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Plastic deformation and microstructure evolution of bearing ring blank during cold rolling process 轴承套圈毛坯冷轧过程的塑性变形及组织演变
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-10-04 DOI: 10.1504/IJCMSSE.2018.10016510
S. Deng, L. Hua
Bearing ring blanks of the high-speed rail bearings, machine tool spindle bearings and wind power bearings have been manufactured through the ring rolling technology. Yet, the plastic deformation and microstructure evolution of bearing ring blanks during the cold rolling process remains unclear. In this work, the deformation and damage evaluation of bearing ring blanks made of GCr15 bearing steel are characterised by the electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. Furthermore, their microstructure changes in cold rolling are investigated through band contrast images, and their texture evolutions after various deformation ratios are analysed by the technique of 3D-Euler space distribution. This work provides valuable guidelines for enhanced understanding the role of the cold rolling technology on the microstructure evolution of bearing ring blanks.
高速铁路轴承、机床主轴轴承和风力发电轴承的轴承套圈毛坯都是通过套圈轧制技术制造的。然而,轴承套圈毛坯在冷轧过程中的塑性变形和微观组织演变尚不清楚。本文采用电子背散射衍射(EBSD)技术对GCr15轴承钢轴承套圈毛坯的变形和损伤评估进行了表征。此外,通过带衬图像研究了它们在冷轧过程中的微观结构变化,并利用三维欧拉空间分布技术分析了它们在不同变形率下的织构演变。这项工作为进一步理解冷轧技术在轴承套圈毛坯微观结构演变中的作用提供了有价值的指导。
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引用次数: 0
The austenitic peak stress model of low-alloy steel at elevated temperature based on the valence electron theory 基于价电子理论的低合金钢高温奥氏体峰值应力模型
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-10-04 DOI: 10.1504/IJCMSSE.2018.10016523
Xu-dong Zhou, X. Liu, Zhenglin Chen
The traditional method of calculating the high-temperature austenite peak stress empirical model proposed by Sellars and McTegart has been used for 50 years. A new method based on the valence electron theory is presented in three steps. The first step is to calculate the austenitic valence electron parameters and their statistical values at high temperature. The second one is to calculate the binding energy and total binding energy based on the valence electron statistic parameters. The total binding energy is defined as the sum of the mole fractions of the constituent elements in low alloy steel and the corresponding binding energy. The last step is to establish the model of austenitic peak stress at elevated-temperature based on the combination of Hall-Petch formula and Misaka formula as well as the total binding energy. The prediction results show that the austenitic peak stress model presented in this paper has good precision.
Sellars和McTegart提出的高温奥氏体峰值应力经验模型的传统计算方法已经使用了50年。基于价电子理论,分三步提出了一种新的方法。第一步是计算高温下奥氏体价电子参数及其统计值。第二种是根据价电子统计参数计算结合能和总结合能。总结合能定义为低合金钢中组成元素的摩尔分数与相应结合能的总和。最后一步是基于Hall-Petch公式和Misaka公式以及总结合能,建立奥氏体高温峰值应力模型。预测结果表明,本文提出的奥氏体峰值应力模型具有良好的精度。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of ductile fracture model in bulk forming 大块成形中韧性断裂模型的评价
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-10-04 DOI: 10.1504/IJCMSSE.2018.10016533
M. Urbánek, J. Džugan, A. Prantl
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the parameters of material plasticity and fracture models at room temperature and at rates up to 1 mm/min for steels which are ordinarily used for forging, for instance the 38MnVS6 steel. The behaviour of materials during forming was evaluated and described using MARC/MENTAT and DEFORM software tools. Several fracture models were examined from the perspective of the planned research tasks which involve testing at forging temperatures up to 1,100°C. The fracture models considered were those which are implemented as standard tools for example: Cockcroft and Latham, Oyane and Rice and Tracey. Standard tensile tests, torsion tests and compressive tests were carried out. Based on the tensile test data, an FEM analysis of the stress-strain curve was conducted. The ductile fracture models were then calibrated using multiple stress-strain conditions, including triaxial stress states and various lode angles.
