Tobacco control policies have proliferated in many countries in recent years, in particular youth access laws and public smoking bans. The effectiveness of youth access laws is still disputed, however, as are the costs of public smoking bans to the hospitality industry. Using a unique data set on cigarette sales at more than 100k vending machines that provides first objective evidence on the outgoing and customer behavior of smokers, we study both outcome dimensions by investigating several recent tobacco control measures in Germany. We find a large negative effect on cigarette sales of a nation-wide introduction of devices for electronic age verification in cigarette vending machines, particularly at machines placed outdoors and in localities that are strongly frequented by youths. In contrast, there is no evidence that a country-wide smoking ban in federal buildings affected cigarette sales in these premises and only weak evidence that a recent rise in the minimum legal smoking age affected cigarette purchases by youths. Finally, state-level smoking bans appear to have reduced indoor sales of cigarettes at vending machines, especially in bars. However, the magnitude of the estimated effect is rather modest, suggesting that businesses in the hospitality industry are unlikely to have been affected severely.
{"title":"Public Smoking Bans, Youth Access Laws, and Cigarette Sales at Vending Machines","authors":"M. Kvasnička","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1593045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1593045","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco control policies have proliferated in many countries in recent years, in particular youth access laws and public smoking bans. The effectiveness of youth access laws is still disputed, however, as are the costs of public smoking bans to the hospitality industry. Using a unique data set on cigarette sales at more than 100k vending machines that provides first objective evidence on the outgoing and customer behavior of smokers, we study both outcome dimensions by investigating several recent tobacco control measures in Germany. We find a large negative effect on cigarette sales of a nation-wide introduction of devices for electronic age verification in cigarette vending machines, particularly at machines placed outdoors and in localities that are strongly frequented by youths. In contrast, there is no evidence that a country-wide smoking ban in federal buildings affected cigarette sales in these premises and only weak evidence that a recent rise in the minimum legal smoking age affected cigarette purchases by youths. Finally, state-level smoking bans appear to have reduced indoor sales of cigarettes at vending machines, especially in bars. However, the magnitude of the estimated effect is rather modest, suggesting that businesses in the hospitality industry are unlikely to have been affected severely.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128781744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the last years, public smoking bans have been introduced in most European countries. Unlike elsewhere, in Germany such bans were introduced at state level at different points in time, which provides important intra-country regional variation that can be exploited to identify the effects of such bans on the hospitality industry. Using monthly data from a compulsory survey carried out by the German Federal Statistical Office, we study the short-run effects that these bans had on establishments’ sales. In contrast to the largely US-based literature, we find that smoke-free policies had a negative (yet moderate) effect on establishment sales. Closure rates of businesses in the hospitality industry.
在过去的几年里，大多数欧洲国家都实行了公共场所禁烟令。与其他地方不同的是，德国在不同的时间点在州一级实施了此类禁令，这提供了重要的国家内部区域差异，可以利用这些差异来确定此类禁令对酒店业的影响。我们利用德国联邦统计局(German Federal Statistical Office)开展的一项强制性调查的月度数据，研究了这些禁令对企业销售的短期影响。与主要以美国为基础的文献相反，我们发现无烟政策对企业销售有负面(但适度)影响。酒店业企业的关闭率。
{"title":"Much Ado About Nothing? Smoking Bans and Germany’s Hospitality Industry","authors":"M. Kvasnička, H. Tauchmann","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1593026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1593026","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last years, public smoking bans have been introduced in most European countries. Unlike elsewhere, in Germany such bans were introduced at state level at different points in time, which provides important intra-country regional variation that can be exploited to identify the effects of such bans on the hospitality industry. Using monthly data from a compulsory survey carried out by the German Federal Statistical Office, we study the short-run effects that these bans had on establishments’ sales. In contrast to the largely US-based literature, we find that smoke-free policies had a negative (yet moderate) effect on establishment sales. Closure rates of businesses in the hospitality industry.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"48 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116980691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ș. Cojocaru, Daniela Cojocaru, Ovidiu Bunea, M. Rădoi, Catalin Asavoaei, M. Ursan
The purpose of the research is to estimate the number of drug users among students of the universities from Iasi, to identify students' behavior towards the use of drugs, drug purchase offer, solutions to reduce the use of drugs. Research using mix methods for estimating the number of drug users using a representative survey, the use of focus groups to obtain qualitative information.
