Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), (CL) is an edible fruit of Cucurbitaceae family. It is cultivated worldwide for it is nutritive and medicinal values. The records of online scientific publications on CL were accessed using Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, science.gov, Scopus, and Worldwide science as search engines, were collected from January 2010 to April 2021 and analyzed using descriptive statis tics. Emphasis was placed on phytochemical, proximate, antioxidant, and pharmacological published articles on different parts of CL during this period. A total of 121 published articles that focused on different parts of CL in the last ten years were retrieved with phytochemicals 17.4% (21), proximate 7.4% (9), antioxidants 6.6% (8), pharmacology 68.6% (83). The pharmacology field was subdivided into antimicrobial 14.9% (18), cardioprotective 10.2% (13), reproduction 9.2% (12), toxicology and hepatoprotective 6.6% (8) each, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory 5.8%, neuroprotective 3.3% (4), anthelmintics (0.8%). Considering publications on different parts of CL, the seed received the highest attention with 42.1% (51) followed by fruits 35.5% (43), rind 18.1% (22), leaf 2.5% (3) while the least was whole fruit 1.7% (2). It was observed in this review on published articles that the CL fruits received the highest level of attention considering the phytochemicals, proximate, and antioxidant components to exhibit good antimicrobial potentials. While the CL leaf receivedlittle attention on antimicrobial ability. Also, different parts exhibited cardioprotective, reproduction, toxicology, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities, anti-ulcerative efficacy due to phytochemicals, antioxidant, and proximate constituents in different parts of CL. It is worth noting that neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and anthelmintics effects of different parts of CL received little attention. While there is still dearth of information on use of different parts of CL on cancer investigations and use. This scientific review on different parts of CL had highlighted knowledge gap that still exists on different parts of CL.
{"title":"Review of studies published on the medicinal importance of different parts of Citrullus lanatus in the last ten years","authors":"O. G. Akintunde, F. Thomas","doi":"10.4314/br.v19i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v19i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus), (CL) is an edible fruit of Cucurbitaceae family. It is cultivated worldwide for it is nutritive and medicinal values. The records of online scientific publications on CL were accessed using Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, science.gov, Scopus, and Worldwide science as search engines, were collected from January 2010 to April 2021 and analyzed using descriptive statis tics. Emphasis was placed on phytochemical, proximate, antioxidant, and pharmacological published articles on different parts of CL during this period. A total of 121 published articles that focused on different parts of CL in the last ten years were retrieved with phytochemicals 17.4% (21), proximate 7.4% (9), antioxidants 6.6% (8), pharmacology 68.6% (83). The pharmacology field was subdivided into antimicrobial 14.9% (18), cardioprotective 10.2% (13), reproduction 9.2% (12), toxicology and hepatoprotective 6.6% (8) each, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory 5.8%, neuroprotective 3.3% (4), anthelmintics (0.8%). Considering publications on different parts of CL, the seed received the highest attention with 42.1% (51) followed by fruits 35.5% (43), rind 18.1% (22), leaf 2.5% (3) while the least was whole fruit 1.7% (2). It was observed in this review on published articles that the CL fruits received the highest level of attention considering the phytochemicals, proximate, and antioxidant components to exhibit good antimicrobial potentials. While the CL leaf receivedlittle attention on antimicrobial ability. Also, different parts exhibited cardioprotective, reproduction, toxicology, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activities, anti-ulcerative efficacy due to phytochemicals, antioxidant, and proximate constituents in different parts of CL. It is worth noting that neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and anthelmintics effects of different parts of CL received little attention. While there is still dearth of information on use of different parts of CL on cancer investigations and use. This scientific review on different parts of CL had highlighted knowledge gap that still exists on different parts of CL.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78208103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Foliar and petiole micro-morphological characteristics of some members of the genus Vernonia namely; Vernonia amygdalina Del. (bitter variety), Vernonia amygdalina Del. (non-bitter variety), Vernonia cinerea (L) Less., Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less., and Vernonia adoensis Sch. Bip. in Jos, Nigeria was investigated to provide additional micro-morphological characters to support existing taxonomic information regarding the species. Epidermal peels of fresh leaves were made and transverse sections of petioles were cut using a rotary microtome. Staining was done using Safranin and slides observed using a light microscope. Quantitative characters were measured and subjected to Duncan Multiple Range Test. Stomatal distribution was amphistomatic except for V. galamensis and V. cinerea with hypostomatic distribution; stomata type was mostly anomocytic except V. galamensis with paracytic stomata. Stomata index varied among taxa with V. adoensis and V. amygdalina (bitter variety) having the highest (10.84 %) and lowest (0.67%) respectively. Anticlinal cell wall patterns were straight to slightly undulate while wavy anticlinal cell wall pattern was diagnostic to V. cinerea. Trichome types observed were glandular and multicellular uniseriate with highest and lowest trichome indices recorded in V. adoensis (2.80%) and V. galamensis (0.02%) respectively. Petiole outline was convex to concave, epidermis was uniseriate, trichome multicellular uniseriate and vascular bundles bicollateral. Variations observed in the stomatal complex, epidermal cell complex, petiole outline, petiole vasculature type, trichome and stomata indices could be employed for species identification and delimitation.
