Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.003
Karen J. Golding-Kushner PhD
Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is a structural disorder characterized by inadequate closure of the velopharyngeal (VP) port during speech, leading to hypernasality and nasal air escape. Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging techniques, such as nasendoscopy or videofluoroscopy, performed during speech tasks. Speech-language pathologists play a crucial role in the assessment and management of VPI, informing decisions on therapy initiation, imaging readiness, and postoperative care. In cases of language delay, therapy should focus on integrating language goals with articulation therapy, emphasizing accurate sound production to enhance intelligibility and overall communication effectiveness. Speech therapy is crucial for addressing maladaptive compensatory articulation errors, such as glottal stops, even prior to surgical intervention. Postoperative therapy involves continued articulation work and monitoring for persistent symptoms, with referrals for further imaging if necessary. This comprehensive approach underscores the Speech-language pathologist’s role in the multidisciplinary management of VPI.
{"title":"Speech and language pathologist velopharyngeal insufficiency treatments","authors":"Karen J. Golding-Kushner PhD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) is a structural disorder characterized by inadequate closure of the velopharyngeal (VP) port during speech, leading to hypernasality and nasal air escape. Diagnosis is confirmed through imaging techniques, such as nasendoscopy or videofluoroscopy, performed during speech tasks. Speech-language pathologists play a crucial role in the assessment and management of VPI, informing decisions on therapy initiation, imaging readiness, and postoperative care. In cases of language delay, therapy should focus on integrating language goals with articulation therapy, emphasizing accurate sound production to enhance intelligibility and overall communication effectiveness. Speech therapy is crucial for addressing maladaptive compensatory articulation errors, such as glottal stops, even prior to surgical intervention. Postoperative therapy involves continued articulation work and monitoring for persistent symptoms, with referrals for further imaging if necessary. This comprehensive approach underscores the Speech-language pathologist’s role in the multidisciplinary management of VPI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 4","pages":"Pages 255-257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.otot.2025.09.015
Hilary C. McCrary MD, MPH , Nilam D. Patel MD , Mitch Dunklebarger MD , Katherine Keefe MD , Chieko Hoki BS , Jacob Beiriger BS , Richard D. Bavier MD , J. Rhet Tucker DMD FACP , Sarah Drejet MD , Marcus M. Monroe MD , Luke O. Buchmann MD , Jason P. Hunt MD , David Adams DDS , Richard B. Cannon MD
Immediate dental restoration (IDR) for patients undergoing osteocutaneous free flap reconstruction of the midface and mandible has great potential in improving quality of life among patients suffering from severe maxillofacial trauma, benign and malignant head and neck tumors, or osteoradionecrosis. However, there has been some hesitation for wide adaptation of IDR given the hostile nature of the oral cavity and the frequent need for adjuvant radiation, leading to delaying implantation until after completion of treatment, or often foregoing dental rehabilitation all together. To improve accessibility of integrating IDR into reconstructive practice, we present a pictorial essay and operative considerations. We illustrate the steps in completing IDR, including variations of free-handing dental implants. Additionally, we cover the preoperative and postoperative considerations necessary to ensure viability and success of the implants. This pictorial essay enables reconstructive surgeons to more readily integrate immediate dental implantation into their practice, which has the potential to improve overall patient satisfaction and quality of life for those recovering from devastating injuries or cancer.
{"title":"Immediate dental restoration in patients undergoing osteocutaneous free flaps: A step-by-step guide and pictorial essay","authors":"Hilary C. McCrary MD, MPH , Nilam D. Patel MD , Mitch Dunklebarger MD , Katherine Keefe MD , Chieko Hoki BS , Jacob Beiriger BS , Richard D. Bavier MD , J. Rhet Tucker DMD FACP , Sarah Drejet MD , Marcus M. Monroe MD , Luke O. Buchmann MD , Jason P. Hunt MD , David Adams DDS , Richard B. Cannon MD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.09.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.09.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Immediate dental restoration (IDR) for patients undergoing osteocutaneous free flap reconstruction of the midface and mandible has great potential in improving quality of life among patients suffering from severe maxillofacial trauma, benign and malignant head and neck tumors, or osteoradionecrosis. However, there has been some hesitation for wide adaptation of IDR given the hostile nature of the oral cavity and the frequent need for adjuvant radiation, leading to delaying implantation until after completion of treatment, or often foregoing dental rehabilitation all together. To improve accessibility of integrating IDR into reconstructive practice, we present a pictorial essay and operative considerations. We illustrate the steps in completing IDR, including variations of free-handing dental implants. Additionally, we cover the preoperative and postoperative considerations necessary to ensure viability and success of the implants. This pictorial essay enables reconstructive surgeons to more readily integrate immediate dental implantation into their practice, which has the potential to improve overall patient satisfaction and quality of life for those recovering from devastating injuries or cancer.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 4","pages":"Pages 336-342"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.002
Yaniv Ebner MD, BPharm
A thorough understanding of palatal anatomy and velopharyngeal function is fundamental to the pediatric otolaryngologist managing children with speech disorders and cleft-related anomalies. The hard palate provides a passive structural partition between the oral and nasal cavities, while the soft palate acts as a dynamic sphincter—essential for normal speech resonance, effective swallowing, and nasal airway patency. This review details the embryologic origins, structural anatomy, and muscular components of the palate, with emphasis on the functional interplay of the levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles in forming the velopharyngeal sphincter (VPS). Key patterns of velopharyngeal closure—coronal, sagittal, circular, and circular with Passavant’s ridge—are reviewed in the context of normal and pathologic speech production. Special attention is given to the altered anatomy observed in cleft palate, including aberrant muscle orientation and insertion in the cleft velum, and the clinical implications for surgical repair and postoperative speech outcomes. Submucous cleft palate is also addressed, highlighting its often-delayed diagnosis and characteristic anatomical features. This comprehensive anatomical and functional review aims to support clinical decision-making and surgical planning in the care of children with velopharyngeal dysfunction.