{"title":"The Prevalence of Drug Use Among Students of Iasi","authors":"Ș. Cojocaru, Daniela Cojocaru, Ovidiu Bunea, M. Rădoi, Catalin Asavoaei, M. Ursan","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1572391","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1572391","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the research is to estimate the number of drug users among students of the universities from Iasi, to identify students' behavior towards the use of drugs, drug purchase offer, solutions to reduce the use of drugs. Research using mix methods for estimating the number of drug users using a representative survey, the use of focus groups to obtain qualitative information.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126209322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Growth hormone replacement therapy (GHRT) is an expensive health service excluded from the universal coverage (UC) benefit package of Thailand. Its high costs and exclusion from the UC benefit package prevent poor patients from access to such health care. This study aims to estimate costs of providing GHRT to patients diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). It also explores demand for and supply of, and total costs per unit of height increase from universal access to GHRT. Methods include comprehensive literature review, in-depth interviews of childhood endocrinologists from three university hospitals about costs of GHRT and its current practice, and modeling costs for height increase using different products. Research findings indicate the incidence of GHD in Thailand is approximately 1 to 50,000 of people aged less than 15 years. A weekly dosage of GHRT recommended by the Thai Pediatric Endocrine Society range from 0.1 to 0.3 mg per kg depending on patient's responses. Cessation criteria of GHRT comprise a) attainment of adult height at 165 and 155 cm in male and female respectively, b) bone age above 16 and 14 years in male and female respectively, and c) the annual increase of height lower than 2.5 cm. On supply side, approximately 40 Pediatric Endocrinologists are available in public and private settings across the country. Costs of GHRT are varied from factors including patient’s age and gender, type and dose of GH use. Data from a university hospital show costs of GHRT range from 950 to 2580 USD per every 1 cm of height increase when using a cheaper GH product. The costs will increase from 1460 to 4000 USD per every 1cm of height increase when using the original GH. High cost burden of GHRT poses a challenging question on whether it should be included in the UC benefit package.
{"title":"Costs of Including Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy into the Universal Coverage Benefit Package of Thailand","authors":"K. Pachanee, P. Prakongsai","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1550063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1550063","url":null,"abstract":"Growth hormone replacement therapy (GHRT) is an expensive health service excluded from the universal coverage (UC) benefit package of Thailand. Its high costs and exclusion from the UC benefit package prevent poor patients from access to such health care. This study aims to estimate costs of providing GHRT to patients diagnosed with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). It also explores demand for and supply of, and total costs per unit of height increase from universal access to GHRT. Methods include comprehensive literature review, in-depth interviews of childhood endocrinologists from three university hospitals about costs of GHRT and its current practice, and modeling costs for height increase using different products. Research findings indicate the incidence of GHD in Thailand is approximately 1 to 50,000 of people aged less than 15 years. A weekly dosage of GHRT recommended by the Thai Pediatric Endocrine Society range from 0.1 to 0.3 mg per kg depending on patient's responses. Cessation criteria of GHRT comprise a) attainment of adult height at 165 and 155 cm in male and female respectively, b) bone age above 16 and 14 years in male and female respectively, and c) the annual increase of height lower than 2.5 cm. On supply side, approximately 40 Pediatric Endocrinologists are available in public and private settings across the country. Costs of GHRT are varied from factors including patient’s age and gender, type and dose of GH use. Data from a university hospital show costs of GHRT range from 950 to 2580 USD per every 1 cm of height increase when using a cheaper GH product. The costs will increase from 1460 to 4000 USD per every 1cm of height increase when using the original GH. High cost burden of GHRT poses a challenging question on whether it should be included in the UC benefit package.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"46 17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128377368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The literature shows that divorced, separated, and widowed individuals in Africa are at significantly increased risk for HIV. Using nationally representative data from 13 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, this paper confirms that formerly married individuals are at significantly higher risk for HIV. The study goes further by examining individuals who have remarried. The results show that remarried individuals form a large portion of the population - usually larger than the divorced, separated, or widowed - and that they also have higher than average HIV prevalence. This large number of high-risk remarried individuals is an important source of vulnerability and further infection that needs to be acknowledged and taken into account in prevention strategies.
