This study was conducted to determine bacteriological load and antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolates from aquatic resources harvested from Okwan Obolo estuary, Akwa Ibom state, using standard microbiological techniques. The aquatic resources used were the fresh land crab (Gecarinus quadratus), Pallid Ghost crab (Ocypode pallidulla) and fishes (Sadinella maderensis) samples. The bacterial load of each sample was determined using serial dilution and pour plating techniques. Antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted using Kirby-Bauer Agar-disc diffusion method. The results indicated the highest mean of total heterotrophic bacterial counts(THBC), total Vibrio count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC) and total fecal coliform count(TFCC) ranges of 1.15 x105 CFU/g, 4.9x105 CFU/g 6.9 x105 CFU/g, 5.25 x105 CFU/g for Gecarinus quadratus 1, 1.16 x105 CFU/g, 4.4 x105 CFU/g, 6.5 x105 CFU/g, 5.75 x105 CFU/g for Ocypode pallidulla 1. Mean bacterial load from different anatomical sites of Sadinella maderensis ranged from 4.1 x 105 CFU/g, 1.6 x 105 CFU/g, 3.3 x 105 CFU/g and 2.6x 105 CFU/g for Sadinella maderensis1, 4.4 x 105 CFU/g, 2.6x 105 CFU/g, 2.8x 105 CFU/g, 2.0 x 105 CFU/g for Sadinella maderensis2 respectively. The isolates recovered were Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, Micrococcus spp, Coagulase- negative Staphylococcus (CON Staphylococcus), Bacillus spp, Enterobacter spp, Pseudomonas spp and Proteus species. However, guts samples had the highest number of bacterial loads and isolates. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest percentage of occurrence (14.1%), closely followed by Escherichia coli and Micrococcus spp (12.5%) respectively. All the isolates recorded 100% sensitivity to amoxicillin-clavulanic antibiotics. CON Staphylococcus and Proteus spp recorded 100% sensitivity to all drugs tested while Escherichia coli recorded 100% to imipenem, gentamicin, ceftriazole and amoxicillin-clauvalanic antibiotics respectively. Proper cooking of aquatic resources is encouraged, and good water quality should be maintained in the estuary.
本研究采用标准微生物学技术，对从阿夸伊博姆州Okwan Obolo河口收获的水生资源中分离的细菌负荷和抗生素敏感性进行了研究。所利用的水生资源为鲜地蟹(Gecarinus quadratus)、白鬼蟹(cypode pallidulla)和鱼类(Sadinella maderensis)样本。采用连续稀释和倒镀技术测定每个样品的细菌载量。采用Kirby-Bauer琼脂盘扩散法进行抗生素敏感性试验。结果表明，总异养细菌计数(THBC)、总弧菌计数(TVC)、总大肠菌群计数(TCC)和总粪便大肠菌群计数(TFCC)的最高平均值分别为:方棘球蟹1号、1.15 × 105 CFU/g、4.9 × 105 CFU/g、6.9 × 105 CFU/g、5.25 × 105 CFU/g、1.16 × 105 CFU/g、4.4 × 105 CFU/g、6.5 × 105 CFU/g、5.75 × 105 CFU/g。意味着细菌负荷不同解剖网站Sadinella maderensis范围从4.1 x 105 CFU / g, 1.6 x 105 CFU / g, 3.3 x 105 CFU / g和2.6 x 105 CFU / g Sadinella maderensis1, 4.4 x 105 CFU / g, 2.6 x 105 CFU / g, 2.8 x 105 CFU / g、2.0 x 105 CFU / g Sadinella maderensis2分别。分离出副溶血性弧菌、创伤弧菌、大肠杆菌、肠球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、微球菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌、芽孢杆菌、肠杆菌、假单胞菌和变形杆菌。然而，肠道样本的细菌负荷和分离株数量最高。金黄色葡萄球菌的发生率最高(14.1%)，其次是大肠杆菌和微球菌(12.5%)。所有菌株对阿莫西林-克拉维酸类抗生素的敏感性均为100%。CON葡萄球菌和变形杆菌对所有药物的敏感性均为100%，大肠杆菌对亚胺培南、庆大霉素、头孢三唑和阿莫西林-幽闭类抗生素的敏感性均为100%。鼓励对水产资源进行适当的蒸煮，保持河口的良好水质。