本研究的目的是评估通常用于锻造的钢(例如38MnVS6钢)在室温和高达1 mm/min的速率下的材料塑性和断裂模型的参数。使用MARC/MENTAT和DEFORM软件工具对材料在成形过程中的行为进行了评估和描述。从计划的研究任务的角度检查了几个断裂模型,这些研究任务涉及在高达1100°C的锻造温度下进行测试。所考虑的断裂模型是作为标准工具实现的,例如:Cockcroft和Latham、Oyane和Rice以及Tracey。进行了标准拉伸试验、扭转试验和压缩试验。基于拉伸试验数据,对应力-应变曲线进行了有限元分析。然后使用多种应力-应变条件,包括三轴应力状态和各种矿脉角,对韧性断裂模型进行校准。
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引用次数: 0
Microstructures evolution and mechanical properties of 5052 aluminium alloy processed by constrained groove pressing 约束槽挤压5052铝合金的组织演变与力学性能
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-10-04 DOI: 10.1504/IJCMSSE.2018.10016525
Kai Yang, Zehua Zou, J. Zeng, Wen Chen
Commercial 5052 aluminium alloy sheets were subjected to a severe plastic deformation technique known as constrained groove pressing (CGP) at room temperature. The impact of repeated CGP, upon the microstructure refinement was investigated by polarised optical microscope as well as transmission electron microscope. Changes in mechanical properties, measured by tensile test and hardness test, were related to the evolution of microstructures. Moreover, the microhardness, measured on the polished cross-section of each as-pressed sheet, was plotted to provide a pictorial depiction of the homogeneity. The results show that the mechanical fragmentation dominates at grain refinement and a submicron grain size of about 300 nm was achieved in 5052 aluminium alloy sheets by imposing severe plastic strains of 4.64 utilising the CGP technique. The average microhardness increase dramatically after one pass and then slightly increases with increasing passes, but the homogeneous distribution of microhardness decreases after one pass and then recovers in subsequent passes result in the corresponding uniform distribution of microstructure. In addition, the ultimate tensile strength clearly increases with increasing passes and the elongation decreases after one pass and then remains reasonably constant with further passes.
商业5052铝合金板在室温下经受称为约束槽挤压(CGP)的严重塑性变形技术。用偏光显微镜和透射电子显微镜研究了重复CGP对微观结构细化的影响。通过拉伸试验和硬度试验测量的力学性能变化与微观结构的演变有关。此外,绘制了在每一个压制片材的抛光横截面上测量的显微硬度,以提供均匀性的图形描述。结果表明,在晶粒细化时,机械破碎占主导地位,利用CGP技术施加4.64的严重塑性应变,在5052铝合金板中获得了约300nm的亚微米晶粒尺寸。平均显微硬度在一道次后显著增加,然后随着道次的增加而略有增加,但显微硬度的均匀分布在一道后降低,然后在随后的道次中恢复,导致微观组织的均匀分布。此外,极限抗拉强度明显随着道次的增加而增加,伸长率在一道次后降低,然后随着进一步的道次保持合理的恒定。
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引用次数: 2
Numerical simulation of residual stress in low temperature colossal carburised layer on austenitic stainless steel 奥氏体不锈钢低温巨渗碳层残余应力的数值模拟
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-10-04 DOI: 10.1504/IJCMSSE.2018.10016531
D. Rong, Yong Jiang, J. Gong, Yawei Peng
A numerical model is proposed to quantitatively characterise the residual stress evolutions in low temperature colossal carburised layer on austenitic stainless steel. In this model, on the basis of the consideration of concentration and stress dependent carbon diffusivity, prediction of the carbon concentration distribution and growth regularity of carburised layer is performed. The strain rate is discussed taking the compositive effects of residual stress and carbon concentration gradient. Based on the strain compatibility of carburised layer and substrate, the residual stress is calculated. Meanwhile, a low temperature colossal carburisation experiment is carried out on 316L austenitic stainless steel and the carbon concentration and residual stress are measured to verify the validity of the model. The numerical results of carbon concentration and residual stress distributions agree with the experimental data, indicating that the numerical model established in this paper can be used to investigate the process of low temperature colossal carburisation.
