This paper examines how health care providers respond to a reference pricing insurance program that increases consumer cost sharing when consumers choose high-priced surgical providers. We use geographic variation in the population covered by the program to estimate supply-side responses. We find limited evidence of market segmentation and price reductions for providers with baseline prices above the reference price. Finally, approximately 75% of the reduction in provider prices is in the form of a positive externality that benefits a population not subject to the program.
{"title":"Firm Responses to Targeted Consumer Incentives: Evidence from Reference Pricing for Surgical Services","authors":"C. Whaley, T. Brown","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2686938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2686938","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how health care providers respond to a reference pricing insurance program that increases consumer cost sharing when consumers choose high-priced surgical providers. We use geographic variation in the population covered by the program to estimate supply-side responses. We find limited evidence of market segmentation and price reductions for providers with baseline prices above the reference price. Finally, approximately 75% of the reduction in provider prices is in the form of a positive externality that benefits a population not subject to the program.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123218693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A large literature documents the determinants of happiness. But is happiness all that people want from life; and if so, what type of happiness matters to them? Or are they willing to sacrifice happiness (however it is defined) for other attributes in their lives? We show direct evidence that individuals trade-off levels of happiness with levels of income, physical health, family, career success and education in a large sample of UK and US individuals. On average, all types of happiness are preferred to other attributes except health. People prefer affective happiness (feeling good) over evaluative (life satisfaction) and eudaimonic (worthwhileness) components. This result is robust to methodological innovations, such as the use of vignettes and judgements of the lives described.
{"title":"Would You Choose to Be Happy? Tradeoffs between Happiness and the Other Dimensions of Life in a Large Population Survey","authors":"M. Adler, P. Dolan, G. Kavetsos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2640117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2640117","url":null,"abstract":"A large literature documents the determinants of happiness. But is happiness all that people want from life; and if so, what type of happiness matters to them? Or are they willing to sacrifice happiness (however it is defined) for other attributes in their lives? We show direct evidence that individuals trade-off levels of happiness with levels of income, physical health, family, career success and education in a large sample of UK and US individuals. On average, all types of happiness are preferred to other attributes except health. People prefer affective happiness (feeling good) over evaluative (life satisfaction) and eudaimonic (worthwhileness) components. This result is robust to methodological innovations, such as the use of vignettes and judgements of the lives described.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125253738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Attema, W. Brouwer, Olivier L’Haridon, J. Pinto-Prades
This paper is the first to apply prospect theory to societal health-related decision making. In particular, we allow for utility curvature, equity weighting, sign-dependence, and loss aversion in choices concerning quality of life of other people. We find substantial inequity aversion, both for gains and losses, which can be attributed to both diminishing marginal utility and differential weighting of better-off and worse-off. There are also clear framing effects, which violate expected utility. Moreover, we observe loss aversion, indicating that subjects give more weight to one group's loss than another group's gain of the same absolute magnitude. We also elicited some information on the effect of the age of the studied group. The amount of inequity aversion is to some extent influenced by the age of the considered patients. In particular, more inequity aversion is observed for gains of older people than gains of younger people.
{"title":"Estimating Sign-Dependent Societal Preferences for Quality of Life","authors":"A. Attema, W. Brouwer, Olivier L’Haridon, J. Pinto-Prades","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2490462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2490462","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is the first to apply prospect theory to societal health-related decision making. In particular, we allow for utility curvature, equity weighting, sign-dependence, and loss aversion in choices concerning quality of life of other people. We find substantial inequity aversion, both for gains and losses, which can be attributed to both diminishing marginal utility and differential weighting of better-off and worse-off. There are also clear framing effects, which violate expected utility. Moreover, we observe loss aversion, indicating that subjects give more weight to one group's loss than another group's gain of the same absolute magnitude. We also elicited some information on the effect of the age of the studied group. The amount of inequity aversion is to some extent influenced by the age of the considered patients. In particular, more inequity aversion is observed for gains of older people than gains of younger people.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126049866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guihua Wang, Jun Yu Li, W. Hopp, F. Fazzalari, S. Bolling
BACKGROUNDThe 2014 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Valvular Heart Disease Guidelines state that mitral valve diseases should be repaired at a Center of Excellence (CoE). We evaluate the cost-effectiveness of such referrals. METHODSWe estimate patients’ life expectancy based on projected survival of patients after mitral valve surgery and develop a cost model to calculate short- and long-term benefits and costs to both patients and payers. Benefits include increased life expectancy and avoidance of medical complications for patients. Short-term costs include all upfront payments by patients and payers at the time of discharge. Long-term costs include all payments associated with the condition that prompted the surgical procedure incurred during the remainder of a patient’s life. We assess cost-effectiveness of treating patients with various ages and major comorbidities at CoEs vs non-CoEs. RESULTSFull implementation of the guidelines would result in an increase in the percentage of patients obtaining mitral valve repair instead of valve replacement from 58% to 72%. Depending on the patient’s age and comorbidities, it would also result in a 6.64% to 12.47% reduction in mortality, 7.85% to 9.97% reduction in reoperation, 9.97% to 17.16% reduction in stroke, and an average gain of 3.77 to 9.88 months of life expectancy. Finally, greater reliance on CoEs results in financial savings to payers, due to avoidance of the costs of future complications.CONCLUSIONPatients benefit from mitral valve surgery at a CoE regardless of their age or comorbidities. Payers may incur additional short-term costs when patients are referred to a CoE, but these are fully offset by long-term savings at the current repair rate gap of 24% between CoEs and non-CoEs in New York State. Redesigning co-pay structures and/or refining the set of patients who are referred to CoEs could further align the incentives of patients and payers on a case-by-case basis and achieve an even more desirable social outcome.