{"title":"Bacteriological load and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacterial isolates from aquatic resources harvested from Okwan Obolo estuary, Akwa Ibom State","authors":"D. Udoh, I. Udo, Samuel Jimmy Udofia","doi":"10.4314/br.v20i3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i3.10","url":null,"abstract":"This study was conducted to determine bacteriological load and antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolates from aquatic resources harvested from Okwan Obolo estuary, Akwa Ibom state, using standard microbiological techniques. The aquatic resources used were the fresh land crab (Gecarinus quadratus), Pallid Ghost crab (Ocypode pallidulla) and fishes (Sadinella maderensis) samples. The bacterial load of each sample was determined using serial dilution and pour plating techniques. Antibiotic sensitivity test was conducted using Kirby-Bauer Agar-disc diffusion method. The results indicated the highest mean of total heterotrophic bacterial counts(THBC), total Vibrio count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC) and total fecal coliform count(TFCC) ranges of 1.15 x105 CFU/g, 4.9x105 CFU/g 6.9 x105 CFU/g, 5.25 x105 CFU/g for Gecarinus quadratus 1, 1.16 x105 CFU/g, 4.4 x105 CFU/g, 6.5 x105 CFU/g, 5.75 x105 CFU/g for Ocypode pallidulla 1. Mean bacterial load from different anatomical sites of Sadinella maderensis ranged from 4.1 x 105 CFU/g, 1.6 x 105 CFU/g, 3.3 x 105 CFU/g and 2.6x 105 CFU/g for Sadinella maderensis1, 4.4 x 105 CFU/g, 2.6x 105 CFU/g, 2.8x 105 CFU/g, 2.0 x 105 CFU/g for Sadinella maderensis2 respectively. The isolates recovered were Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, Micrococcus spp, Coagulase- negative Staphylococcus (CON Staphylococcus), Bacillus spp, Enterobacter spp, Pseudomonas spp and Proteus species. However, guts samples had the highest number of bacterial loads and isolates. Staphylococcus aureus had the highest percentage of occurrence (14.1%), closely followed by Escherichia coli and Micrococcus spp (12.5%) respectively. All the isolates recorded 100% sensitivity to amoxicillin-clavulanic antibiotics. CON Staphylococcus and Proteus spp recorded 100% sensitivity to all drugs tested while Escherichia coli recorded 100% to imipenem, gentamicin, ceftriazole and amoxicillin-clauvalanic antibiotics respectively. Proper cooking of aquatic resources is encouraged, and good water quality should be maintained in the estuary. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81910429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Nnachi, Benjamin Chinonso Okeanya, Hope Chinwe Ezinwa
Maggot debridement therapy is the introduction of live and disinfected fly larvae in a wound in order to aid cleaning and healing. This technique was discovered as a beneficial effect of colonization of human tissue by fly larvae (myiasis). This discovery was made during the World War I when it was observed that injured soldiers whose wounds were infested with maggots healed faster than their counterparts whose wounds were free from maggots. In this therapy, the larvae of Blow fly (Lucilia sericata) are used because they feed exclusively on dead tissues. There are two different ways through which these maggots are applied into the wound, namely, free range dressing and biobag dressing. The mechanism of action of the maggots during debridement involves secretion of digestive enzymes which breakdown the dead tissues, liquidizing it before ingesting the liquefied contents of the wound. They also secrete antimicrobials which inhibit microbial growth in the wound, thereby disinfecting it. This therapy has been successfully used in the treatment of leg ulcers, deep and diabetic wounds in humans. The advantages of maggot debridement therapy are enormous. The cost of using it is relatively low, it quickens healing of wounds, and it is painless. However, the patient may experience irritation and itching at the wound site which is associated with larval movement in the wound. The adoption of this therapeutic wound management is advocated as practical evidence show that it has proven effective in the management of diabetic wounds more than conventional medical practices.
