Pub Date : 2021-06-09DOI: 10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.4.04
L. Botha, D. Griffiths, Maria Prozesky
Abstract:This article argues for epistemic decolonization by developing a relational model of knowledge, which we locate within indigenous knowledges. We live in a time of ongoing global, epistemic coloniality, embedded in and shaped by colonial ideas and practices. Epistemological decolonization requires taking nondominant knowledges and their epistemes seriously to open up the possibility of interrogating and dismantling the hegemony of the Western knowledge tradition. We here ask two related questions: What are the decolonial affordances of indigenous knowledges? And how do these compare to other contemporary critiques of epistemic coloniality, specifically those mounted by posthumanism? In answer, we develop three definitional senses of relational with reference to indigenous knowledges. First, we define indigenous knowledges in relation to Western knowledge, with which they share a dialectical origin at the moment of colonial contact. Second, indigenous knowledges are relational in their ontological and axiological orientations. Third, relationality in indigenous knowledge suggests a trialectic space, rather than a dialectic space. We argue for the necessity of an anticolonial framework, which assigns priority to indigenous people's perceptions and ways of knowing for theorizing recurring colonial relations and their (imperialistic) manifestations in producing and reproducing knowledge.
{"title":"Epistemological Decolonization through a Relational Knowledge-Making Model","authors":"L. Botha, D. Griffiths, Maria Prozesky","doi":"10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.4.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.4.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article argues for epistemic decolonization by developing a relational model of knowledge, which we locate within indigenous knowledges. We live in a time of ongoing global, epistemic coloniality, embedded in and shaped by colonial ideas and practices. Epistemological decolonization requires taking nondominant knowledges and their epistemes seriously to open up the possibility of interrogating and dismantling the hegemony of the Western knowledge tradition. We here ask two related questions: What are the decolonial affordances of indigenous knowledges? And how do these compare to other contemporary critiques of epistemic coloniality, specifically those mounted by posthumanism? In answer, we develop three definitional senses of relational with reference to indigenous knowledges. First, we define indigenous knowledges in relation to Western knowledge, with which they share a dialectical origin at the moment of colonial contact. Second, indigenous knowledges are relational in their ontological and axiological orientations. Third, relationality in indigenous knowledge suggests a trialectic space, rather than a dialectic space. We argue for the necessity of an anticolonial framework, which assigns priority to indigenous people's perceptions and ways of knowing for theorizing recurring colonial relations and their (imperialistic) manifestations in producing and reproducing knowledge.","PeriodicalId":39703,"journal":{"name":"Africa Today","volume":"67 1","pages":"51 - 72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42257666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-09DOI: 10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.4.06
J. Hart, Victoria Ogoegbunam Okoye, Joseph Oduro-Frimpong
We are three scholars, situated in different disciplines, institutions, and geographies, who have built relationships with one another through our research in Accra, Ghana. In this editorial, we reflect on our ways of relating, supporting, and learning from one another as a starting point to consider the journal’s new section, “In the Now.” We coauthored this editorial through a process of engaging together in a virtual conversation, followed by a collec-tive transcription for focus and clarity, and then an incorporation of editors’ comments via revision and resubmission. Our attempt through this mode of conversation is to preserve our perspectives and voices, to acknowledge our positionalities, and to enact our commitment to research coproduction and scholarly collaboration and exchange, which are fundamental to our work. We here differentiate among coauthorship (our practice of conversing and writing together to produce a piece of academic scholarship), collaboration (which generates socially relevant knowledge by bridging scholarship to wider society and including the participation of diverse social actors and forms of knowledge), and coproduction (the inclusion of research partici-pants as active decision-makers throughout the research process, as in set-ting research design, producing data, analyzing, and disseminating research learnings) (Phillips et al. 2012). We reflect critically on the limitations of traditional scholarly forms and consider more flexible, open, and accountable approaches to scholarship, drawing on our own experiences and practices. In doing so, we wish to think about how an approach to scholarship rooted in care might inform the way we respond to this moment, in terms of the challenges wrought by the pandemic and the renewed calls to address elit-ism, epistemic and structural violence, and racial inequality in the academy.