{"title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Referring Patients to Centers of Excellence for Mitral Valve Surgery","authors":"Guihua Wang, Jun Yu Li, W. Hopp, F. Fazzalari, S. Bolling","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2611186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2611186","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUNDThe 2014 American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Valvular Heart Disease Guidelines state that mitral valve diseases should be repaired at a Center of Excellence (CoE). We evaluate the cost-effectiveness of such referrals. METHODSWe estimate patients’ life expectancy based on projected survival of patients after mitral valve surgery and develop a cost model to calculate short- and long-term benefits and costs to both patients and payers. Benefits include increased life expectancy and avoidance of medical complications for patients. Short-term costs include all upfront payments by patients and payers at the time of discharge. Long-term costs include all payments associated with the condition that prompted the surgical procedure incurred during the remainder of a patient’s life. We assess cost-effectiveness of treating patients with various ages and major comorbidities at CoEs vs non-CoEs. RESULTSFull implementation of the guidelines would result in an increase in the percentage of patients obtaining mitral valve repair instead of valve replacement from 58% to 72%. Depending on the patient’s age and comorbidities, it would also result in a 6.64% to 12.47% reduction in mortality, 7.85% to 9.97% reduction in reoperation, 9.97% to 17.16% reduction in stroke, and an average gain of 3.77 to 9.88 months of life expectancy. Finally, greater reliance on CoEs results in financial savings to payers, due to avoidance of the costs of future complications.CONCLUSIONPatients benefit from mitral valve surgery at a CoE regardless of their age or comorbidities. Payers may incur additional short-term costs when patients are referred to a CoE, but these are fully offset by long-term savings at the current repair rate gap of 24% between CoEs and non-CoEs in New York State. Redesigning co-pay structures and/or refining the set of patients who are referred to CoEs could further align the incentives of patients and payers on a case-by-case basis and achieve an even more desirable social outcome.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124778608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nejmeddine Ben Abdellatif, Ayda Arjoun, S. Belhadj, N. Belhabib
Based on the work of Bandura, the four effectiveness training sources were examined with respect to the frequency and the perception of a hospital staff. In a context of a group work, where there is no assigned leader, the collective effectiveness of groups is not considered only in case there is a relationship with the individual features of leadership. In addition to the relationship between the existence of an identified group leader and the collective effectiveness of the group, the relationship between collective effectiveness and the group performance result was also examined. The results of the investigation and the interview showed that the control experience was the most frequent and powerful source of effectiveness among the four sources. Moreover, groups with identified leader showed a greater collective effectiveness rather than groups without leaders. The level of groups’ collective effectiveness also showed a positive correlation with the groups' performance result.
