Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.4324/9781315789354-154
R. Turner, P. S. Eaton
Handling unanticipated events during problem solving is diicult enough when an agent is operating by itself. When the agent is part of a cooperative distributed problem solving (CDPS) system, the task's diiculty increases dramatically. Now the agent is forced to consider the eeect of the event not only on itself, but also on others and the group as a whole. It must also consider who should handle the event and the likely impact that actions taken to diagnose the event or respond to it may have on other agents. In this paper, we discuss preliminary work aimed at developing a process for handling events during multiagent cooperative problem solving. The domain in which the work is being done is cooperating multiple autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). However, the approach should have broader applicability to almost any real-world cooperative problem solving task involving autonomous or nearly autonomous agents.
{"title":"Handling Unanticipated Events During Collaboration","authors":"R. Turner, P. S. Eaton","doi":"10.4324/9781315789354-154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315789354-154","url":null,"abstract":"Handling unanticipated events during problem solving is diicult enough when an agent is operating by itself. When the agent is part of a cooperative distributed problem solving (CDPS) system, the task's diiculty increases dramatically. Now the agent is forced to consider the eeect of the event not only on itself, but also on others and the group as a whole. It must also consider who should handle the event and the likely impact that actions taken to diagnose the event or respond to it may have on other agents. In this paper, we discuss preliminary work aimed at developing a process for handling events during multiagent cooperative problem solving. The domain in which the work is being done is cooperating multiple autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). However, the approach should have broader applicability to almost any real-world cooperative problem solving task involving autonomous or nearly autonomous agents.","PeriodicalId":393936,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133179926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.4324/9781315789354-176
Paul Thagard, K. Dunbar, E. Hutchins, B. Hazlehurst, G. Olson
{"title":"Symposium on Collaborative Knowledge","authors":"Paul Thagard, K. Dunbar, E. Hutchins, B. Hazlehurst, G. Olson","doi":"10.4324/9781315789354-176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315789354-176","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":393936,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134184373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.4324/9781315789354-61
D. Gentner, Brian F. Bowdle
Directional asymmetry is a well-documented phenomenon in research on similarity, metaphor, and analogy. In . this paper, we present an account of this phenomenon based on structural alignment . We propose that a major source of asymmetry is coherence imbalance : that is, a difference in the degree of systematicity of the relational structures being compared. These claims are tested in three experiments which examine the relationship between asymmetry, informativity, and conceptual coherence . The results support the hypothesis that coherence imbalance is a key factor in directional comparison processes. Further, by incorporating the insights offered by structural alignment, coherence imbalance advances a more functional account of asymmetry . Comparison is a fundamental process in cognitive theory, and is crucial to such aspects of mental operation as categorization, decision making, problem solving, and transfer of learning . Intuitively, comparisons might appear to be symmetric : X is similar to Y implies that Y is similar to X. Empirically, however, there is often a preference for one direction of comparison over the other . For example, Tversky (1977) found that subjects preferred the comparison North Korea is similar to Red China over the comparison Red China is similar to North Korea, and rated the similarity of North Korea to Red China as higher than that of Red China to North Korea. Asymmetries have been found not only in literal similarity, but in other forms of comparison, including metaphor and analogy. We begin by reviewing two influential models that have been proposed to explain such asymmetries . According to Tversky's (1977) feature contrast model, the similarity of two entities increases as a function of their common (shared) features, and decreases as a function of their distinctive (non-shared) features . Asymmetries in literal similarity are accounted for in terms of the focusing hypothesis, which states that the target of a directional comparison is the focus of attention . 1 Therefore, the distinctive features of the target are weighted more heavily than those of the base . This predicts that there is a general preference for placing the referent possessing the larger or IIn directional comparisons of the form A is like B, the aterm is referred to as the target and the b-term as the base.