{"title":"Leaf epidermal and petiole anatomical features as taxonomic characters in some Vernonia species in Nigeria","authors":"O. E. Okanume, Solomon Gabriel Abok, O. Oso","doi":"10.4314/br.v20i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Foliar and petiole micro-morphological characteristics of some members of the genus Vernonia namely; Vernonia amygdalina Del. (bitter variety), Vernonia amygdalina Del. (non-bitter variety), Vernonia cinerea (L) Less., Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less., and Vernonia adoensis Sch. Bip. in Jos, Nigeria was investigated to provide additional micro-morphological characters to support existing taxonomic information regarding the species. Epidermal peels of fresh leaves were made and transverse sections of petioles were cut using a rotary microtome. Staining was done using Safranin and slides observed using a light microscope. Quantitative characters were measured and subjected to Duncan Multiple Range Test. Stomatal distribution was amphistomatic except for V. galamensis and V. cinerea with hypostomatic distribution; stomata type was mostly anomocytic except V. galamensis with paracytic stomata. Stomata index varied among taxa with V. adoensis and V. amygdalina (bitter variety) having the highest (10.84 %) and lowest (0.67%) respectively. Anticlinal cell wall patterns were straight to slightly undulate while wavy anticlinal cell wall pattern was diagnostic to V. cinerea. Trichome types observed were glandular and multicellular uniseriate with highest and lowest trichome indices recorded in V. adoensis (2.80%) and V. galamensis (0.02%) respectively. Petiole outline was convex to concave, epidermis was uniseriate, trichome multicellular uniseriate and vascular bundles bicollateral. Variations observed in the stomatal complex, epidermal cell complex, petiole outline, petiole vasculature type, trichome and stomata indices could be employed for species identification and delimitation.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91183800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kargbo Alpha, Amien Isaac Amoutchi, H. Koua, Rex A. Kuye
This work shows the effective trapping method used in catching Glossinidae and Tabanidae species and their distribution in The Gambia. One hundred and eight-six traps were used in this study comprising of 62 Biconical traps, 62 NGU traps and 62 Vavoua traps for 50 trapping days. These traps were baited with at least 4 months old cow urine and acetone and they were deployed at a distance of 100 m apart. A total number of 517 flies belonging to the genus Tabanidae and Glossinidae were captured. This included: Atylotus. agrestis (55%), Tabanus sourcouf (0.4%), Tabanus par (1.2%) and T. taeniatus (1.4%), Glossina morsitan submorsitan (26%) and Glossina palpalis gambiensis (16%). However, Atylotus agrestis and Glossina palpalis gambiensis were the species that were mostly caught in this study. The present study also shows that, Lower River Region was the region with the highest number of Tabanidae species caught (85 catches, mean=20.7 and SD=16.76) while Central River Region-North also had the highest catch of Glossinidae species (52 catches, Mean= 14 and Sd=6.98). Late rainy season (October 2020) and late dry season (April 2020) were the seasons in which the highest number of Tabanidae and Glossinidae species were caught respectively. This study clearly demonstrated that, Biconical trap is the most effective trap that can be used to control the population of both Glossinidae and Tabanidae species in The Gambia.