{"title":"Maggot debridement therapy and innovation from myiasis - A review","authors":"I. Nnachi, Benjamin Chinonso Okeanya, Hope Chinwe Ezinwa","doi":"10.4314/br.v20i3.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i3.9","url":null,"abstract":"Maggot debridement therapy is the introduction of live and disinfected fly larvae in a wound in order to aid cleaning and healing. This technique was discovered as a beneficial effect of colonization of human tissue by fly larvae (myiasis). This discovery was made during the World War I when it was observed that injured soldiers whose wounds were infested with maggots healed faster than their counterparts whose wounds were free from maggots. In this therapy, the larvae of Blow fly (Lucilia sericata) are used because they feed exclusively on dead tissues. There are two different ways through which these maggots are applied into the wound, namely, free range dressing and biobag dressing. The mechanism of action of the maggots during debridement involves secretion of digestive enzymes which breakdown the dead tissues, liquidizing it before ingesting the liquefied contents of the wound. They also secrete antimicrobials which inhibit microbial growth in the wound, thereby disinfecting it. This therapy has been successfully used in the treatment of leg ulcers, deep and diabetic wounds in humans. The advantages of maggot debridement therapy are enormous. The cost of using it is relatively low, it quickens healing of wounds, and it is painless. However, the patient may experience irritation and itching at the wound site which is associated with larval movement in the wound. The adoption of this therapeutic wound management is advocated as practical evidence show that it has proven effective in the management of diabetic wounds more than conventional medical practices.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76411877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Irvingia gabonensis seeds yield a large amount of oil which can be evaluated for its fuel potential. In this study, Irvingia gabonensis seeds were analysed for their chemical composition. The analysis was carried out on the seeds using standard methods. Selected metals were determined in the seeds by dry ashing method using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Oil was extracted with n-hexane by sonication. Biodiesel (methyl esters) was produced from the oil by transesterification. The relative abundance of some fatty acid methyl esters were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The fuel properties of the oil methyl ester (biodiesel) were tested using standard methods. The results showed that the average moisture content was 3.21%, ash level was 1.73%, crude fat was 52.67%, while crude fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate contents were 2.63, 7.31 and 10.15% respectively. The seeds contained Na, K, Ca, Mg, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd which were in various amounts. Linoleic acid and methyl ester had the highest abundance at 48% respectively while oleic acid was of least abundance at 1.2%. The fuel properties showed that the properties of biodiesel from Irvingia gabonensis were within the acceptable quality standards for application in diesel engines.
{"title":"Metal Analysis and Fuel Potentials of Irvingia gabonensis Seed","authors":"K. E. Ugwu, C. G. Ezema","doi":"10.4314/br.v20i3.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i3.8","url":null,"abstract":"Irvingia gabonensis seeds yield a large amount of oil which can be evaluated for its fuel potential. In this study, Irvingia gabonensis seeds were analysed for their chemical composition. The analysis was carried out on the seeds using standard methods. Selected metals were determined in the seeds by dry ashing method using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Oil was extracted with n-hexane by sonication. Biodiesel (methyl esters) was produced from the oil by transesterification. The relative abundance of some fatty acid methyl esters were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The fuel properties of the oil methyl ester (biodiesel) were tested using standard methods. The results showed that the average moisture content was 3.21%, ash level was 1.73%, crude fat was 52.67%, while crude fibre, crude protein and carbohydrate contents were 2.63, 7.31 and 10.15% respectively. The seeds contained Na, K, Ca, Mg, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd which were in various amounts. Linoleic acid and methyl ester had the highest abundance at 48% respectively while oleic acid was of least abundance at 1.2%. The fuel properties showed that the properties of biodiesel from Irvingia gabonensis were within the acceptable quality standards for application in diesel engines. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84364888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this research was to investigate the potentials of harvesting Chlorella lewinii through flocculation by Moringa oleifera seed extract. Water, ethanol, and sodium chloride solution were used to extract flocculating agents from both whole and de-fatted Moringa oleifera seeds and their ability to flocculate C. lewinii cells were evaluated. The effects of extracting solvents, extract concentration, incubation period and culture age on flocculation efficiency were investigated. The lipid contents of the biomass harvested by flocculation using M. oleifera seed extract were compared with those harvested by centrifugation. The results showed that 1M sodium chloride solution was the most effective solvent for extracting M. oleifera active ingredient. The optimum extract concentration was 600±0.10 mg/L with approximately 60±0.46 % efficiency, while the optimum length of period for incubating a mixture of cell culture and seed extract was 80±0.26 min. Defatted Moringa oleifera seed extract was more efficient than whole seed extract with an efficiency of 50%. The percentage lipid content of biomass harvested by centrifuge and moringa extracts decreased in the following order: Centrifugation-(22.55%) > de-fatted seed extract (16.63%) > whole seed extract (14.42%). These results indicate that M. oleifera seed extract is a reliable method of harvesting microalgae biomass.