{"title":"The Coherence Imbalance Hypothesis: A Functional Approach to Asymmetry in Comparison","authors":"D. Gentner, Brian F. Bowdle","doi":"10.4324/9781315789354-61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315789354-61","url":null,"abstract":"Directional asymmetry is a well-documented phenomenon in research on similarity, metaphor, and analogy. In . this paper, we present an account of this phenomenon based on structural alignment . We propose that a major source of asymmetry is coherence imbalance : that is, a difference in the degree of systematicity of the relational structures being compared. These claims are tested in three experiments which examine the relationship between asymmetry, informativity, and conceptual coherence . The results support the hypothesis that coherence imbalance is a key factor in directional comparison processes. Further, by incorporating the insights offered by structural alignment, coherence imbalance advances a more functional account of asymmetry . Comparison is a fundamental process in cognitive theory, and is crucial to such aspects of mental operation as categorization, decision making, problem solving, and transfer of learning . Intuitively, comparisons might appear to be symmetric : X is similar to Y implies that Y is similar to X. Empirically, however, there is often a preference for one direction of comparison over the other . For example, Tversky (1977) found that subjects preferred the comparison North Korea is similar to Red China over the comparison Red China is similar to North Korea, and rated the similarity of North Korea to Red China as higher than that of Red China to North Korea. Asymmetries have been found not only in literal similarity, but in other forms of comparison, including metaphor and analogy. We begin by reviewing two influential models that have been proposed to explain such asymmetries . According to Tversky's (1977) feature contrast model, the similarity of two entities increases as a function of their common (shared) features, and decreases as a function of their distinctive (non-shared) features . Asymmetries in literal similarity are accounted for in terms of the focusing hypothesis, which states that the target of a directional comparison is the focus of attention . 1 Therefore, the distinctive features of the target are weighted more heavily than those of the base . This predicts that there is a general preference for placing the referent possessing the larger or IIn directional comparisons of the form A is like B, the aterm is referred to as the target and the b-term as the base.","PeriodicalId":393936,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134474357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In many domains, the content of a problem (i.e., its surface cover story) provides useful clues as to the type of problem it is and its solution. Three experiments examined this role of problem content on the problem categorization and solution of algebra word problems with experienced subjects, by manipulating only the content of the problems. When a problem’s content was highly correlated with its deep structure (e.g., a content of cars driving for a distance–time– rate problem), people were able to categorize the problem after seeing a smaller portion of it compared to a baseline with contents uncorrelated to the problem deep structure. In addition, for more complex problems in which irrelevant information had been added, problem solving performance was higher and people showed greater sensitivity to the relevance of the information. When a problem’s content suggested a different (inappropriate) type of problem, people required a greater part of the problem to categorize it and were slower and less accurate at solving the problem. These results suggest that content may be influential even for experienced problem solvers.
{"title":"Problem Content Affects the Categorization and Solutions of Problems","authors":"Stephen Blessing, B. Ross","doi":"10.4324/9781315789354-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315789354-9","url":null,"abstract":"In many domains, the content of a problem (i.e., its surface cover story) provides useful clues as to the type of problem it is and its solution. Three experiments examined this role of problem content on the problem categorization and solution of algebra word problems with experienced subjects, by manipulating only the content of the problems. When a problem’s content was highly correlated with its deep structure (e.g., a content of cars driving for a distance–time– rate problem), people were able to categorize the problem after seeing a smaller portion of it compared to a baseline with contents uncorrelated to the problem deep structure. In addition, for more complex problems in which irrelevant information had been added, problem solving performance was higher and people showed greater sensitivity to the relevance of the information. When a problem’s content suggested a different (inappropriate) type of problem, people required a greater part of the problem to categorize it and were slower and less accurate at solving the problem. These results suggest that content may be influential even for experienced problem solvers.","PeriodicalId":393936,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133818212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.4324/9781315789354-149
Jasper A. Taylor, J. Carletta
{"title":"Limiting nested beliefs in cooperative dialogue","authors":"Jasper A. Taylor, J. Carletta","doi":"10.4324/9781315789354-149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315789354-149","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":393936,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123804954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.4324/9781315789354-139
Mahendra Sekaran, Shondip Sen
{"title":"Learning with friends and foes","authors":"Mahendra Sekaran, Shondip Sen","doi":"10.4324/9781315789354-139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315789354-139","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":393936,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131081382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.4324/9781315789354-150
Joshua B. Tenenbaum
{"title":"Functional Parts","authors":"Joshua B. Tenenbaum","doi":"10.4324/9781315789354-150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315789354-150","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":393936,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134102859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.4324/9781315789354-126
T. Polk, M. Farah
{"title":"A Simple Co-Occurrence Explanation for the Development of Abstract Letter Identities","authors":"T. Polk, M. Farah","doi":"10.4324/9781315789354-126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315789354-126","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":393936,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132761430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.4324/9781315789354-113
N. Narayanan, M. Suwa, H. Motoda
{"title":"A Study of Diagrammatic Reasoning from Verbal and Gestural Data","authors":"N. Narayanan, M. Suwa, H. Motoda","doi":"10.4324/9781315789354-113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315789354-113","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":393936,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114386248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-23DOI: 10.4324/9781315789354-131
B. Reeves
{"title":"Improving Design with Artifact History","authors":"B. Reeves","doi":"10.4324/9781315789354-131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315789354-131","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":393936,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114535577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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