{"title":"Seasonal comparison of vavoua, biconical and NGU traps for monitoring of Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae) and Tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) in The Gambia","authors":"Kargbo Alpha, Amien Isaac Amoutchi, H. Koua, Rex A. Kuye","doi":"10.4314/br.v19i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v19i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"This work shows the effective trapping method used in catching Glossinidae and Tabanidae species and their distribution in The Gambia. One hundred and eight-six traps were used in this study comprising of 62 Biconical traps, 62 NGU traps and 62 Vavoua traps for 50 trapping days. These traps were baited with at least 4 months old cow urine and acetone and they were deployed at a distance of 100 m apart. A total number of 517 flies belonging to the genus Tabanidae and Glossinidae were captured. This included: Atylotus. agrestis (55%), Tabanus sourcouf (0.4%), Tabanus par (1.2%) and T. taeniatus (1.4%), Glossina morsitan submorsitan (26%) and Glossina palpalis gambiensis (16%). However, Atylotus agrestis and Glossina palpalis gambiensis were the species that were mostly caught in this study. The present study also shows that, Lower River Region was the region with the highest number of Tabanidae species caught (85 catches, mean=20.7 and SD=16.76) while Central River Region-North also had the highest catch of Glossinidae species (52 catches, Mean= 14 and Sd=6.98). Late rainy season (October 2020) and late dry season (April 2020) were the seasons in which the highest number of Tabanidae and Glossinidae species were caught respectively. This study clearly demonstrated that, Biconical trap is the most effective trap that can be used to control the population of both Glossinidae and Tabanidae species in The Gambia. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79231976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Chidebelu, C. Chigor, Kenechukwu Francis Ojinna, V. Chigor
The epidemiological consequences of co-infections by enteric, wound, opportunistic, and drug-resistant pathogens, underscore the need for alternative and multi-target therapeutic approaches. Phytochemical properties of some plants are widely known but their potential utility as cheaper multi-target therapeutic options, have rarely been investigated. In the current work, Gongronema latifolium, Psidium guajava, and Aspilia africana extracts were studied for their potential utility as multi-target therapeutic alternatives. The plants were screened for phytochemical constituents. Based on the CLSI disc diffusion assay, the sensitivities of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the plants’ extracts were tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts against susceptible bacteria was determined by CLSI broth microdilution protocols. The major families of plant bioactive compounds were detected, with alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids common to the three plants investigated. The plant extracts showed variable activity against the test bacteria (activity index, AI range = 0.43 – 2.59), while the highest activity based on the MIC was recorded for P. guajava (MIC range = 25- 100mg/ml). These results provide the basis of the plants’ therapeutic uses in folk medicine. Their activity index suggests the need for further investigation of their phytochemical components for potential medicinal application. The P. guajava methanolic extract with consistent activity across the test bacteria suggests its potentials in the formulation of multi-target antibiotic therapies
{"title":"Investigation of the antibacterial activities of methanolic and water extracts of Gongronema latifolium, Psidium guajava and Aspilia africana","authors":"P. Chidebelu, C. Chigor, Kenechukwu Francis Ojinna, V. Chigor","doi":"10.4314/br.v19i2.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v19i2.7","url":null,"abstract":"The epidemiological consequences of co-infections by enteric, wound, opportunistic, and drug-resistant pathogens, underscore the need for alternative and multi-target therapeutic approaches. Phytochemical properties of some plants are widely known but their potential utility as cheaper multi-target therapeutic options, have rarely been investigated. In the current work, Gongronema latifolium, Psidium guajava, and Aspilia africana extracts were studied for their potential utility as multi-target therapeutic alternatives. The plants were screened for phytochemical constituents. Based on the CLSI disc diffusion assay, the sensitivities of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the plants’ extracts were tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts against susceptible bacteria was determined by CLSI broth microdilution protocols. The major families of plant bioactive compounds were detected, with alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids common to the three plants investigated. The plant extracts showed variable activity against the test bacteria (activity index, AI range = 0.43 – 2.59), while the highest activity based on the MIC was recorded for P. guajava (MIC range = 25- 100mg/ml). These results provide the basis of the plants’ therapeutic uses in folk medicine. Their activity index suggests the need for further investigation of their phytochemical components for potential medicinal application. The P. guajava methanolic extract with consistent activity across the test bacteria suggests its potentials in the formulation of multi-target antibiotic therapies","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89151820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zamani Pius Joshua, M. Abarshi, I. Sani, Owolabi A. Olumuyiwa, S. Mada, Rhoda Yakubu Dallhatu
Hepatotoxicity, micronutrients insufficiency and cost of micronutrient supplements are challenges faced by HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study investigated the effect of natural plant micronutrients (vitamins A, C, and E, selenium and Zinc supplements from carrot-ginger (75:25) blend on liver enzymes: Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST), CD4 + T lymphocytes and body mass index (BMI) of HIV-infected-patients taking ART. Ninety HIV-infected-patients attending Special Treatment Clinic, Kafanchan General Hospital, Kaduna State, Nigeria, were randomized into three groups of thirty patients each: Group 1 is control group and received ART alone, Group 2 is standard group and received ART with ready to use commercial micronutrient supplement (SelACER supplement) while Group 3 is supplement group and received ART + Carrot-Ginger blend for 90 days. Serum Alanine, Aspartate transaminase, CD4 + T lymphocytes and BMI were assessed using standard methods at baseline (day 0), 30 days, 60 days and 90 days. The results indicated that patients on CarrotGinger blend and SelACER micronutrients supplements show significant (p<0.05) reduction in ALT and AST level. However, there was no significant (p>0.05) difference in patients treated with ART alone when compared to their baseline values. The results indicated that patients on carrot-ginger blend and SelACE® supplements had significant (p<0.05) increase in BMI, CD4+ T-cell counts, serum vitamins A, C, E, selenium and zinc from day zero. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in patients treated with ART alone compared to their baseline values. In addition, patients on SelACE® supplement revealed significant (p<0.05) difference in their mean BMI, CD4+ T-cell counts, serum vitamins A, C, E, Selenium and Zinc compared to patients on carrot-ginger blend after 90 days. The results also indicated a strong positive association (r=0.97) between serum ALT and AST activity and between CD4+ T cell counts and body mass index (r=0.77) after 90 days. Therefore, micronutrients supplementation of HIV patients during ART treatment with Carrot-Ginger blend could also be a beneficial adjunct to ART due to its potentials to reconstitute the immune system and protect the liver in HIV individuals on ART.
