalId":393788,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132461240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-05-21DOI: 10.1109/NEBC.1997.594956
K. Larson, D. V. Boykin, M. Cherry, J. Courville, F. Doty, A. Drake, T. G. Guzik, L. Hamel, J. Macri, M. Mayer, M. McConnell, J. Ryan, O. Tousignant
We report /spl gamma/-ray detection performance measurements and computer simulations of a sub-millimeter pitch CdZnTe strip detector. The detector is a prototype for /spl gamma/-ray measurements in the range of 20-600 keV. The prototype is a 1.5 mm thick, 64/spl times/64 orthogonal stripe CdZnTe detector of 0.375 mm pitch in both dimensions, with approximately one square inch of sensitive area. Using discrete laboratory electronics to process signals from an 8/spl times/8 stripe region of the prototype we measured good spectroscopic uniformity and sub-pitch (/spl sim/0.2 mm) spatial resolution in both x and y dimensions. We present below measurements of the spatial uniformity, relative timing and pulse height of the anode and cathode signals. We simulated the photon interactions and signal generation in the strip detector and the test electronics and we compare these results with the data. The data indicate that cathode signal-as well as the anode signal-arises more strongly from the conduction electrons rather than the holes.
{"title":"CdZnTe strip detectors as sub-millimeter resolution imaging gamma radiation spectrometers","authors":"K. Larson, D. V. Boykin, M. Cherry, J. Courville, F. Doty, A. Drake, T. G. Guzik, L. Hamel, J. Macri, M. Mayer, M. McConnell, J. Ryan, O. Tousignant","doi":"10.1109/NEBC.1997.594956","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBC.1997.594956","url":null,"abstract":"We report /spl gamma/-ray detection performance measurements and computer simulations of a sub-millimeter pitch CdZnTe strip detector. The detector is a prototype for /spl gamma/-ray measurements in the range of 20-600 keV. The prototype is a 1.5 mm thick, 64/spl times/64 orthogonal stripe CdZnTe detector of 0.375 mm pitch in both dimensions, with approximately one square inch of sensitive area. Using discrete laboratory electronics to process signals from an 8/spl times/8 stripe region of the prototype we measured good spectroscopic uniformity and sub-pitch (/spl sim/0.2 mm) spatial resolution in both x and y dimensions. We present below measurements of the spatial uniformity, relative timing and pulse height of the anode and cathode signals. We simulated the photon interactions and signal generation in the strip detector and the test electronics and we compare these results with the data. The data indicate that cathode signal-as well as the anode signal-arises more strongly from the conduction electrons rather than the holes.","PeriodicalId":393788,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128140165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-05-21DOI: 10.1109/NEBC.1997.594965
D. Charles, M. Fox
Pulse wave velocity (PWV) provides a robust metric for cardiovascular health that can readily be measured non-intrusively. This paper describes efforts to develop a methodology for rapid, portable, cost effective measurement of pulse wave velocity utilizing only an electrocardiogram (EGG), continuous wave (CW) Doppler, and a computer based data acquisition board. Preliminary results showed that the pulse wave velocity from the aortic root to the radial artery could be deduced with access only to distal portions of the upper extremities, thus minimizing the subject's inconvenience, and making the measurement very suitable for screening applications. In the pilot study reported here, aortic-radial pulse wave transit time was found to be 294.2 ms averaged over 9 pulses with the standard error of the sample mean=9.22 ms. The pulse wave velocity was 217.5 cm/s with standard error of the sample mean=7.07 cm/s.
{"title":"Pulse wave velocity for cardiovascular characterization","authors":"D. Charles, M. Fox","doi":"10.1109/NEBC.1997.594965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBC.1997.594965","url":null,"abstract":"Pulse wave velocity (PWV) provides a robust metric for cardiovascular health that can readily be measured non-intrusively. This paper describes efforts to develop a methodology for rapid, portable, cost effective measurement of pulse wave velocity utilizing only an electrocardiogram (EGG), continuous wave (CW) Doppler, and a computer based data acquisition board. Preliminary results showed that the pulse wave velocity from the aortic root to the radial artery could be deduced with access only to distal portions of the upper extremities, thus minimizing the subject's inconvenience, and making the measurement very suitable for screening applications. In the pilot study reported here, aortic-radial pulse wave transit time was found to be 294.2 ms averaged over 9 pulses with the standard error of the sample mean=9.22 ms. The pulse wave velocity was 217.5 cm/s with standard error of the sample mean=7.07 cm/s.","PeriodicalId":393788,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125343665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1997-05-21DOI: 10.1109/NEBC.1997.594947
D. F. Smith, W. Smith, J. Lacourse, J. A. Litvaitis
Adaptive foraging decisions yield information on how animals view their environment. These decisions allow researchers to know how foragers rank habitats. We used a data logging system using infrared break-beam circuitry to evaluate these decisions. The data from this system revealed differences in behaviors between two species of cottontail rabbits in outdoor enclosures where obtaining food incurs predation costs (probability of mortality).
{"title":"A data logging system using optical sensing techniques to determine foraging strategies of cottontail rabbits","authors":"D. F. Smith, W. Smith, J. Lacourse, J. A. Litvaitis","doi":"10.1109/NEBC.1997.594947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/NEBC.1997.594947","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptive foraging decisions yield information on how animals view their environment. These decisions allow researchers to know how foragers rank habitats. We used a data logging system using infrared break-beam circuitry to evaluate these decisions. The data from this system revealed differences in behaviors between two species of cottontail rabbits in outdoor enclosures where obtaining food incurs predation costs (probability of mortality).","PeriodicalId":393788,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the IEEE 23rd Northeast Bioengineering Conference","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116395561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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