{"title":"Moringa oleifera seed extract-mediated flocculation as an efficient method for harvesting Chlorella lewinii biomass","authors":"Chioma Faith Ikele, C. Ogbonna","doi":"10.4314/br.v20i3.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i3.7","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this research was to investigate the potentials of harvesting Chlorella lewinii through flocculation by Moringa oleifera seed extract. Water, ethanol, and sodium chloride solution were used to extract flocculating agents from both whole and de-fatted Moringa oleifera seeds and their ability to flocculate C. lewinii cells were evaluated. The effects of extracting solvents, extract concentration, incubation period and culture age on flocculation efficiency were investigated. The lipid contents of the biomass harvested by flocculation using M. oleifera seed extract were compared with those harvested by centrifugation. The results showed that 1M sodium chloride solution was the most effective solvent for extracting M. oleifera active ingredient. The optimum extract concentration was 600±0.10 mg/L with approximately 60±0.46 % efficiency, while the optimum length of period for incubating a mixture of cell culture and seed extract was 80±0.26 min. Defatted Moringa oleifera seed extract was more efficient than whole seed extract with an efficiency of 50%. The percentage lipid content of biomass harvested by centrifuge and moringa extracts decreased in the following order: Centrifugation-(22.55%) > de-fatted seed extract (16.63%) > whole seed extract (14.42%). These results indicate that M. oleifera seed extract is a reliable method of harvesting microalgae biomass. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84170674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn, is a leafy vegetable that is under-utilized due to lack of information about the nutritional potential and agronomic practices. Minerals, vitamins, and protein content of succulent leaves of C. pentandra plants grown under different fertilizer rates (Control (No fertilizer), 5 t ha-1 of poultry manure (PM) + 200 kg ha-1 of NPK, 10 t ha-1 of PM, 20 t ha-1 of PM, 450 kg ha-1 of NPK, and 20 t ha-1 of PM + 100 kg ha-1 of NPK) in the Department of Crop Science Garden, University of Nigeria, Nsukka were evaluated using standard analytical procedures in a replicated trial. Analysis of variance indicated a non-significant effect of fertilizer rates on vitamin contents assessed. Protein and the minerals evaluated showed non-significant response to fertilizer except zinc and calcium. Highest concentration of zinc (0.46 mg/100g) was attributed to 20 t ha-1 of PM which was statistically similar to 0.43 and 0.42 mg/100g obtained from leaves of plants grown without fertilizer and 5 t ha-1 of PM + 200 kg ha-1 of NPK, respectively. Soil amendment at 5 t ha-1 of PM + 200 kg ha-1 of NPK resulted in high accumulation of calcium (145.00 mg/100g). Conclusively, application of 20 t ha-1 of PM or 5 t ha-1 of PM + 200 kg ha-1 of NPK may be appropriate for growing C. pentandra. The study established that C. pentandra can be brought under regular cultivation culture without compromising the nutritional quality.
五角草(L.)Gaertn是一种叶类蔬菜，由于缺乏有关其营养潜力和农艺做法的信息而未得到充分利用。矿物质、维生素和蛋白质含量的多汁的叶子c pentandra植物生长在不同施肥量(控制(没有肥料),5 t是家禽的粪便(PM) + 200公斤是氮磷钾复合肥、10 t是点,20 t是点,450公斤是氮磷钾,和20 t是点+ 100公斤是氮磷钾)作物科学学系的花园,尼日利亚大学Nsukka复制试验使用标准分析方法进行评估。方差分析表明，施肥量对维生素含量的影响不显著。除锌和钙外，其他蛋白质和矿物质对肥料无显著响应。20 t hm -1 PM处理的锌含量最高，为0.46 mg/100g，与不施肥和5 t hm -1 PM + 200 kg hm -1 NPK处理的锌含量分别为0.43 mg/100g和0.42 mg/100g具有统计学意义。5 t hm -1 PM + 200 kg hm -1 NPK土壤改良导致钙的高积累(145.00 mg/100g)。综上所述，施用20 t hm -1 PM或5 t hm -1 PM + 200 kg hm -1 NPK可能是适宜的。研究表明，五角草可以在不影响其营养品质的前提下进行常规栽培。
{"title":"Nutritional qualities of Kapok (Ceiba pentandra L. Gaertn.) in response to fertilizer management","authors":"K. Olajide, Kayode Paul Baiyeri, U. M. Ndubuaku","doi":"10.4314/br.v20i3.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i3.5","url":null,"abstract":"Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn, is a leafy vegetable that is under-utilized due to lack of information about the nutritional potential and agronomic practices. Minerals, vitamins, and protein content of succulent leaves of C. pentandra plants grown under different fertilizer rates (Control (No fertilizer), 5 t ha-1 of poultry manure (PM) + 200 kg ha-1 of NPK, 10 t ha-1 of PM, 20 t ha-1 of PM, 450 kg ha-1 of NPK, and 20 t ha-1 of PM + 100 kg ha-1 of NPK) in the Department of Crop Science Garden, University of Nigeria, Nsukka were evaluated using standard analytical procedures in a replicated trial. Analysis of variance indicated a non-significant effect of fertilizer rates on vitamin contents assessed. Protein and the minerals evaluated showed non-significant response to fertilizer except zinc and calcium. Highest concentration of zinc (0.46 mg/100g) was attributed to 20 t ha-1 of PM which was statistically similar to 0.43 and 0.42 mg/100g obtained from leaves of plants grown without fertilizer and 5 t ha-1 of PM + 200 kg ha-1 of NPK, respectively. Soil amendment at 5 t ha-1 of PM + 200 kg ha-1 of NPK resulted in high accumulation of calcium (145.00 mg/100g). Conclusively, application of 20 t ha-1 of PM or 5 t ha-1 of PM + 200 kg ha-1 of NPK may be appropriate for growing C. pentandra. The study established that C. pentandra can be brought under regular cultivation culture without compromising the nutritional quality.