{"title":"Hepatoprotective and immune-reconstitution potentials of carrot-ginger blend among HIV-infected patients taking antiretroviral therapy in Kaduna, Nigeria","authors":"Zamani Pius Joshua, M. Abarshi, I. Sani, Owolabi A. Olumuyiwa, S. Mada, Rhoda Yakubu Dallhatu","doi":"10.4314/br.v19i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v19i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatotoxicity, micronutrients insufficiency and cost of micronutrient supplements are challenges faced by HIV infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). This study investigated the effect of natural plant micronutrients (vitamins A, C, and E, selenium and Zinc supplements from carrot-ginger (75:25) blend on liver enzymes: Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Aspartate transaminase (AST), CD4 + T lymphocytes and body mass index (BMI) of HIV-infected-patients taking ART. Ninety HIV-infected-patients attending Special Treatment Clinic, Kafanchan General Hospital, Kaduna State, Nigeria, were randomized into three groups of thirty patients each: Group 1 is control group and received ART alone, Group 2 is standard group and received ART with ready to use commercial micronutrient supplement (SelACER supplement) while Group 3 is supplement group and received ART + Carrot-Ginger blend for 90 days. Serum Alanine, Aspartate transaminase, CD4 + T lymphocytes and BMI were assessed using standard methods at baseline (day 0), 30 days, 60 days and 90 days. The results indicated that patients on CarrotGinger blend and SelACER micronutrients supplements show significant (p<0.05) reduction in ALT and AST level. However, there was no significant (p>0.05) difference in patients treated with ART alone when compared to their baseline values. The results indicated that patients on carrot-ginger blend and SelACE® supplements had significant (p<0.05) increase in BMI, CD4+ T-cell counts, serum vitamins A, C, E, selenium and zinc from day zero. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in patients treated with ART alone compared to their baseline values. In addition, patients on SelACE® supplement revealed significant (p<0.05) difference in their mean BMI, CD4+ T-cell counts, serum vitamins A, C, E, Selenium and Zinc compared to patients on carrot-ginger blend after 90 days. The results also indicated a strong positive association (r=0.97) between serum ALT and AST activity and between CD4+ T cell counts and body mass index (r=0.77) after 90 days. Therefore, micronutrients supplementation of HIV patients during ART treatment with Carrot-Ginger blend could also be a beneficial adjunct to ART due to its potentials to reconstitute the immune system and protect the liver in HIV individuals on ART.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"2_OS 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87309936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Nnabuike Ezema, Esther Chinedu Agbo, Emmanuel Aniebolam Eze
Food processing and storage increase the value chain of food items, both for commercial purposes and for future use by peasant producers. The roles of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts in the processing of dairy, brewed, bakery and traditionally fermented foods cannot be over-emphasized. These organisms improve the nutritional contents and organoleptic properties of these foods. However, certain undesired products, especially from protein-rich foods, notably, biogenic amines often characterize the process. This is usually a physiologic response by the organisms to the food environments such as pH, and is often influenced by temperature, time and salt concentration. Histamine production during such a process often results in the accumulation of exogenous histamine in the foods, thereby constituting health hazards to the consumers. Histamine food poisoning affects virtually every system of the body due to the widespread physiological roles of histamine in the body, presenting a wide range of symptoms that make diagnosis difficult. More regulated scientific approaches should be adopted by food processors and handlers especially in the developing countries where technologies may not be available.