{"title":"The Association Between Remarriage and HIV Infection: Evidence from National HIV Surveys in Africa","authors":"D. de Walque, Rachel Kline","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-5118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5118","url":null,"abstract":"The literature shows that divorced, separated, and widowed individuals in Africa are at significantly increased risk for HIV. Using nationally representative data from 13 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, this paper confirms that formerly married individuals are at significantly higher risk for HIV. The study goes further by examining individuals who have remarried. The results show that remarried individuals form a large portion of the population - usually larger than the divorced, separated, or widowed - and that they also have higher than average HIV prevalence. This large number of high-risk remarried individuals is an important source of vulnerability and further infection that needs to be acknowledged and taken into account in prevention strategies.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114989111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses the effect of gender on reported and perceived levels of stress through examination of both the physical and psychological indicators. It may be interesting to work with police data due to high stress levels among police officers and the fact that the work environment is male dominant (females are a minority). In our study we not only explore gender differences, but also whether job and private environmental factors such as effective cooperation between units, a higher trust in the work partner, a higher level of work-life-balance and home stability, and a higher level of interactional fairness, affect female and male officers differently. Using multivariate regression analysis of police officers we find that female officers are significantly more likely to report suffering from physical stress indicators than their male counterparts while no gender differences are observable in regards to psychological stress. Moreover, a higher level of trust and cooperation, and a higher level of interactional fairness at work are not able to absorb physical stress among female, while these factors have a strong impact on male officers. On the other hand, for both, female and male officers, work-life balance and stability at home have the tendency of reducing physical stress.
{"title":"Gender Variations of Physiological and Psychological Stress Among Police Officers","authors":"M. Gächter, D. Savage, B. Torgler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1498187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1498187","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the effect of gender on reported and perceived levels of stress through examination of both the physical and psychological indicators. It may be interesting to work with police data due to high stress levels among police officers and the fact that the work environment is male dominant (females are a minority). In our study we not only explore gender differences, but also whether job and private environmental factors such as effective cooperation between units, a higher trust in the work partner, a higher level of work-life-balance and home stability, and a higher level of interactional fairness, affect female and male officers differently. Using multivariate regression analysis of police officers we find that female officers are significantly more likely to report suffering from physical stress indicators than their male counterparts while no gender differences are observable in regards to psychological stress. Moreover, a higher level of trust and cooperation, and a higher level of interactional fairness at work are not able to absorb physical stress among female, while these factors have a strong impact on male officers. On the other hand, for both, female and male officers, work-life balance and stability at home have the tendency of reducing physical stress.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"580 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116205582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the role of social learning in the adoption of a new and effective therapy for malaria. In our model, individuals learn about the effectiveness of the new therapy by observing the health outcomes of past adopters. We show that misdiagnosis of malaria -- which is common in resource-poor settings -- can slow the learning process and stifle adoption. Using data from a pilot program which distributed the new therapy through health facilities in Tanzania, we estimate a learning effect and test for the role of misdiagnosis in learning and adoption. Our empirical strategy accounts for various potential sources of bias, including persistence in the local disease environment and selection into adoption based on the severity of illness. We find that when past adopters have poor health outcomes, the subsequent probability of adoption decreases. This learning effect is smaller in villages where misdiagnosis is more prevalent, and adoption rates in these places are lower over time. Finally, we simulate pairing the introduction of the new therapy with a new diagnostic test for malaria. The results of the simulation show that when misdiagnosis is reduced, learning occurs more quickly and adoption rates are higher.
{"title":"Misdiagnosis, Learning, and the Adoption of New Malaria Therapy in Tanzania","authors":"Achyuta R. Adhvaryu","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1357771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1357771","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the role of social learning in the adoption of a new and effective therapy for malaria. In our model, individuals learn about the effectiveness of the new therapy by observing the health outcomes of past adopters. We show that misdiagnosis of malaria -- which is common in resource-poor settings -- can slow the learning process and stifle adoption. Using data from a pilot program which distributed the new therapy through health facilities in Tanzania, we estimate a learning effect and test for the role of misdiagnosis in learning and adoption. Our empirical strategy accounts for various potential sources of bias, including persistence in the local disease environment and selection into adoption based on the severity of illness. We find that when past adopters have poor health outcomes, the subsequent probability of adoption decreases. This learning effect is smaller in villages where misdiagnosis is more prevalent, and adoption rates in these places are lower over time. Finally, we simulate pairing the introduction of the new therapy with a new diagnostic test for malaria. The results of the simulation show that when misdiagnosis is reduced, learning occurs more quickly and adoption rates are higher.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131270760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyzes the effectiveness of social capital in reducing the negative externalities associated with stress, as well as the physical and psychological indicators of stress among police officers. Despite the fact that there is a large multidisciplinary literature on stress or on social capital, the link between both factors is still underexplored. In this empirical paper we therefore aim at reducing such a shortcoming. We focus on a strategically important work environment, namely law enforcement agents, that is not only characterized as physically and emotionally demanding, but also as an essential part for a well-functioning society due to the fact that inefficiencies in the police force can induce large negative externalities. Using a multivariate regression analysis focusing on nine different proxies for stress and two proxies for social capital and conducting several robustness checks, we find strong evidence that an increased level of social capital is correlated with a lower level of stress. From a policy perspective, our findings suggest that stress reduction programs should actively engage employees to build stronger social networks.