{"title":"On Collaboration and Communication \"In the Now\"","authors":"J. Hart, Victoria Ogoegbunam Okoye, Joseph Oduro-Frimpong","doi":"10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.4.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.4.06","url":null,"abstract":"We are three scholars, situated in different disciplines, institutions, and geographies, who have built relationships with one another through our research in Accra, Ghana. In this editorial, we reflect on our ways of relating, supporting, and learning from one another as a starting point to consider the journal’s new section, “In the Now.” We coauthored this editorial through a process of engaging together in a virtual conversation, followed by a collec-tive transcription for focus and clarity, and then an incorporation of editors’ comments via revision and resubmission. Our attempt through this mode of conversation is to preserve our perspectives and voices, to acknowledge our positionalities, and to enact our commitment to research coproduction and scholarly collaboration and exchange, which are fundamental to our work. We here differentiate among coauthorship (our practice of conversing and writing together to produce a piece of academic scholarship), collaboration (which generates socially relevant knowledge by bridging scholarship to wider society and including the participation of diverse social actors and forms of knowledge), and coproduction (the inclusion of research partici-pants as active decision-makers throughout the research process, as in set-ting research design, producing data, analyzing, and disseminating research learnings) (Phillips et al. 2012). We reflect critically on the limitations of traditional scholarly forms and consider more flexible, open, and accountable approaches to scholarship, drawing on our own experiences and practices. In doing so, we wish to think about how an approach to scholarship rooted in care might inform the way we respond to this moment, in terms of the challenges wrought by the pandemic and the renewed calls to address elit-ism, epistemic and structural violence, and racial inequality in the academy.","PeriodicalId":39703,"journal":{"name":"Africa Today","volume":"67 1","pages":"88 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41428692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.2979/africatoday.67.4.08
Brad Crofford
{"title":"Whose Agency: The Politics and Practice of Kenya’s HIV-Prevention NGOs, Megan Hershey","authors":"Brad Crofford","doi":"10.2979/africatoday.67.4.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.67.4.08","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39703,"journal":{"name":"Africa Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45858894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-01DOI: 10.2979/africatoday.67.4.07
Hope Eze
{"title":"Surviving Biafra: A Nigerwife’s Story, Elizabeth S. Bird and Rosina Umelo","authors":"Hope Eze","doi":"10.2979/africatoday.67.4.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.67.4.07","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39703,"journal":{"name":"Africa Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45274066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-12DOI: 10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.08
Y. Gez, Yvan Droz
Abstract:The neo-Pentecostal movement emphasizes the promises of "breakthroughs"—financial and other—as a key point of appeal. At the same time, it offers a wide range of possibilities for self-made professionalization, giving rise to a caste of religious entrepreneurs whom Paul Gifford refers to as "founders-owners-leaders" Drawing on research on self-accomplishment and "waithood," we show how the church-founding avenue becomes a path for personal breakthroughs by meeting social and economic criteria for success. We draw on ethnographic research and several contemporary examples, notably that of Margaret Wanjiru, a successful female bishop. At the same time, we offer a retrospective examination of the career of an earlier Christian entrepreneur, Nganga wa Kago, with the purpose of asking just how new such professionalization actually is.
摘要：新五旬节运动强调“突破”的承诺——金融和其他——是一个关键的吸引力。与此同时，它为白手起家的职业化提供了广泛的可能性，催生了一批宗教企业家，保罗·吉福德称之为“创始人-所有者-领导者”。通过对自我成就和“等待”的研究，我们展示了教会创会途径如何通过满足成功的社会和经济标准，成为个人突破的途径。我们借鉴了人种学研究和几个当代例子，尤其是成功的女主教玛格丽特·万吉茹的例子。与此同时，我们对早期基督教企业家Nganga wa Kago的职业生涯进行了回顾性研究，目的是询问这种职业化实际上有多新。
{"title":"Breakthroughs, Blockages, and the Path to Self-Accomplishment: The Case of Pentecostal Church Founders in Kenya","authors":"Y. Gez, Yvan Droz","doi":"10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.08","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The neo-Pentecostal movement emphasizes the promises of \"breakthroughs\"—financial and other—as a key point of appeal. At the same time, it offers a wide range of possibilities for self-made professionalization, giving rise to a caste of religious entrepreneurs whom Paul Gifford refers to as \"founders-owners-leaders\" Drawing on research on self-accomplishment and \"waithood,\" we show how the church-founding avenue becomes a path for personal breakthroughs by meeting social and economic criteria for success. We draw on ethnographic research and several contemporary examples, notably that of Margaret Wanjiru, a successful female bishop. At the same time, we offer a retrospective examination of the career of an earlier Christian entrepreneur, Nganga wa Kago, with the purpose of asking just how new such professionalization actually is.","PeriodicalId":39703,"journal":{"name":"Africa Today","volume":"67 1","pages":"151 - 173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44779375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.02
Frédérick Madore
Abstract:This article analyzes the career path of Aminata Kane Koné, a highly educated Ivorian Muslim woman, who has emerged as a female figure of success. A prominent activist of the Association des Élèves et Étudiants Musulmans de Côte d'Ivoire in the 2000s, she has become a self-made religious entrepreneur through media and social initiatives. She has overcome social constraints to establish herself as a highly mediatized Muslim public intellectual, influential not only in Islamic circles, but within the broader society. Her case illustrates ways in which relationships between gender and Islamic authority are changing in West Africa. She embodies a uniquely hybrid feminism, influenced by her secular education and her Muslim faith.