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"114 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87990621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. C. Omeh, M. E. Ugwueze, R. Offiah, Chukwuemeka Christian Mbah, Audu Mumuni Momoh, I. V. Onyishi, Godswill Chukwuemeka Onunkwo, Jacob Okechukwu Onyechi
The mouth is a vital route of drug administration with over 84 % of all medicines reportedly administered through it. The gastrointestinal system is equally imbued with a lot of adaptive features that make the oral route even more conducive for systemic drug delivery. The usefulness of the oral route is, however challenged by the existence of numerous absorption barriers which limit the effective absorption and delivery of drugs to their target sites in the body systems. Understanding these adaptive attributes, systemic barriers and available strategies for overcoming such barriers will not only be helpful in drug development and design but also useful to the formulation scientists desirous of optimizing drug delivery. The objective of this work was to review the gastrointestinal route of drug administration with respect to some biochemical and physio-anatomic features that impede or enhance drug absorption and to highlight current strategies that have been deployed to achieve optimum per oral drug delivery. The current review reveals the emerging roles of nanocarriers in oral drug delivery. Polymeric nanocarriers enhance the solubility, targeting and safety profiles of many important pharmacological agents. Novel systems that offer protection against gastro enzymes and as such, promote oral administration of biologicals are being widely investigated. Mechanical, magnetic, and acoustic energy – induced membrane perturbation are other delivery options receiving research attentions. It may be concluded that, with the avalanche of research efforts in the area, the oral route will maintain its prominence among other routes of drug administration.
{"title":"Oral drug delivery: Gastrointestinal tract adaptations, barriers and strategies for delivery enhancement - a review","authors":"R. C. Omeh, M. E. Ugwueze, R. Offiah, Chukwuemeka Christian Mbah, Audu Mumuni Momoh, I. V. Onyishi, Godswill Chukwuemeka Onunkwo, Jacob Okechukwu Onyechi","doi":"10.4314/br.v20i3.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i3.6","url":null,"abstract":"The mouth is a vital route of drug administration with over 84 % of all medicines reportedly administered through it. The gastrointestinal system is equally imbued with a lot of adaptive features that make the oral route even more conducive for systemic drug delivery. The usefulness of the oral route is, however challenged by the existence of numerous absorption barriers which limit the effective absorption and delivery of drugs to their target sites in the body systems. Understanding these adaptive attributes, systemic barriers and available strategies for overcoming such barriers will not only be helpful in drug development and design but also useful to the formulation scientists desirous of optimizing drug delivery. The objective of this work was to review the gastrointestinal route of drug administration with respect to some biochemical and physio-anatomic features that impede or enhance drug absorption and to highlight current strategies that have been deployed to achieve optimum per oral drug delivery. The current review reveals the emerging roles of nanocarriers in oral drug delivery. Polymeric nanocarriers enhance the solubility, targeting and safety profiles of many important pharmacological agents. Novel systems that offer protection against gastro enzymes and as such, promote oral administration of biologicals are being widely investigated. Mechanical, magnetic, and acoustic energy – induced membrane perturbation are other delivery options receiving research attentions. It may be concluded that, with the avalanche of research efforts in the area, the oral route will maintain its prominence among other routes of drug administration. