Rapport is a critical part of the counselling process, however most existing research has examined rapport in a face-to-face context. The aim of this study was to better understand the cues and strategies counsellors used to build rapport over the telephone. We interviewed nine counsellors with a range of qualifications and telephone counselling experiences. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. Three themes were identified: use of empathy, emphasis on paralanguage cues, and intentional harmonisation. The findings of this study contribute to the literature, counsellor training, and supervision by understanding the cues and strategies counsellors indicate they use to develop rapport with clients over the telephone.
{"title":"Understanding the Cues and Strategies Counsellors Use to Develop Rapport With Clients Through Telephone Counselling","authors":"Karen Phillip, Nathan Beel, T. Machin","doi":"10.59158/001c.71253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59158/001c.71253","url":null,"abstract":"Rapport is a critical part of the counselling process, however most existing research has examined rapport in a face-to-face context. The aim of this study was to better understand the cues and strategies counsellors used to build rapport over the telephone. We interviewed nine counsellors with a range of qualifications and telephone counselling experiences. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. Three themes were identified: use of empathy, emphasis on paralanguage cues, and intentional harmonisation. The findings of this study contribute to the literature, counsellor training, and supervision by understanding the cues and strategies counsellors indicate they use to develop rapport with clients over the telephone.","PeriodicalId":394035,"journal":{"name":"Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia","volume":" 88","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120829636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From the focusing-oriented experiential therapy (FOT) point of view, trauma involves emotionally overwhelming experiences with a severe or complete stoppage of the life-forward process and consequent multiple disturbances in functioning. FOT has a unique, safe way of dealing with trauma; approaching it through a felt sense, thereby preventing re-traumatisation by not confronting trauma directly. The critical therapeutic element is that change-steps arise from the felt sense through many incremental, bodily felt shifts. This paper synthesises the authors knowledge of FOT and extensive experience in working with clients presenting with different forms of trauma. The four main phases of FOT’s distinct approach to working with traumatic experiences are discussed. A detailed case study highlights the depth and richness of working with trauma by using the FOT method.
{"title":"Restoring the Wholeness of Being: Working With Trauma From the Focusing-Oriented Experiential Therapy Perspective","authors":"Biliana Dearly","doi":"10.59158/001c.71246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59158/001c.71246","url":null,"abstract":"From the focusing-oriented experiential therapy (FOT) point of view, trauma involves emotionally overwhelming experiences with a severe or complete stoppage of the life-forward process and consequent multiple disturbances in functioning. FOT has a unique, safe way of dealing with trauma; approaching it through a felt sense, thereby preventing re-traumatisation by not confronting trauma directly. The critical therapeutic element is that change-steps arise from the felt sense through many incremental, bodily felt shifts. This paper synthesises the authors knowledge of FOT and extensive experience in working with clients presenting with different forms of trauma. The four main phases of FOT’s distinct approach to working with traumatic experiences are discussed. A detailed case study highlights the depth and richness of working with trauma by using the FOT method.","PeriodicalId":394035,"journal":{"name":"Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia","volume":"307 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115419277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Psychotherapists’ negative misconceptions about people involved or interested in BDSM/kink can result in unethical clinical practices and ineffective or harmful therapeutic outcomes. Five of psychotherapists’ common misconceptions about BDSM/kink are: that BDSM/kink relationships constitute a fringe relational style or “alternative lifestyle,” that BDSM/kink is inherently abusive and causes trauma, that involvement in BDSM/kink is caused by past trauma, that BDSM/kink relationships are inferior to or less meaningful than non-BDSM/kink relationships, and that BDSM/kink is not clinically relevant or appropriate to discuss in trauma therapy. This article challenges these five common misconceptions, discusses relevant research findings, and explains five of the essential clinical skills for trauma psychotherapists working with people interested or involved in BDSM/kink relationships and practices: understanding and identifying BDSM/kink relational roles and headspaces, distinguishing BDSM/kink from abuse, understanding and identifying key components of non-abusive BDSM/kink, determining the clinical salience of BDSM/kink, and identifying and managing freefall.