摘要：本文分析了受过高等教育的科特迪瓦穆斯林女性Aminata Kane Koné的职业道路，她已成为一位成功的女性形象。2000年代，她是科特迪瓦MusulmansÉlèves etÉtudiants协会的杰出活动家，通过媒体和社会倡议，她成为了一名白手起家的宗教企业家。她克服了社会限制，成为一名高度中介化的穆斯林公共知识分子，不仅在伊斯兰圈子里，而且在更广泛的社会中都有影响力。她的案例说明了西非性别和伊斯兰权威之间的关系正在发生变化。她体现了一种独特的混合女权主义，受到世俗教育和穆斯林信仰的影响。
{"title":"Muslim Feminist, Media Sensation, and Religious Entrepreneur: Aminata Kane Koné as a Figure of Success in Côte d'Ivoire","authors":"Frédérick Madore","doi":"10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.02","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article analyzes the career path of Aminata Kane Koné, a highly educated Ivorian Muslim woman, who has emerged as a female figure of success. A prominent activist of the Association des Élèves et Étudiants Musulmans de Côte d'Ivoire in the 2000s, she has become a self-made religious entrepreneur through media and social initiatives. She has overcome social constraints to establish herself as a highly mediatized Muslim public intellectual, influential not only in Islamic circles, but within the broader society. Her case illustrates ways in which relationships between gender and Islamic authority are changing in West Africa. She embodies a uniquely hybrid feminism, influenced by her secular education and her Muslim faith.","PeriodicalId":39703,"journal":{"name":"Africa Today","volume":"67 1","pages":"17 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48392649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.05
A. Gusman
Abstract:This article focuses on religious entrepreneurship in a context of displacement, specifically among Congolese refugees in Kampala, where becoming a pastor is one of the few opportunities available for social mobility. I analyze the social trajectories of two Congolese pastors. However different they may be from each other, they highlight ideas of success and prosperity that encourage us to rethink the socioeconomic role of Pentecostalism in Africa, analyzing the entanglements between the religious and the economic spheres from a multidimensional and a relational perspective. The article shows that entrepreneurial trajectories are instruments of mobility, but at the same time they need to be understood in terms of social becoming, the success of the two Congolese pastors being judged by the moral value that other people grant them and in relation to their role within the Congolese community.
{"title":"\"We Make the Voice of These People Heard\": Trajectories of Socioeconomic Mobility among Congolese Pastors in Kampala, Uganda","authors":"A. Gusman","doi":"10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.05","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:This article focuses on religious entrepreneurship in a context of displacement, specifically among Congolese refugees in Kampala, where becoming a pastor is one of the few opportunities available for social mobility. I analyze the social trajectories of two Congolese pastors. However different they may be from each other, they highlight ideas of success and prosperity that encourage us to rethink the socioeconomic role of Pentecostalism in Africa, analyzing the entanglements between the religious and the economic spheres from a multidimensional and a relational perspective. The article shows that entrepreneurial trajectories are instruments of mobility, but at the same time they need to be understood in terms of social becoming, the success of the two Congolese pastors being judged by the moral value that other people grant them and in relation to their role within the Congolese community.","PeriodicalId":39703,"journal":{"name":"Africa Today","volume":"67 1","pages":"102 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44200143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.04
Yekatit Getachew Tsehayu, Terje Østebø
Abstract:As poverty and unemployment remain widespread in Ethiopia, the number of women who travel to the Gulf States in search of employment continues to rise. Often, when they face problems, these women cannot rely on protection from local authorities or the Ethiopian government; rather, to ensure their security and success while in the Gulf, they invest money in obtaining divine protection. This article, which discusses rituals involving gift giving and the transmission of baraka, focuses on a self-sanctified Muslim leader who has adapted existing ritual practices to meet female migrants' needs. We examine how established, customary spiritual relationships have been transformed in a way that addresses these women's hopes and fears. We explore how these changing practices address each party's interests: the women see them as a source of security and prosperity, and they provide the religious leader with a sustainable source of wealth.