{"title":"Microbial production of histamine and the imperatives of processed food consumption","authors":"James Nnabuike Ezema, Esther Chinedu Agbo, Emmanuel Aniebolam Eze","doi":"10.4314/br.v19i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v19i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"Food processing and storage increase the value chain of food items, both for commercial purposes and for future use by peasant producers. The roles of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts in the processing of dairy, brewed, bakery and traditionally fermented foods cannot be over-emphasized. These organisms improve the nutritional contents and organoleptic properties of these foods. However, certain undesired products, especially from protein-rich foods, notably, biogenic amines often characterize the process. This is usually a physiologic response by the organisms to the food environments such as pH, and is often influenced by temperature, time and salt concentration. Histamine production during such a process often results in the accumulation of exogenous histamine in the foods, thereby constituting health hazards to the consumers. Histamine food poisoning affects virtually every system of the body due to the widespread physiological roles of histamine in the body, presenting a wide range of symptoms that make diagnosis difficult. More regulated scientific approaches should be adopted by food processors and handlers especially in the developing countries where technologies may not be available.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83834681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alanamu Abdullahi Abdulrahaman, A. A. Al Sahli, Abimbola Aluko Tinuola, S. Adeniran, Abdulquadri Sagaya
Adulteration and substitution of herbal drugs are trending issues in the herbal industry, posing a serious threat to commercial natural product research. The anatomy of powdered and non-powdered samples of plant species were compared to ascertain their similarities. Air dried powdered leaf samples and unground or intact leaves, flowers and barks of eight medicinal plant species, namely, Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratisimum, Trichilia monadelpha, Bridelia ferruginea, Lophira alata., Alstonia boonei, Dialium guineense and Enantia chlorantha were studied anatomically with the aim of identifying the original plant parts used in the preparation of the drugs. The microscopic studies of leaves of V. amygdalina and O. gratisimum revealed the presence of similar stomatal complex types and trichomes in both ground and unground samples. The anatomy and palynology of T. monadelpha flower revealed that bipolar, inaperturate, monopolar, monoporate, tetracolporate and triporate pollens are present in both the ground and unground samples. The microscopic study of the barks of L. alata, B. ferruginea, A. boonei, D. guineense and E. chlorantha also showed similar cells in ground and unground samples. The anatomical features are, therefore, elucidated for authentication of the originality of the medicinal plants studied.
中药掺假和替代是中药行业的热点问题，对天然产品的商业化研究构成了严重威胁。对植物的粉末状和非粉末状标本进行了解剖比较，以确定它们的相似性。风干的粉状叶片样品和未研磨或完整的叶片、花和树皮，8种药用植物，即扁桃仁(Vernonia amygdalina)、杏叶(Ocimum gratisimum)、毛缕菌(Trichilia monadelpha)、铁蒺藜(Bridelia ferruginea)、雪莲(Lophira alata)。为了确定药物制备中使用的原始植物部位，我们对这些植物进行了解剖学研究。对碾磨和非碾磨叶片的显微研究表明，碾磨和非碾磨样品中存在相似的气孔复合体类型和毛状体。解剖和孢粉学分析表明，在地面和非地面样品中均存在双孔、不孔、单孔、单孔、四孔和三孔花粉。对alata, B. ferruginea, A. boonei, D. guineense和E. chlorantha树皮的显微研究也显示出相似的细胞在磨碎和未磨碎的样品中。因此，解剖特征被阐明，以鉴定所研究的药用植物的原创性。
{"title":"The use of microstructures in the authentication of powdered drug plants","authors":"Alanamu Abdullahi Abdulrahaman, A. A. Al Sahli, Abimbola Aluko Tinuola, S. Adeniran, Abdulquadri Sagaya","doi":"10.4314/br.v19i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v19i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"Adulteration and substitution of herbal drugs are trending issues in the herbal industry, posing a serious threat to commercial natural product research. The anatomy of powdered and non-powdered samples of plant species were compared to ascertain their similarities. Air dried powdered leaf samples and unground or intact leaves, flowers and barks of eight medicinal plant species, namely, Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratisimum, Trichilia monadelpha, Bridelia ferruginea, Lophira alata., Alstonia boonei, Dialium guineense and Enantia chlorantha were studied anatomically with the aim of identifying the original plant parts used in the preparation of the drugs. The microscopic studies of leaves of V. amygdalina and O. gratisimum revealed the presence of similar stomatal complex types and trichomes in both ground and unground samples. The anatomy and palynology of T. monadelpha flower revealed that bipolar, inaperturate, monopolar, monoporate, tetracolporate and triporate pollens are present in both the ground and unground samples. The microscopic study of the barks of L. alata, B. ferruginea, A. boonei, D. guineense and E. chlorantha also showed similar cells in ground and unground samples. The anatomical features are, therefore, elucidated for authentication of the originality of the medicinal plants studied.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87353739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lailaba Abubakar Aminu, M. Musa, Micheal Anyekema, U. Magaji, Hassan Wara Sanusi