{"title":"Trauma Psychotherapy With People Involved in BDSM/kink: Five Common Misconceptions and Five Essential Clinical Skills","authors":"Y. Ansara","doi":"10.59158/001c.71102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59158/001c.71102","url":null,"abstract":"Psychotherapists’ negative misconceptions about people involved or interested in BDSM/kink can result in unethical clinical practices and ineffective or harmful therapeutic outcomes. Five of psychotherapists’ common misconceptions about BDSM/kink are: that BDSM/kink relationships constitute a fringe relational style or “alternative lifestyle,” that BDSM/kink is inherently abusive and causes trauma, that involvement in BDSM/kink is caused by past trauma, that BDSM/kink relationships are inferior to or less meaningful than non-BDSM/kink relationships, and that BDSM/kink is not clinically relevant or appropriate to discuss in trauma therapy. This article challenges these five common misconceptions, discusses relevant research findings, and explains five of the essential clinical skills for trauma psychotherapists working with people interested or involved in BDSM/kink relationships and practices: understanding and identifying BDSM/kink relational roles and headspaces, distinguishing BDSM/kink from abuse, understanding and identifying key components of non-abusive BDSM/kink, determining the clinical salience of BDSM/kink, and identifying and managing freefall.","PeriodicalId":394035,"journal":{"name":"Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123113371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Healing the Fragmented Selves of Trauma Survivors: Overcoming Internal Self-Alienation (2017) by Janina Fisher. New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN: 978-0-415-70823-4 (pbk).","authors":"Alexandra Bloch-Atefi","doi":"10.59158/001c.71108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59158/001c.71108","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":394035,"journal":{"name":"Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124671967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey (AMLPS), conducted between September and November 2017, has been identified as a time when trans and gender diverse (TGD) people experienced high levels of societal stigmatisation. This study enquired into the impacts of stigma on TGD people during the period of the 2017 AMLPS. Six experienced therapists reported the experiences of their TGD clients during this period, which included: an increased lack of safety, family ruptures, experiences of distress, and re-triggering of past traumas. This paper describes the approaches adopted by these therapists and documents the resources they drew upon to address the effects of stigma in their clients. Enquiry into approaches utilised by therapists revealed three themes: acknowledging the systems at play, promoting self-care, and working from a trauma-informed approach. The paper also outlines the impacts of structural and interpersonal stigma on TGD people and approaches to counselling reported in the literature when working with the effects of stigma.
{"title":"Therapeutic Approaches to Counselling Trans and Gender Diverse Clients During the 2017 Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey: A Qualitative Study of the Effects of Stigma","authors":"Gaby Mason","doi":"10.59158/001c.71105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59158/001c.71105","url":null,"abstract":"The Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey (AMLPS), conducted between September and November 2017, has been identified as a time when trans and gender diverse (TGD) people experienced high levels of societal stigmatisation. This study enquired into the impacts of stigma on TGD people during the period of the 2017 AMLPS. Six experienced therapists reported the experiences of their TGD clients during this period, which included: an increased lack of safety, family ruptures, experiences of distress, and re-triggering of past traumas. This paper describes the approaches adopted by these therapists and documents the resources they drew upon to address the effects of stigma in their clients. Enquiry into approaches utilised by therapists revealed three themes: acknowledging the systems at play, promoting self-care, and working from a trauma-informed approach. The paper also outlines the impacts of structural and interpersonal stigma on TGD people and approaches to counselling reported in the literature when working with the effects of stigma.","PeriodicalId":394035,"journal":{"name":"Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134507543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For decades, the efficacy and application of psychotherapeutic treatments has been informed and driven by a medical model of understanding. Within this framework, for a psychotherapeutic treatment to be classified as “empirically supported,” the therapeutic intervention alone must be demonstrated to be the mechanism responsible for change. With 85% of the psychotherapeutic outcome accounted for by non-specific factors (that do not include the type of therapy engaged in) this framework of understanding is seriously problematic and undermines the evidence-based efficacy of most psychotherapies. Research clearly identifies that interpersonal factors, including the therapeutic alliance, are robust predictors of successful outcomes in therapy and these findings are further supported by neuroscientific evidence. The current paper describes the neuro-correlates of psychotherapy and how these are operationalised through talking and the therapeutic alliance. Recommendations are presented in support of an integrative approach to psychotherapy that is guided by person-centred, idiographic considerations, yet underpinned by neuroscientific and evidence-based treatment protocols.
