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Consistent DCF Methods for Constant-Growth Annuities à la Modigliani & Miller or Miles & Ezzell 莫迪利亚尼与米勒或迈尔斯与埃泽尔的恒定增长年金的一致 DCF 方法
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-07-02 DOI: 10.1515/jbvela-2023-0015
D. Becker
Abstract In this paper, we develop two complete discounted-cash flow (DCF) frameworks for the valuation of constant-growth annuities and perpetuities. By ‘complete’ we mean that these frameworks allow the valuation of a firm or project by means of different DCF methods, particularly, the equity method, the free-cash-flow (FCF) method, the adjusted-present-value-method, and the capital-cash-flow method. This also requires the derivation of formulas that allow the translation between different required returns, like the required return on unlevered and levered equity, the discount rate in the FCF method, and the required return on the tax-shield. Our paper departs from the two most advocated and mutually exclusive frameworks when dealing with DCF. The first is based on Modigliani and Miller (M&M), where the FCF at different points in time are independently distributed. The second framework rests on the analysis of Miles and Ezzell (M&E) who presume a first-order autoregressive cash-flow process. Some elements of a ‘complete’ framework exist in the literature, but in our opinion, a complete picture has not been developed yet. The contributions of this paper are the following: (1) We develop (or expand) the set of formulas that are required for the valuation of constant-growth annuities and perpetuities; (2) The formulas we develop in this paper are based on a backward-iteration process, which in itself represents a suitable tool for firm valuation; (3) Using a numerical example, we show that the two mutually exclusive frameworks of M&M or M&E achieve very different valuation results; (4) It turns out that the expected returns and the growth rate of the FCF are partly linked, but this relationship is different in the two frameworks; (5) In our numerical examples, we show how the constant-growth annuity or perpetuity, can be integrated with an explicitly planned FCF.
摘要 在本文中,我们为恒增长年金和永续年金的估值建立了两个完整的贴现现金流(DCF)框架。所谓 "完整",是指这些框架允许通过不同的 DCF 方法,特别是权益法、自由现金流法、调整后现值法和资本现金流法,对公司或项目进行估值。这还需要推导出能够转换不同所需回报的公式,如无杠杆和有杠杆股权的所需回报、FCF 法中的贴现率以及税盾的所需回报。在处理 DCF 时,我们的论文偏离了两个最受推崇且相互排斥的框架。第一个框架以莫迪利亚尼和米勒(M&M)为基础,即不同时间点的 FCF 是独立分布的。第二个框架基于迈尔斯和埃泽尔(M&E)的分析,他们假定了一阶自回归现金流过程。文献中存在一些 "完整 "框架的要素,但我们认为尚未形成完整的框架。本文的贡献如下(1) 我们开发(或扩展)了恒定增长年金和永续年金估值所需的公式集;(2) 本文所开发的公式基于后向迭代过程,该过程本身就是公司估值的合适工具;(3) 通过一个数字示例,我们证明了 M&M 或 M&E 这两个相互排斥的框架会产生截然不同的估值结果;(4) 事实证明,预期收益和 FCF 的增长率是部分相关的,但在两种框架中这种关系是不同的;(5) 在我们的数字示例中,我们展示了恒定增长年金或永久年金如何与明确计划的 FCF 相结合。
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引用次数: 0
Central Bank Independence and Economic Growth: Evidence from ASEAN Countries 中央银行独立性与经济增长:来自东盟国家的证据
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-09-22 DOI: 10.1142/s2737566823500081
Muhammad Alaf bin Haji Redawan
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引用次数: 0
HIERARCHICAL EFFECTS OF PUBLIC HEALTH RESPONSES AND FISCAL POLICY MEASURES ON TAX MORALE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL FIRMS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN NIGERIA 尼日利亚2019冠状病毒病大流行期间,公共卫生应对措施和财政政策措施对创业公司税收士气的等级影响
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-07-08 DOI: 10.1142/s2737566823500056
L. Raimi, L. A. Agbetunde, Basirat Olaide Raimi
The purpose of this paper is to examine the hierarchical effects of Public Health Responses (PHRs) and fiscal policy measures (FPMs) on the tax morale (TM) of entrepreneurial firms in Nigeria during the COVID-19 pandemic. The theoretical basis for the study is based on social contract theory (SCT) and fiscal exchange theory (FET), which oblige entrepreneurs to pay taxes to the state in return for public goods and social services. Using a cross-sectional survey design, we collected primary data from 177 professional managers of entrepreneurial firms in Nigeria using online questionnaires. The sampled firms were accessed with the support of the Lagos Chamber of Commerce. Data collected at a point in time reflecting respondents’ views on the impact of PHRs and FPMs on TM were analyzed using hierarchical regression analysis. Three estimates emerged from the hierarchical regression analyses. The first estimation suggests that the PHRs have a significant positive effect on the TM of entrepreneurial firms. The second estimate suggests that the FPMs do not have a significant positive effect on the TM of entrepreneurial firms. The third estimation found that the interactive effects of PHRs and FPMs do not have a significant positive effect on the TM of entrepreneurial firms. The study, although modest, contributes to the literature on the entrepreneurial behavior of firms and tax morals in a period of economic uncertainty. The study provides valuable insights and validates the social contract and fiscal exchange theories in the recessionary period.