{"title":"The Relationship of the Collective Effectiveness with the Leadership in a Group Work: A Project in the Field of Health","authors":"Nejmeddine Ben Abdellatif, Ayda Arjoun, S. Belhadj, N. Belhabib","doi":"10.13187/ER.2015.95.429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.13187/ER.2015.95.429","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the work of Bandura, the four effectiveness training sources were examined with respect to the frequency and the perception of a hospital staff. In a context of a group work, where there is no assigned leader, the collective effectiveness of groups is not considered only in case there is a relationship with the individual features of leadership. In addition to the relationship between the existence of an identified group leader and the collective effectiveness of the group, the relationship between collective effectiveness and the group performance result was also examined. The results of the investigation and the interview showed that the control experience was the most frequent and powerful source of effectiveness among the four sources. Moreover, groups with identified leader showed a greater collective effectiveness rather than groups without leaders. The level of groups’ collective effectiveness also showed a positive correlation with the groups' performance result.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121394149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper uses unique longitudinal survey data to provide new insights on the empirical estimation of hedonic wage models. First, I estimate the bias components caused by latent worker, establishment, and match heterogeneity that have not been previously identified. Second, I remove the confounding effects of endogenous mobility and sorting to identify workers' preferences for occupational fatality risk. The estimates imply that aversion to marginal increases in fatal risk falls as the level of risk rises. I then extend the model to correct for expectational errors about risk, which I find to cause bias that substantially attenuates compensating wage differentials. Finally, I demonstrate the importance of accounting for on-the-job human capital accumulation in hedonic wage models. In the particular industry studied, the bias from ignoring human capital formation is larger than all sources of static omitted variable bias combined. Although industry-specific, the results identify parameters and biases that it has only been possible to speculate about in more general empirical settings, and aim to narrow the conceptual gap between hedonic wage theory and its empirical applications.
{"title":"Estimating Preferences in Hedonic Wage Models: Lessons from the Deadliest Catch","authors":"Kurt Lavetti","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.1697243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1697243","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses unique longitudinal survey data to provide new insights on the empirical estimation of hedonic wage models. First, I estimate the bias components caused by latent worker, establishment, and match heterogeneity that have not been previously identified. Second, I remove the confounding effects of endogenous mobility and sorting to identify workers' preferences for occupational fatality risk. The estimates imply that aversion to marginal increases in fatal risk falls as the level of risk rises. I then extend the model to correct for expectational errors about risk, which I find to cause bias that substantially attenuates compensating wage differentials. Finally, I demonstrate the importance of accounting for on-the-job human capital accumulation in hedonic wage models. In the particular industry studied, the bias from ignoring human capital formation is larger than all sources of static omitted variable bias combined. Although industry-specific, the results identify parameters and biases that it has only been possible to speculate about in more general empirical settings, and aim to narrow the conceptual gap between hedonic wage theory and its empirical applications.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124572929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper evaluates the causal negative effect of environmental tobacco exposure on health by exploiting the time and geographical variation in public-place smoking bans implemented in Switzerland between 2007 and 2011. Using monthly data from the universe of Swiss hospitals between 2004 and 2012, we show that the incidence of acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations decreases by about 10-12% immediately after the law implementation. We also find evidence of heterogeneity by age and sex and across income and education groups. In particular, the policy affected mainly men aged 50+ and the regions characterized by a lower level of income and education.
{"title":"Short Term Effects of Public Smoking Bans on Health","authors":"Fabrizio Mazzonna, P. Salari","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2564186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2564186","url":null,"abstract":"This paper evaluates the causal negative effect of environmental tobacco exposure on health by exploiting the time and geographical variation in public-place smoking bans implemented in Switzerland between 2007 and 2011. Using monthly data from the universe of Swiss hospitals between 2004 and 2012, we show that the incidence of acute myocardial infarction hospitalizations decreases by about 10-12% immediately after the law implementation. We also find evidence of heterogeneity by age and sex and across income and education groups. In particular, the policy affected mainly men aged 50+ and the regions characterized by a lower level of income and education.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"138 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-02-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115265054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jakub Červený, P. Chomynová, V. Mravčík, J. van Ours
BACKGROUND In the Czech Republic in 2010 a law was introduced decriminalizing personal possession of small quantities of several illicit drugs, including cannabis. METHODS We use 2012 survey data to examine the effect of a change in cannabis policy on the age of onset of cannabis use. We estimate the effect of the policy change using a mixed proportional hazards framework that models the transition to first cannabis use. RESULTS The change in cannabis policy did not affect the transition to first cannabis use. CONCLUSION We find no evidence of cannabis decriminalization affecting the age of onset of cannabis use.