{"title":"A Neuroscientific Perspective on the Therapeutic Alliance and How Talking Changes the Brain: Supporting a Common Factors Model of Psychotherapy","authors":"Nicole Hess","doi":"10.59158/001c.71106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59158/001c.71106","url":null,"abstract":"For decades, the efficacy and application of psychotherapeutic treatments has been informed and driven by a medical model of understanding. Within this framework, for a psychotherapeutic treatment to be classified as “empirically supported,” the therapeutic intervention alone must be demonstrated to be the mechanism responsible for change. With 85% of the psychotherapeutic outcome accounted for by non-specific factors (that do not include the type of therapy engaged in) this framework of understanding is seriously problematic and undermines the evidence-based efficacy of most psychotherapies. Research clearly identifies that interpersonal factors, including the therapeutic alliance, are robust predictors of successful outcomes in therapy and these findings are further supported by neuroscientific evidence. The current paper describes the neuro-correlates of psychotherapy and how these are operationalised through talking and the therapeutic alliance. Recommendations are presented in support of an integrative approach to psychotherapy that is guided by person-centred, idiographic considerations, yet underpinned by neuroscientific and evidence-based treatment protocols.","PeriodicalId":394035,"journal":{"name":"Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129621521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial Note: Special Issue on Working With Trauma","authors":"R. Price-Robertson","doi":"10.59158/001c.71099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59158/001c.71099","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":394035,"journal":{"name":"Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122014307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Childhood interpersonal trauma has profound effects on future relationships, including parent-adolescent relationships. However, the effects of an interpersonal trauma history on parenting are not well understood or effectively addressed in existing evidence-based family and parent-child therapies. This paper describes a systemic intervention, entitled Tuning Relationships with Music™ (TRM), for parents with a history of childhood abuse or neglect and their adolescent who are experiencing high levels of conflict in their relationship. A previously published pilot randomised controlled trial of TRM found that parent-adolescent dyads who received the intervention reported significantly reduced conflict, and that parents were observed to be more responsive and less reactive compared with a wait-list group. Written for counsellors, psychotherapists and others working therapeutically with parents and adolescents, the current paper outlines the key principles and core tasks covered in TRM and describes what is covered in sessions. Considerations for therapists, and future directions for research are also discussed.
{"title":"Tuning Relationships With Music™: An Intervention for Parents With an Interpersonal Trauma History and Their Adolescents","authors":"Vivienne M. Colegrove, S. Havighurst, C. Kehoe","doi":"10.59158/001c.71243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59158/001c.71243","url":null,"abstract":"Childhood interpersonal trauma has profound effects on future relationships, including parent-adolescent relationships. However, the effects of an interpersonal trauma history on parenting are not well understood or effectively addressed in existing evidence-based family and parent-child therapies. This paper describes a systemic intervention, entitled Tuning Relationships with Music™ (TRM), for parents with a history of childhood abuse or neglect and their adolescent who are experiencing high levels of conflict in their relationship. A previously published pilot randomised controlled trial of TRM found that parent-adolescent dyads who received the intervention reported significantly reduced conflict, and that parents were observed to be more responsive and less reactive compared with a wait-list group. Written for counsellors, psychotherapists and others working therapeutically with parents and adolescents, the current paper outlines the key principles and core tasks covered in TRM and describes what is covered in sessions. Considerations for therapists, and future directions for research are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":394035,"journal":{"name":"Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128179076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Exposure to traumatic events is a job hazard explicit to corrective services employees, including psychologists and counsellors, and various personal and organisational factors when working with offenders have been attributed to an increase in workplace stress and vicarious trauma (VT). The impact of caseload and tenure on the development of VT in corrective services has been investigated in numerous international studies, however research in Australian corrective services is limited. This study aims to address this gap in the literature by exploring these relationships amongst custodial and non-custodial corrective services employees. The study investigated: (1) the relationship between caseload and increased VT; (2) the likelihood of a longer tenure decreasing the risk of VT; and, (3) whether non-custodial/therapeutic corrective services employees are more likely to develop greater levels of VT than custodial corrective services employees. Greater caseload and longer tenure both predicted increased rates of VT and non-custodial staff were likely to exhibit higher rates of VT than custodial staff. Future research is discussed to guide effective preventative and intervention practices in the corrective services and mental health industries.
{"title":"The Impact of Caseload and Tenure on the Development of Vicarious Trauma in Australian Corrective Services Employees","authors":"Justin Campbell","doi":"10.59158/001c.71247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.59158/001c.71247","url":null,"abstract":"Exposure to traumatic events is a job hazard explicit to corrective services employees, including psychologists and counsellors, and various personal and organisational factors when working with offenders have been attributed to an increase in workplace stress and vicarious trauma (VT). The impact of caseload and tenure on the development of VT in corrective services has been investigated in numerous international studies, however research in Australian corrective services is limited. This study aims to address this gap in the literature by exploring these relationships amongst custodial and non-custodial corrective services employees. The study investigated: (1) the relationship between caseload and increased VT; (2) the likelihood of a longer tenure decreasing the risk of VT; and, (3) whether non-custodial/therapeutic corrective services employees are more likely to develop greater levels of VT than custodial corrective services employees. Greater caseload and longer tenure both predicted increased rates of VT and non-custodial staff were likely to exhibit higher rates of VT than custodial staff. Future research is discussed to guide effective preventative and intervention practices in the corrective services and mental health industries.","PeriodicalId":394035,"journal":{"name":"Psychotherapy and Counselling Journal of Australia","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133968745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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