Osmotic stress, oxidative stress and oxidation of essential macromolecules are common consequences of salinity stress that limit plant growth and productivity. Plants are known to evolve several strategies such as upsurge of antioxidant defence systems (ADS) and accumulation of osmolytes, so as to thrive under such conditions. In the present study, the effect of salinity stress (using irrigation method) on ADS of two cultivars (IT-99 and IT-288) of cowpea was examined. Plant samples (roots, young leaves and matured leaves) were harvested on day 21 of treatment with saline solution (100 – 400 mM NaCl). Antioxidant markers and osmolytes levels were quantified and compared with the controls (0.0 mM NaCl). The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase significantly increased (p<0.05) in the leaves, except for IT-288 where catalase activity significantly decreased (p<0.05) when compared to the control. On the contrary, catalase and peroxidase activities significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the roots of both cultivars. Largely, ascorbate, glutathione (GSH) and tocopherols levels increased as salinity increases, except for GSH in roots of IT-99, and leaves of IT-288. The amount of flavonoids detected in the same tissue were not significantly (p>0.05) different in all the salinity levels investigated. The level of proline increased at moderate salinity levels in all samples and at high salinity in roots of IT-99 and mature leaves of IT-288. For IT-99, levels of glycinebetaine significantly increased (p<0.05) at high salinity, but significantly decreased at similar levels in IT-288. H2O2 levels significantly increased in the roots but decreased (p<0.05) in leaves samples. Malondialdehyde concentration generally increased significantly (p<0.05) when compared with control. The findings of these study suggest that both cultivars were induced to express higher antioxidant activity and to a certain extent synthesis of more osmolytes.
渗透胁迫、氧化胁迫和必需大分子氧化是盐胁迫的常见后果，限制了植物的生长和生产力。为了在这样的条件下茁壮成长，植物进化出多种策略，如抗氧化防御系统(ADS)的增强和渗透物的积累。研究了盐度胁迫(采用灌溉法)对2个豇豆品种(IT-99和IT-288) ADS的影响。在生理盐水(100 ~ 400 mM NaCl)处理第21天收获植株样品(根、幼叶和成熟叶)。测定抗氧化标志物和渗透物水平，并与对照(0.0 mM NaCl)进行比较。超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性在不同盐度下均显著升高(p0.05)。在中等盐度条件下，所有样品的脯氨酸水平均有所上升，而在高盐度条件下，IT-99的根和IT-288的成熟叶片的脯氨酸水平有所上升。对于IT-99，高盐度下甘氨酸水平显著升高(p<0.05)，而在相同盐度下，IT-288的甘氨酸水平显著降低。根系中H2O2含量显著升高，叶片中H2O2含量显著降低(p<0.05)。丙二醛浓度普遍较对照组显著升高(p<0.05)。这些研究结果表明，这两个品种都被诱导表达更高的抗氧化活性，并在一定程度上合成更多的渗透物。
{"title":"Effect of salinity stress on the antioxidant defence systems of two varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)","authors":"Lailaba Abubakar Aminu, M. Musa, Micheal Anyekema, U. Magaji, Hassan Wara Sanusi","doi":"10.4314/br.v19i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v19i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Osmotic stress, oxidative stress and oxidation of essential macromolecules are common consequences of salinity stress that limit plant growth and productivity. Plants are known to evolve several strategies such as upsurge of antioxidant defence systems (ADS) and accumulation of osmolytes, so as to thrive under such conditions. In the present study, the effect of salinity stress (using irrigation method) on ADS of two cultivars (IT-99 and IT-288) of cowpea was examined. Plant samples (roots, young leaves and matured leaves) were harvested on day 21 of treatment with saline solution (100 – 400 mM NaCl). Antioxidant markers and osmolytes levels were quantified and compared with the controls (0.0 mM NaCl). The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase significantly increased (p<0.05) in the leaves, except for IT-288 where catalase activity significantly decreased (p<0.05) when compared to the control. On the contrary, catalase and peroxidase activities significantly decreased (p<0.05) in the roots of both cultivars. Largely, ascorbate, glutathione (GSH) and tocopherols levels increased as salinity increases, except for GSH in roots of IT-99, and leaves of IT-288. The amount of flavonoids detected in the same tissue were not significantly (p>0.05) different in all the salinity levels investigated. The level of proline increased at moderate salinity levels in all samples and at high salinity in roots of IT-99 and mature leaves of IT-288. For IT-99, levels of glycinebetaine significantly increased (p<0.05) at high salinity, but significantly decreased at similar levels in IT-288. H2O2 levels significantly increased in the roots but decreased (p<0.05) in leaves samples. Malondialdehyde concentration generally increased significantly (p<0.05) when compared with control. The findings of these study suggest that both cultivars were induced to express higher antioxidant activity and to a certain extent synthesis of more osmolytes.