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75618628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work examined the supplemental effects of Telfairia occidentalis Hook.F. leaf extract compared to a standard hematinic drug, Ranferon -12 ®, on the performance of thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly assigned into six groups of six rats each, and were fed standard rat ration at 80 % of ad lib within 24 hours. Access to clean water was allowed ad libitum. The leaf extract was administered orally at the dose of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg, and 800mg/kg (for groups 1-4 respectively), and group 5 was given Ranferon 12® (at 0.3ml/kg), while group 6 (Control) received no extract but water. The extract was administered once daily for 21 days, while feed intake, weght gain, water intake, haematology, and some liver enzymes as well as cholesterol levels were the parameters measured. Results also revealed that weight gain, water intake and total WBC were significantly higher in group 3(600mg/kg) compared to other groups, while group 5 (Ranferon-12®) had significantly higher Packed cell volume and total red blood cell counts. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the liver enzymes and cholesterol levels of rats in all groups. The results of this study have shown that supplementation with Telfairia occidentalis leaf extract was quite beneficial as it produced a significantly higher weight gain at 600mg/kg, and that neither increased dose of extract nor supplementation with Ranferon-12 ® yielded any special advantage.
{"title":"Comparative effects of Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F. leaf extract and Ranferon-12® as dietary supplements on partially starved male Sprague-Dawley rats","authors":"C. O. Nwaigwe, C. U. Nwaigwe, Shedua Leo","doi":"10.4314/br.v20i3.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i3.4","url":null,"abstract":"This work examined the supplemental effects of Telfairia occidentalis Hook.F. leaf extract compared to a standard hematinic drug, Ranferon -12 ®, on the performance of thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly assigned into six groups of six rats each, and were fed standard rat ration at 80 % of ad lib within 24 hours. Access to clean water was allowed ad libitum. The leaf extract was administered orally at the dose of 200mg/kg, 400mg/kg, 600mg/kg, and 800mg/kg (for groups 1-4 respectively), and group 5 was given Ranferon 12® (at 0.3ml/kg), while group 6 (Control) received no extract but water. The extract was administered once daily for 21 days, while feed intake, weght gain, water intake, haematology, and some liver enzymes as well as cholesterol levels were the parameters measured. Results also revealed that weight gain, water intake and total WBC were significantly higher in group 3(600mg/kg) compared to other groups, while group 5 (Ranferon-12®) had significantly higher Packed cell volume and total red blood cell counts. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the liver enzymes and cholesterol levels of rats in all groups. The results of this study have shown that supplementation with Telfairia occidentalis leaf extract was quite beneficial as it produced a significantly higher weight gain at 600mg/kg, and that neither increased dose of extract nor supplementation with Ranferon-12 ® yielded any special advantage.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90848288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Onyekachi Philomena Okeke, Maria-Esther Uju Dibua, Ephraim Aguda Ocholi, Victor Nwoko, I. Mba, J. Ukomadu
Cancer affects millions of people worldwide and contributes to the highest percentage of global deaths compared to other ailments. Most cancer sites are vulnerable to infection by a vast number of opportunistic pathogens. Data from several surveillance reports have revealed several opportunistic pathogens responsible for infections in cancer patients. The present study investigated the spectrum of bacteria isolated from acute cancer patients. Samples were recovered from urine, vaginal swab, and breast swab. Identification and characterization of the isolates were performed using standard microbiological methods. A total of 130 bacteria comprising 78(60%) gram-positive and 52(40%) gram-negative were recovered. A statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was observed between the two groups. The most prevalent organism was Staphylococcus spp. (42.3%) followed by Escherichia coli (36.2%), Lactobacillus spp. (8.5%), Micrococcus spp. (6.2%), Streptococcus spp. (3.1%), Klebsiella spp. (1.5%), Proteus spp. (1.5%) and Pseudomonas spp. (0.8%). Our findings showed the predominance of gram-positive bacteria in infections among cancer patients. However, Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli) was the most frequently isolated among the gram-negative. This study indicates that cancer patients may be infected by several opportunistic pathogens, highlighting an ongoing trend toward gram-positive organisms causing infection in cancer patients. Therefore, it underscores the importance of constant monitoring at regional levels as surveillance efforts are important to provide the clinicians with the appropriate information in choosing treatment regimens and implement a proper policy for infection control guidelines.