{"title":"Cannabis Decriminalization and the Age of Onset of Cannabis Use","authors":"Jakub Červený, P. Chomynová, V. Mravčík, J. van Ours","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2556731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2556731","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND\u0000In the Czech Republic in 2010 a law was introduced decriminalizing personal possession of small quantities of several illicit drugs, including cannabis.\u0000\u0000\u0000METHODS\u0000We use 2012 survey data to examine the effect of a change in cannabis policy on the age of onset of cannabis use. We estimate the effect of the policy change using a mixed proportional hazards framework that models the transition to first cannabis use.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000The change in cannabis policy did not affect the transition to first cannabis use.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000We find no evidence of cannabis decriminalization affecting the age of onset of cannabis use.","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132747168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Of the many proposals to reverse the obesity epidemic, the most contentious is the use of price-based interventions such as the fat tax. Previous investigations of the efficacy of such initiatives in altering consumption behavior yielded contradictory findings. In this article, we use six years of point-of-sale scanner data for milk from a sample of over 1,700 supermarkets across the United States to investigate the potential of small price incentives for inducing substitution of healthier alternatives. We exploit a pricing pattern particular to milk in the United States, whereby prices in some geographical regions are flat across whole, 2%, 1%, and skim milk; whereas in other regions they are decreasing with the fat content level. The prevailing price structure is determined at a chain and regional level, and is independent of local demand conditions. This exogenous variation in price structure provides a quasi-experimental set-up to analyze the impact of small price differences on substitution across fat content. We use detailed demographics to evaluate price sensitivity and substitution patterns for different socioeconomic groups. Results show that small price differences are highly effective in inducing substitution to lower calorie options. The impact is highest for low-income households who are also most at risk for obesity. Our results suggest that a selective taxation mechanism that lowers the relative prices of healthier options, such that those price changes are reflected in shelf prices at the point-of-purchase, can serve as an effective health policy tool in the efforts to control obesity.Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2015.0917 . Press Release
{"title":"Will a Fat Tax Work?","authors":"Romana Khan, Kanishka Misra, Vishal Singh","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2556643","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2556643","url":null,"abstract":"Of the many proposals to reverse the obesity epidemic, the most contentious is the use of price-based interventions such as the fat tax. Previous investigations of the efficacy of such initiatives in altering consumption behavior yielded contradictory findings. In this article, we use six years of point-of-sale scanner data for milk from a sample of over 1,700 supermarkets across the United States to investigate the potential of small price incentives for inducing substitution of healthier alternatives. We exploit a pricing pattern particular to milk in the United States, whereby prices in some geographical regions are flat across whole, 2%, 1%, and skim milk; whereas in other regions they are decreasing with the fat content level. The prevailing price structure is determined at a chain and regional level, and is independent of local demand conditions. This exogenous variation in price structure provides a quasi-experimental set-up to analyze the impact of small price differences on substitution across fat content. We use detailed demographics to evaluate price sensitivity and substitution patterns for different socioeconomic groups. Results show that small price differences are highly effective in inducing substitution to lower calorie options. The impact is highest for low-income households who are also most at risk for obesity. Our results suggest that a selective taxation mechanism that lowers the relative prices of healthier options, such that those price changes are reflected in shelf prices at the point-of-purchase, can serve as an effective health policy tool in the efforts to control obesity.Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2015.0917 . Press Release","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134572506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study offers the drug cost of breast cancer in Indonesia. their associated factors and the magnitude of the factors. The design of research was a cross sectional descriptive analysis using health facilities costing study that was conducted in Indonesia in 2011. The drug cost model was formulated as a cost of illness employing the prevalence based approach from a provider’s perspective.Based on the fitted model, the variables include patient characteristics (age, length of stay, ICU facility usage), hospital characteristics (drug supply problem), hospital location (Java and non-Java). The formula is as follows : Ln drug cost = 13,41 (0,31 X % patient age 40-
{"title":"A Drug Cost Estimation Model and its Determinant Factors for Breast Cancer Patient Hospitalized in Indonesia","authors":"D. A. Puspandari, A. Mukti, H. Kusnanto","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2545043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2545043","url":null,"abstract":"The study offers the drug cost of breast cancer in Indonesia. their associated factors and the magnitude of the factors. The design of research was a cross sectional descriptive analysis using health facilities costing study that was conducted in Indonesia in 2011. The drug cost model was formulated as a cost of illness employing the prevalence based approach from a provider’s perspective.Based on the fitted model, the variables include patient characteristics (age, length of stay, ICU facility usage), hospital characteristics (drug supply problem), hospital location (Java and non-Java). The formula is as follows : Ln drug cost = 13,41 (0,31 X % patient age 40-","PeriodicalId":396916,"journal":{"name":"Health Economics Evaluation Methods eJournal","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127138858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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