本文的目的是研究2019冠状病毒病大流行期间尼日利亚公共卫生应对措施(Public Health response, PHRs)和财政政策措施(fiscal policy measures, FPMs)对创业公司税收士气(tax morale, TM)的等级效应。该研究的理论基础是社会契约理论(SCT)和财政交换理论(FET),这两种理论要求企业家向国家纳税,以换取公共产品和社会服务。采用横断面调查设计,我们通过在线问卷收集了尼日利亚177名创业公司职业经理人的原始数据。抽样公司是在拉各斯商会的支持下接触的。在反映受访者对phrr和FPMs对TM影响的观点的时间点收集的数据使用分层回归分析进行分析。从层次回归分析中得出三个估计。第一个估计表明,PHRs对创业型企业的TM有显著的正向影响。第二个估计表明,FPMs对创业公司的TM没有显著的正向影响。第三次评估发现,PHRs和FPMs的交互效应对创业企业的TM没有显著的正向影响。这项研究,虽然是适度的,但对经济不确定时期企业的创业行为和税收道德的文献有所贡献。本研究为经济衰退时期的社会契约理论和财政交换理论提供了有价值的见解和验证。
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引用次数: 0
Product Development and Customer Loyalty: The Mediating Role of Visual Branding 产品开发与顾客忠诚:视觉品牌的中介作用
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.1142/s2737566823500068
G. Kankam, Henry Okai Aryeetey, Daniel Ato Adubah
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引用次数: 0
Urban Population and CO2 Emission on GDP Per Capita: ASEAN Countries 城市人口和人均国内生产总值二氧化碳排放:东盟国家
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.1142/s273756682350007x
Areezna Arza Binti Haji Abdullah
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引用次数: 0
Implementation of the New Performance Appraisal System in the Brunei Public Sector: Initial Responses 在文莱公共部门实施新的绩效考核制度:初步反应
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1142/s2737566823500044
L. Pang
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引用次数: 0
Understanding the Firm Specific Risk Premium 了解企业特定风险溢价
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-05-09 DOI: 10.1515/jbvela-2023-0004
S. Feldman, Todd J. Feldman
Abstract We seek to determine whether a firm specific risk premium (FSRP) exists for private firms. We show that private equity investors price firm specific risk as part of establishing the expected rate of return hurdle rate. Our research is based on survey data constructed by the Private Capital Markets Project. We decompose the rate of return into its component parts-market risk premium, size premium, liquidity premium and firm specific risk premium (FSRP). We find that on average PE FSRP varies between zero and six percent. These findings indicate that the cost of capital buildup used in valuing private firms should include a premium for firm specific risk unless facts and circumstances suggest otherwise.
摘要我们试图确定私营企业是否存在企业特定风险溢价(FSRP)。我们表明,私募股权投资者对公司特定风险进行定价,作为建立预期回报率障碍率的一部分。我们的研究基于私人资本市场项目构建的调查数据。我们将收益率分解为其组成部分——市场风险溢价、规模溢价、流动性溢价和企业特定风险溢价(FSRP)。我们发现,平均PE FSRP在0%到6%之间变化。这些发现表明,除非事实和情况另有说明,否则用于评估私营公司的资本积累成本应包括公司特定风险的溢价。
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引用次数: 0
The effect of economic growth determinants on economic growth: a study on different financial systems 经济增长决定因素对经济增长的影响:基于不同金融体制的研究
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-04-15 DOI: 10.1142/s2737566823500020
Jannatul Ferdaous
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引用次数: 0
Quantitative assessment of the effect of government expenditure on poverty incidence in nigeria 尼日利亚政府支出对贫困率影响的定量评估
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-04-15 DOI: 10.1142/s2737566823500032
Tolulope Elorhor Obele, O. Adebiyi
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引用次数: 0
MESSAGE FROM THE GUEST EDITORS SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND DIGITAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS DRIVERS OF SDGS AND POST-COVID-19 ECONOMIC RECOVERY 社会企业家精神和数字企业家精神是可持续发展目标和covid -19后经济复苏的驱动力
Q4 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2023-03-25 DOI: 10.1142/s2737566822020017
L. Raimi, Hani El-Chaarani, M. Tariq
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Business Valuation and Economic Loss Analysis
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