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"93 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77393770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The microalgae and physicochemical parameters of floodwater of Omasi rice field in Anambra State, Nigeria were studied. Samples for the studies were collected at monthly intervals. The microalgae were studied using light microscopy and identified with taxonomic keys, text books and photograph materials from the internet. The physicochemical parameters and coliform content of the floodwater were analysed using the methods described by the American Public Health Association. Simple means of the parameters and percentages of the algal populations were calculated, while Pearson correlation (p ≤ 0.05) was used to check for significance of the relationships between the investigated parameters. A total of 12 algal taxa belonging to Chlorophyta (48.99%), Cyanophyta (32.89%), Euglenophyta (10.07%), and Bacillariophyceae (8.05%) were recorded in decreasing order of abundance. Water temperature ranged from 26-38 °C with mean of 33.3 ± 2.56 °C; colour ranged from 15-175 Hazen units with mean of 86.25 ± 33.19 Hazen units; depth of water ranged from 7-10.5 cm with mean of 9.38 ± 0.8 cm. Ranges of nitrates and phosphates with their respective means were 0.5-1.8 mg/l (0.86±0.31 mg/l) and 0.79-1.96 mg/l (1.18±0.28 mg/l). Omasi rice field supported the growth of diverse algal groups and species; this may be as a result of available nutrients and good climate as can be deduced from the correlation analyses. Omasi rice field is typical of tropical freshwaters and some tropical rice fields that have been studied in terms of microalgal diversities and some physicochemistry
{"title":"Assessment of phytoplankton composition and physicochemical parameters of Omasi rice field, Anambra State, Nigeria","authors":"Bartholomew Okwudilichukwu Udeh, N. Nweze","doi":"10.4314/br.v19i2.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v19i2.1","url":null,"abstract":"The microalgae and physicochemical parameters of floodwater of Omasi rice field in Anambra State, Nigeria were studied. Samples for the studies were collected at monthly intervals. The microalgae were studied using light microscopy and identified with taxonomic keys, text books and photograph materials from the internet. The physicochemical parameters and coliform content of the floodwater were analysed using the methods described by the American Public Health Association. Simple means of the parameters and percentages of the algal populations were calculated, while Pearson correlation (p ≤ 0.05) was used to check for significance of the relationships between the investigated parameters. A total of 12 algal taxa belonging to Chlorophyta (48.99%), Cyanophyta (32.89%), Euglenophyta (10.07%), and Bacillariophyceae (8.05%) were recorded in decreasing order of abundance. Water temperature ranged from 26-38 °C with mean of 33.3 ± 2.56 °C; colour ranged from 15-175 Hazen units with mean of 86.25 ± 33.19 Hazen units; depth of water ranged from 7-10.5 cm with mean of 9.38 ± 0.8 cm. Ranges of nitrates and phosphates with their respective means were 0.5-1.8 mg/l (0.86±0.31 mg/l) and 0.79-1.96 mg/l (1.18±0.28 mg/l). Omasi rice field supported the growth of diverse algal groups and species; this may be as a result of available nutrients and good climate as can be deduced from the correlation analyses. Omasi rice field is typical of tropical freshwaters and some tropical rice fields that have been studied in terms of microalgal diversities and some physicochemistry","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83208629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Ugwuja, C. Onaebi, N. Chiejina, Kelvin Ikechukwu Ugwuoke
Leaf-blight disease of Colocasia caused by Phytophthora colocasiae Raciborski has been a serious impediment to cocoyam production in Nigeria. Disease severity and susceptibility of the two most cultivated local varieties “Ugwuta” (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum) and “Nkashi Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta) were investigated. Disease severity was visually estimated as the percentage leaf surface affected by blight, lesion or lesion-related chlorosis for each leaf of a plant using a seven-point scale of 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in three locations: Ede-Oballa, Nsukka Urban and Obukpa. Susceptibility was assessed on 2 months old potted plants of each variety inoculated with a 7-day old culture of P. colocasiae. Diameters of lesions on inoculated leaves were recorded from the 3rd - 8th day after inoculation. Data on severity were subjected to ANOVA and susceptibility of the varieties was compared with t-test. Results revealed significant LSD=4.96 (0.05) and varying degrees of leaf blight severity among varieties and locations. Variety antiquorum had significantly higher severities of 42.08, 46.40 and 47.42% at Ede-Oballa, Nsukka Urban and Obukpa respectively, compared to 34.85, 36.55 and 28.19% recorded by var. esculenta at these locations, respectively. Similarly, var. antiquorum had greater lesion diameter ranging from 0.65±0.07 cm - 3.70±0.14 cm and average diameter of 2.4±0.16cm compared to var. esculenta which had 0.41±0.14cm - 3.12±0.19 cm and average diameter of 1.80±0.16. This research has shown that varieties and locations affect the severity and susceptibility of Phytophthora leaf blight disease. This could be a guide to farmers having known that var. esculenta is less severe to Phytophthora leaf blight disease.