{"title":"The Relationship between Stress and Social Capital among Police Officers","authors":"M. Gächter, D. Savage, B. Torgler","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1498194","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1498194","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyzes the effectiveness of social capital in reducing the negative externalities associated with stress, as well as the physical and psychological indicators of stress among police officers. Despite the fact that there is a large multidisciplinary literature on stress or on social capital, the link between both factors is still underexplored. In this empirical paper we therefore aim at reducing such a shortcoming. We focus on a strategically important work environment, namely law enforcement agents, that is not only characterized as physically and emotionally demanding, but also as an essential part for a well-functioning society due to the fact that inefficiencies in the police force can induce large negative externalities. Using a multivariate regression analysis focusing on nine different proxies for stress and two proxies for social capital and conducting several robustness checks, we find strong evidence that an increased level of social capital is correlated with a lower level of stress. From a policy perspective, our findings suggest that stress reduction programs should actively engage employees to build stronger social networks.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132637832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
During the Vietnam War, more than 70 million liters of military herbicide were sprayed over the combat zone. This study uses self and proxy-reported data on cancer status obtained from a nationally representative health survey of the Vietnamese population (N=158,019), combined with measures of military herbicide exposure computed from detailed information on US and allied wartime military activities. No significant difference in the prevalence of reported cancer is detected between communes with some degree of exposure and those with none. When restricting the analysis to exposed communes and adopting a continuous measure of herbicide exposure, there is evidence of a dose-response relationship; among communes that were exposed, increasing exposure to past military spraying is associated with increasing prevalence of reported cancer in 2001-2002. There is mixed evidence as to whether cohorts born before or after the end of the spraying campaigns are equally affected.
{"title":"Agent Orange and the Prevalence of Cancer Among the Vietnamese Population 30 Years after the End of the Vietnam War","authors":"Quy-Toan Do","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-5041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5041","url":null,"abstract":"During the Vietnam War, more than 70 million liters of military herbicide were sprayed over the combat zone. This study uses self and proxy-reported data on cancer status obtained from a nationally representative health survey of the Vietnamese population (N=158,019), combined with measures of military herbicide exposure computed from detailed information on US and allied wartime military activities. No significant difference in the prevalence of reported cancer is detected between communes with some degree of exposure and those with none. When restricting the analysis to exposed communes and adopting a continuous measure of herbicide exposure, there is evidence of a dose-response relationship; among communes that were exposed, increasing exposure to past military spraying is associated with increasing prevalence of reported cancer in 2001-2002. There is mixed evidence as to whether cohorts born before or after the end of the spraying campaigns are equally affected.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115417192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We use conjoint choice questions to investigate people’s tastes for cancer risk reductions and income in the context of public programs that would provide for remediation at abandoned industrial contaminated sites. Our survey was self-administered using the computer by persons living in the vicinity of an important contaminated site on the Italian National Priority List. The value of a prevented case of cancer is €2.6 million, but this figure does vary with income, perceived exposure to contaminants, and opinions about priorities that should be pursued by cleanup programs.
{"title":"The Value of Reducing Cancer Risks at Contaminated Sites: Are More Heavily Exposed People Willing to Pay More?","authors":"A. Alberini, S. Tonin, M. Turvani","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1445377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1445377","url":null,"abstract":"We use conjoint choice questions to investigate people’s tastes for cancer risk reductions and income in the context of public programs that would provide for remediation at abandoned industrial contaminated sites. Our survey was self-administered using the computer by persons living in the vicinity of an important contaminated site on the Italian National Priority List. The value of a prevented case of cancer is €2.6 million, but this figure does vary with income, perceived exposure to contaminants, and opinions about priorities that should be pursued by cleanup programs.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125218335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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