{"title":"Identification and characterization of bacteria isolated from patients with cancer at Enugu State Teaching Hospital Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria","authors":"Onyekachi Philomena Okeke, Maria-Esther Uju Dibua, Ephraim Aguda Ocholi, Victor Nwoko, I. Mba, J. Ukomadu","doi":"10.4314/br.v20i3.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i3.3","url":null,"abstract":"Cancer affects millions of people worldwide and contributes to the highest percentage of global deaths compared to other ailments. Most cancer sites are vulnerable to infection by a vast number of opportunistic pathogens. Data from several surveillance reports have revealed several opportunistic pathogens responsible for infections in cancer patients. The present study investigated the spectrum of bacteria isolated from acute cancer patients. Samples were recovered from urine, vaginal swab, and breast swab. Identification and characterization of the isolates were performed using standard microbiological methods. A total of 130 bacteria comprising 78(60%) gram-positive and 52(40%) gram-negative were recovered. A statistically significant difference (P<0.05) was observed between the two groups. The most prevalent organism was Staphylococcus spp. (42.3%) followed by Escherichia coli (36.2%), Lactobacillus spp. (8.5%), Micrococcus spp. (6.2%), Streptococcus spp. (3.1%), Klebsiella spp. (1.5%), Proteus spp. (1.5%) and Pseudomonas spp. (0.8%). Our findings showed the predominance of gram-positive bacteria in infections among cancer patients. However, Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli) was the most frequently isolated among the gram-negative. This study indicates that cancer patients may be infected by several opportunistic pathogens, highlighting an ongoing trend toward gram-positive organisms causing infection in cancer patients. Therefore, it underscores the importance of constant monitoring at regional levels as surveillance efforts are important to provide the clinicians with the appropriate information in choosing treatment regimens and implement a proper policy for infection control guidelines. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86245999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. N. Uhuo, Kingsley Okechukwu Godwin, Prince Okechukwu Alaebo, C. Obike
Effective uses of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are considered key to the elimination of malaria among vulnerable populations. Several studies have revealed that the degree of awareness, ownership, and consistent use of ITNs by rural dwellers differ from one area or region to the other. The aim of the study was to determine the awareness of ITNs and factors affecting their use among rural dwellers in Ivo L.G.A of Ebonyi State. Simple survey method was adopted for the study. Three hundred (300) questionnaires were given out to respondents; however, 276 respondents representing 92% of the sample size returned their questionnaires. The data generated was analyzed and represented in simple frequency table and simple bar chart using IBM SPSS statistical package. The result indicated that majority of the respondents in the study area had vast knowledge of ITNs. Relationship between educational level, age, occupation of respondents and knowledge of ITNs was observed. The result showed that age, educational status, and educational status of rural dwellers were significantly associated with their knowledge of ITNs in Ivo LGA. Majority (72.5%) of the respondents in the study area had vast knowledge about ITNs, while minority (27.5%) had little or no knowledge of ITNs. The knowledge of ITNs by rural dwellers in Ivo LGA was independent of gender of the rural dwellers. A study to assess the actual use and impact of utilization of ITNs among children, pregnant mothers, nursing mothers, the adolescents, and the aged in Ivo communities is recommended.