提出了一个定量描述奥氏体不锈钢低温巨渗碳层残余应力演变的数值模型。在该模型中,在考虑浓度和应力依赖的碳扩散率的基础上,对渗碳层的碳浓度分布和生长规律进行了预测。考虑残余应力和碳浓度梯度的综合影响,讨论了应变速率。基于渗碳层与基体的应变相容性,计算了渗碳层的残余应力。同时,对316L奥氏体不锈钢进行了低温巨渗碳实验,测量了碳浓度和残余应力,验证了模型的有效性。碳浓度和残余应力分布的数值结果与实验数据一致,表明本文建立的数值模型可用于研究低温巨渗碳过程。
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引用次数: 0
Simulation investigation of temperature distribution in large aluminium panel during autoclave age forming process 大型铝板热压釜时效成形过程温度分布的模拟研究
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-10-04 DOI: 10.1504/IJCMSSE.2018.10016509
Yongqian Xu, L. Zhan
In autoclave age forming process (AAF), temperature uniformity in large aluminium panel is one of the most important factors affecting its final shape and performance. In order to predict the temperature field of the panel, a 3D computational fluid dynamics model for autoclave processing of a large aluminium panel is developed and experimental evaluated. A good fitting between the experimental data and calculated results is obtained. During the heating process, the slowest heating points are positioned at the intermediate positions between 15-40% and between 55-70% of the panel length. The panel's peak temperature difference was appeared in the primary stage of soaking process due to the conduction between the panel and mould. It can be concluded that the developed CFD can further used to provide guidance for mould design and processing parameters optimisation.
在高压釜时效成形过程中,大型铝板的温度均匀性是影响其最终形状和性能的重要因素之一。为了预测铝板的温度场,建立了大型铝板热压成型的三维计算流体力学模型,并对其进行了实验评价。实验数据与计算结果拟合良好。在加热过程中,最慢的加热点位于面板长度的15-40%和55-70%之间的中间位置。面板的峰值温差出现在浸泡过程的初级阶段,这是由于面板与模具之间的传导。可以得出结论,所开发的CFD可以进一步为模具设计和工艺参数优化提供指导。
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引用次数: 0
Thermo-mechanical analysis in SAE-AISI 1524 carbon steel gas tungsten arc welds SAE-AISI 1524碳钢钨气弧焊的热力学分析
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-10-04 DOI: 10.1504/IJCMSSE.2018.10016541
E. Bonifaz
A thermo-mechanical analysis was conducted in SAE-AISI 1524 carbon steel gas tungsten arc welds. The sequentially coupled thermal-mechanical finite element modelling approach was used to simulate the thermal and stress evolution during the GTAW process. The analysis procedure was divided into two major steps. First, a 3D transient nonlinear heat flow analysis was performed to determine the temperature distribution for the entire welding and cooling cycle of the process. In the second step, the thermal history from the heat flow model was included into the mechanical elasto-plastic calculation of the stress and deformation in the weldment. Temperature-dependent material properties and the effect of forced convection due to the flow of the shielding gas were included in the model. It is encouraging to note that the model is sufficiently accurate to predict the FZ and HAZ weld profiles as evidenced for the good agreement observed between numerical cross-sectional and metallographic temperature profiles. The successful in the results can be attributed greatly to the characteristic heat distribution parameter C selected from the complementary experimental work. For further experimental comparison purposes, numerically predicted residual stresses obtained in three different locations of two different weld situations are presented.
对SAE-AISI 1524碳钢钨极气体保护焊进行了热机械分析。采用顺序耦合的热-机械有限元建模方法模拟了GTAW过程中的热演化和应力演化。分析过程分为两个主要步骤。首先,进行了三维瞬态非线性热流分析,以确定整个焊接和冷却过程的温度分布。在第二步中,将热流模型的热历史纳入焊件应力和变形的机械弹塑性计算中。模型中包括了与温度相关的材料特性和由于保护气体流动而产生的强制对流的影响。令人鼓舞的是,该模型足够准确,可以预测FZ和HAZ焊缝轮廓,这证明了在数值横截面和金相温度轮廓之间观察到的良好一致性。结果的成功很大程度上归功于从补充实验工作中选择的特征热分布参数C。为了进一步的实验比较,给出了在两种不同焊接情况下的三个不同位置获得的数值预测残余应力。
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引用次数: 6
Hot deformation behaviour and Hansel-Spittel constitutive model of Cr5 alloy for heavy backup roll 重型轧辊用Cr5合金热变形行为及Hansel-Spittel本构模型
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-10-04 DOI: 10.1504/IJCMSSE.2018.10016524
Xuewen Chen, Nana Wang, Xiang Ma, H. Zhou
The heavy backup roll is a key component in large steel rolling production line, as it supports the work roll to prevent any excessive deflection. The backup rolls are traditionally produced by large-scale forging process. To accurately describe the high temperature flow behaviour of a newly developed roll material Cr5 alloy for numerical forging simulation, a thermal simulation testing machine, Gleeble-1500D, is used in this work. The isothermal compression experiments are carried out to study the flow behaviour of Cr5 alloy at temperature range of 900 to 1,200°C, and strain rate range of 0.005/s to 5/s. Hansel-Spittel model is thus used to establish the constitutive equation of the material under hot deformation. The accuracy of the constitutive equation is analysed by using correlation coefficient r. The validation shows that this equation can accurately predict the thermal deformation behaviour Cr5 alloy. The Hansel-Spittel model is implemented into the Forge software, and the FE simulation of a compression process is compared favourably with the experimental data.