{"title":"Religious Entrepreneurship and Female Migration: The Case of a Muslim Religious Leader in Masqan, Ethiopia","authors":"Yekatit Getachew Tsehayu, Terje Østebø","doi":"10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:As poverty and unemployment remain widespread in Ethiopia, the number of women who travel to the Gulf States in search of employment continues to rise. Often, when they face problems, these women cannot rely on protection from local authorities or the Ethiopian government; rather, to ensure their security and success while in the Gulf, they invest money in obtaining divine protection. This article, which discusses rituals involving gift giving and the transmission of baraka, focuses on a self-sanctified Muslim leader who has adapted existing ritual practices to meet female migrants' needs. We examine how established, customary spiritual relationships have been transformed in a way that addresses these women's hopes and fears. We explore how these changing practices address each party's interests: the women see them as a source of security and prosperity, and they provide the religious leader with a sustainable source of wealth.","PeriodicalId":39703,"journal":{"name":"Africa Today","volume":"67 1","pages":"63 - 83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47256511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.2979/africatoday.67.2_3.10
Sobukwe Odinga
{"title":"In This Land of Plenty: Micky Leland and Africa in American Politics, Benjamin Talton","authors":"Sobukwe Odinga","doi":"10.2979/africatoday.67.2_3.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/africatoday.67.2_3.10","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39703,"journal":{"name":"Africa Today","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44145264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-01DOI: 10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.07
Gino Vlavonou
Abstract:In the Central African Republic, despite the persistence of political violence as a means of acquiring power, new trajectories for success have emerged; however, they have received scant attention from scholars. This article seeks to shed light on these trajectories by exploring the case of a religious entrepreneur associated with the Grace Brethren Churches (Église Évangelique des Frères). Based on field research conducted in Bangui from May to October 2017, it argues that the life trajectory of the Rev. Dr. Augustin Hibaile highlights the need to address two factors influencing religious entrepreneurship and upward social mobility. First, Hibaile has used his skills to continue leveraging the prestige of the religious sphere, even while developing a close relationship with the country's president. Second, Hibaile's rise to national prominence from humble beginnings has relied on a locally constructed understanding of status, based chiefly on international education and the exercise of customary forms of moral authority—an understanding also observed in other African countries.
摘要：在中非共和国，尽管政治暴力作为获取权力的手段持续存在，但成功的新轨迹已经出现；然而，它们很少受到学者的关注。本文试图通过探索一位与格雷斯兄弟会（ÉgliseÉvangelique des Frères）有关联的宗教企业家的案例来阐明这些轨迹。根据2017年5月至10月在班吉进行的实地研究，它认为Augustin Hibaile牧师博士的生活轨迹突出了解决影响宗教创业和社会向上流动的两个因素的必要性。首先，希拜尔利用自己的技能继续利用宗教领域的声望，即使是在与国家总统发展密切关系的同时。其次，希拜尔从卑微的出身开始在全国范围内崭露头角，这有赖于当地建立的对地位的理解，主要基于国际教育和道德权威的习惯形式的行使——这种理解在其他非洲国家也有观察到。
{"title":"Building the Kingdom of God in the Central African Republic: Trajectories and Strategies for Success beyond the Traditional Bangui Elite","authors":"Gino Vlavonou","doi":"10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2979/AFRICATODAY.67.2-3.07","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In the Central African Republic, despite the persistence of political violence as a means of acquiring power, new trajectories for success have emerged; however, they have received scant attention from scholars. This article seeks to shed light on these trajectories by exploring the case of a religious entrepreneur associated with the Grace Brethren Churches (Église Évangelique des Frères). Based on field research conducted in Bangui from May to October 2017, it argues that the life trajectory of the Rev. Dr. Augustin Hibaile highlights the need to address two factors influencing religious entrepreneurship and upward social mobility. First, Hibaile has used his skills to continue leveraging the prestige of the religious sphere, even while developing a close relationship with the country's president. Second, Hibaile's rise to national prominence from humble beginnings has relied on a locally constructed understanding of status, based chiefly on international education and the exercise of customary forms of moral authority—an understanding also observed in other African countries.","PeriodicalId":39703,"journal":{"name":"Africa Today","volume":"67 1","pages":"129 - 149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49522665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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