由colocasiae (colocasiae Raciborski)疫霉(Phytophthora colocasiae Raciborski)引起的椰树叶枯病已成为尼日利亚椰树生产的严重障碍。对栽培最多的两个地方品种“Ugwuta”(Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum)和“Nkashi Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta”的疾病严重程度和易感性进行了调查。在Ede-Oballa、Nsukka Urban和Obukpa三个地点，采用0、5、10、25、50、75和100%的7分制，直观地估计了病害严重程度，即每片植物叶片受枯萎病、病变或与病变相关的黄化影响的叶表面百分比。对每个品种2个月大的盆栽植物接种7天培养物进行敏感性评价。接种后第3 ~ 8天记录叶片上病变的直径。对各品种的严重程度进行方差分析，对各品种的敏感性进行t检验。结果表明，不同品种、不同地点的叶枯病严重程度差异显著，LSD=4.96(0.05)。伊德-奥巴拉、恩苏卡乌尔班和奥布克帕的品种抗虫力分别为42.08、46.40和47.42%，而不同品种的抗虫力分别为34.85、36.55和28.19%。病变直径为0.65±0.07 cm ~ 3.70±0.14 cm，平均直径为2.4±0.16cm;病变直径为0.41±0.14cm ~ 3.12±0.19 cm，平均直径为1.80±0.16 cm。本研究表明，品种和地点影响疫霉病的严重程度和易感性。这对已经知道紫紫变种对疫霉病不那么严重的农民有一定的指导意义。
{"title":"Severity of Phytophthora leaf blight disease and susceptibility of two local varieties of Colocasia to Phytophthora colocasiae Raciborski in Nsukka zone of South Eastern Nigeria","authors":"F. Ugwuja, C. Onaebi, N. Chiejina, Kelvin Ikechukwu Ugwuoke","doi":"10.4314/br.v19i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v19i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Leaf-blight disease of Colocasia caused by Phytophthora colocasiae Raciborski has been a serious impediment to cocoyam production in Nigeria. Disease severity and susceptibility of the two most cultivated local varieties “Ugwuta” (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum) and “Nkashi Colocasia esculenta var. esculenta) were investigated. Disease severity was visually estimated as the percentage leaf surface affected by blight, lesion or lesion-related chlorosis for each leaf of a plant using a seven-point scale of 0, 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% in three locations: Ede-Oballa, Nsukka Urban and Obukpa. Susceptibility was assessed on 2 months old potted plants of each variety inoculated with a 7-day old culture of P. colocasiae. Diameters of lesions on inoculated leaves were recorded from the 3rd - 8th day after inoculation. Data on severity were subjected to ANOVA and susceptibility of the varieties was compared with t-test. Results revealed significant LSD=4.96 (0.05) and varying degrees of leaf blight severity among varieties and locations. Variety antiquorum had significantly higher severities of 42.08, 46.40 and 47.42% at Ede-Oballa, Nsukka Urban and Obukpa respectively, compared to 34.85, 36.55 and 28.19% recorded by var. esculenta at these locations, respectively. Similarly, var. antiquorum had greater lesion diameter ranging from 0.65±0.07 cm - 3.70±0.14 cm and average diameter of 2.4±0.16cm compared to var. esculenta which had 0.41±0.14cm - 3.12±0.19 cm and average diameter of 1.80±0.16. This research has shown that varieties and locations affect the severity and susceptibility of Phytophthora leaf blight disease. This could be a guide to farmers having known that var. esculenta is less severe to Phytophthora leaf blight disease.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76779324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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