重型支承辊是大型轧钢生产线的关键部件,它支撑工作辊,防止工作辊过度偏斜。支承辊传统上是通过大型锻造工艺生产的。为了准确描述用于数值锻造模拟的新型轧辊材料Cr5合金的高温流动行为,本工作使用了热模拟试验机Gleeble-1500D。通过等温压缩实验研究了Cr5合金在900~1200°C温度范围和0.005/s~5/s应变速率范围内的流动行为。因此,利用Hansel-Spittel模型建立了材料在热变形下的本构方程。利用相关系数r对本构方程的精度进行了分析,验证了该方程能够准确预测Cr5合金的热变形行为。在Forge软件中实现了Hansel-Spittel模型,并将压缩过程的有限元模拟与实验数据进行了比较。
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引用次数: 7
Study on fatigue reliability evaluation method of mechanical system with damage structure under variable amplitude load 具有损伤结构的机械系统在变幅载荷作用下的疲劳可靠性评估方法研究
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-06-25 DOI: 10.1504/IJCMSSE.2018.10013802
Y. Ma, Liyang Xie, X. Xiong
The parts of large-scale machinery equipment are mostly welded with each other. Welded structures with internal defects can be regarded as damage structures, which is much easier to suffer from fatigue damage under the action of variable amplitude loads. In this paper, the scale welding structure system - hydraulic support is taken as the object of study. Firstly, combining with the characteristics of its workload, it adopts a new angle: The probabilistic characteristics of the load history of hydraulic support are described and the reliability evaluation of the structure is carried out from 'macro' and 'micro'. Secondly, the equivalent cyclic loading with equivalent stress amplitude is equivalent to the equivalent cyclic loading by applying the damage equivalent mechanism. Based on this, the calculation of the total probability and the statistical average algorithm, the fatigue reliability model was built. It can objectively reflect the real failure, the correlation between the sites of injury.
大型机械设备的零件大多是焊接在一起的。具有内部缺陷的焊接结构可视为损伤结构,在变幅载荷作用下更容易发生疲劳损伤。本文以大型焊接结构系统——液压支架为研究对象。首先,结合其工作量的特点,采用了一个新的角度:描述了液压支架荷载历史的概率特征,并从“宏观”和“微观”两个方面对结构进行了可靠性评估。其次,采用损伤等效机制,将等效应力幅值的等效循环载荷等效为等效循环载荷。在此基础上,通过总概率的计算和统计平均算法,建立了疲劳可靠性模型。它能客观地反映出真正的失败,损伤部位之间的相关性。
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引用次数: 0
Application of numerical simulation during the development of ductile iron bearing seat 数值模拟在球墨铸铁轴承座研制中的应用
Q3 Engineering Pub Date : 2018-06-25 DOI: 10.1504/ijcmsse.2018.10013790
Ping Li, Yanjie Zhao, Junquan Wei, J. Niu, Feng-jun Li
The study deals with the casting defects of shrinkage and dispersed shrinkage appeared during the development of ductile iron bearing seat due to the original process of conventional side-riser feeding on the basis of general casting design method. The bearing seat was cast using automatic air-impact moulding production line with green-sand. The commercial software of InteCAST was used to simulate casting solidification process and to analyse the reason for the casting defects. Further, the optimised process was proposed in conjunction with three pieces of arc-type chills and a side-rider every casting. The result of mass production shows that the casting defects of bearing seat were effectively eliminated by the optimised process. Consequently, the development cycle of bearing seat was significantly shortened and business opportunities of new market are obtained for the foundry enterprise.
在通用铸造设计方法的基础上,针对球墨铸铁轴承座在开发过程中由于传统侧冒口送料的原始工艺而出现的收缩和分散收缩等铸造缺陷进行了研究。轴承座采用绿砂自动气冲成型生产线铸造。利用InteCAST商业软件对铸件凝固过程进行了模拟,分析了铸件缺陷产生的原因。此外,优化的工艺提出了结合三个弧型冷却器和一个侧骑每铸件。量产结果表明,优化后的工艺有效地消除了轴承座的铸造缺陷。从而大大缩短了轴承座的开发周期,为铸造企业获得了新的市场商机。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
International Journal of Computational Materials Science and Surface Engineering
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