{"title":"The knowledge and use of insecticide treated nets (INTs) among rural dwellers in Ivo L.G.A, Ebonyi State, Nigeria","authors":"E. N. Uhuo, Kingsley Okechukwu Godwin, Prince Okechukwu Alaebo, C. Obike","doi":"10.4314/br.v20i3.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i3.2","url":null,"abstract":"Effective uses of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are considered key to the elimination of malaria among vulnerable populations. Several studies have revealed that the degree of awareness, ownership, and consistent use of ITNs by rural dwellers differ from one area or region to the other. The aim of the study was to determine the awareness of ITNs and factors affecting their use among rural dwellers in Ivo L.G.A of Ebonyi State. Simple survey method was adopted for the study. Three hundred (300) questionnaires were given out to respondents; however, 276 respondents representing 92% of the sample size returned their questionnaires. The data generated was analyzed and represented in simple frequency table and simple bar chart using IBM SPSS statistical package. The result indicated that majority of the respondents in the study area had vast knowledge of ITNs. Relationship between educational level, age, occupation of respondents and knowledge of ITNs was observed. The result showed that age, educational status, and educational status of rural dwellers were significantly associated with their knowledge of ITNs in Ivo LGA. Majority (72.5%) of the respondents in the study area had vast knowledge about ITNs, while minority (27.5%) had little or no knowledge of ITNs. The knowledge of ITNs by rural dwellers in Ivo LGA was independent of gender of the rural dwellers. A study to assess the actual use and impact of utilization of ITNs among children, pregnant mothers, nursing mothers, the adolescents, and the aged in Ivo communities is recommended.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85984154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
O. Ekhator, Efosa Prosper Osarumwense, Avedorya Blessing Akowe, Uchechukwu Jessica Egbe, Notoriuwa Oscar Aghedo, Oshiovue Precious Omozuwa, Chiamaka Merit Ekhator
Heavy metals possess toxic effects that leads to serious health and environmental problems, anthropogenic activities are chiefly responsible for metal exposure, and they manifest toxic effects on a biological cell. The peels of Citrus sinensis have been reported to have medicinal effect. However, these benefits have not been adequately investigated against metals toxicity. This study evaluated the antioxidant and chelating effect of Citrus sinensis peel extract (CSPE) on wistar rats administered with lead and cadmium. Forty-five (45) rats were separated into nine (9) groups of 5 rats each. The group under control was given distilled water daily, group 2 and 3 received 8mg/kg of cadmium and 15 mg/kg of lead per body weight respectively. Animals in group 4 received 8 mg/kg of cadmium and 100 mg/kg of EDTA treatment per body weight. Group 5 were given 15 mg/kg of lead and treated with 100 mg/kg of EDTA. Group 6 and 7 were respectively treated with CSPE of 250 and 500 mg/kg and administered cadmium-8 mg/kg. Lastly, group 8 and 9 received lead and 250 and 500 mg/kg of CSPE respectively. Administration lasted for 28 days afterwards the rats were sacrificed. The whole blood was separated for analysis of haematological parameters and the liver and kidney tissues harvested for metal analysis. Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) were also estimated. Results showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) of MDA levels in lead and cadmium and a significant reduction in SOD, CAT and GPx values compared to the control and treated group. The level of cadmium and lead in blood, kidney, and liver tissues of 500 mg/kg CSPE were significantly reduced. CSPE possesses antioxidant properties and exhibits chelating effects on wistar rats administered with lead and cadmium.
{"title":"Antioxidant and chelating effects of Citrus sinensis peel extract on wistar rats administered with lead and cadmium","authors":"O. Ekhator, Efosa Prosper Osarumwense, Avedorya Blessing Akowe, Uchechukwu Jessica Egbe, Notoriuwa Oscar Aghedo, Oshiovue Precious Omozuwa, Chiamaka Merit Ekhator","doi":"10.4314/br.v20i3.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/br.v20i3.1","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals possess toxic effects that leads to serious health and environmental problems, anthropogenic activities are chiefly responsible for metal exposure, and they manifest toxic effects on a biological cell. The peels of Citrus sinensis have been reported to have medicinal effect. However, these benefits have not been adequately investigated against metals toxicity. This study evaluated the antioxidant and chelating effect of Citrus sinensis peel extract (CSPE) on wistar rats administered with lead and cadmium. Forty-five (45) rats were separated into nine (9) groups of 5 rats each. The group under control was given distilled water daily, group 2 and 3 received 8mg/kg of cadmium and 15 mg/kg of lead per body weight respectively. Animals in group 4 received 8 mg/kg of cadmium and 100 mg/kg of EDTA treatment per body weight. Group 5 were given 15 mg/kg of lead and treated with 100 mg/kg of EDTA. Group 6 and 7 were respectively treated with CSPE of 250 and 500 mg/kg and administered cadmium-8 mg/kg. Lastly, group 8 and 9 received lead and 250 and 500 mg/kg of CSPE respectively. Administration lasted for 28 days afterwards the rats were sacrificed. The whole blood was separated for analysis of haematological parameters and the liver and kidney tissues harvested for metal analysis. Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) were also estimated. Results showed a statistically significant increase (p<0.05) of MDA levels in lead and cadmium and a significant reduction in SOD, CAT and GPx values compared to the control and treated group. The level of cadmium and lead in blood, kidney, and liver tissues of 500 mg/kg CSPE were significantly reduced. CSPE possesses antioxidant properties and exhibits chelating effects on wistar rats administered with lead and cadmium.","PeriodicalId":39601,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Agri Bio Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86674951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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