{"title":"Palate and velo-pharyngeal sphincter anatomy and function","authors":"Yaniv Ebner MD, BPharm","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A thorough understanding of palatal anatomy and velopharyngeal function is fundamental to the pediatric otolaryngologist managing children with speech disorders and cleft-related anomalies. The hard palate provides a passive structural partition between the oral and nasal cavities, while the soft palate acts as a dynamic sphincter—essential for normal speech resonance, effective swallowing, and nasal airway patency. This review details the embryologic origins, structural anatomy, and muscular components of the palate, with emphasis on the functional interplay of the levator veli palatini, tensor veli palatini, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles in forming the velopharyngeal sphincter (VPS). Key patterns of velopharyngeal closure—coronal, sagittal, circular, and circular with Passavant’s ridge—are reviewed in the context of normal and pathologic speech production. Special attention is given to the altered anatomy observed in cleft palate, including aberrant muscle orientation and insertion in the cleft velum, and the clinical implications for surgical repair and postoperative speech outcomes. Submucous cleft palate is also addressed, highlighting its often-delayed diagnosis and characteristic anatomical features. This comprehensive anatomical and functional review aims to support clinical decision-making and surgical planning in the care of children with velopharyngeal dysfunction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 4","pages":"Pages 250-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.009
Yair Donin MD, Yaniv Ebner MD, BPharm
Orticochea sphincter pharyngoplasty is a dynamic surgical technique designed to address velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) by reconstructing a functional velopharyngeal sphincter using palatopharyngeal flaps. This article provides a step-by-step operative guide to the Orticochea procedure, emphasizing critical technical nuances, patient selection, and postoperative considerations. The technique is particularly beneficial in patients with poor lateral wall motion and a coronal pattern of closure.
{"title":"Sphincter Pharyngoplasty","authors":"Yair Donin MD, Yaniv Ebner MD, BPharm","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Orticochea sphincter pharyngoplasty is a dynamic surgical technique designed to address velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) by reconstructing a functional velopharyngeal sphincter using palatopharyngeal flaps. This article provides a step-by-step operative guide to the Orticochea procedure, emphasizing critical technical nuances, patient selection, and postoperative considerations. The technique is particularly beneficial in patients with poor lateral wall motion and a coronal pattern of closure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 4","pages":"Pages 282-284"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.006
Yaniv Ebner MD, BPharm, Yair Donin MD
Midline posterior myo-mucosal pharyngeal flap is the main “workhorse” surgery for the correction of velopharyngeal (VP) insufficiency. This technique is most suitable for large incompetency of the VP sphincter, which do have lateral pharyngeal wall motion. The superiorly based flap is elevated from the posterior pharyngeal wall, rotated, and attached to the soft palate (velum), to obstruct the center of the VP sphincter, while leaving lateral ports on its sides to allow nasal breathing and proper nasal sounds (n, m, ng) pronounce. Stages of the surgery include flap elevation, velar recipient site preparation, suturing flap free end to velum to create a tissue bridge between the posterior pharyngeal wall to the velum, and approximation of donor site. This surgery has excellent success rate in solving VP insufficiency when tailored to suitable patients selected by pre-operative ENT and Speech and Language Pathologist evaluation. Possible complications include sleep disordered breathing and nasal obstruction; both can be mitigated by proper design of the flap to be superior enough and with bilateral patent lateral ports.
后中线肌粘膜咽瓣是矫正腭咽功能不全的主要手术。这项技术最适合于有咽壁外侧运动的副副括约肌功能不全的患者。上基瓣从咽后壁抬高，旋转并附着在软腭（腭膜）上，阻塞副副括约肌的中心，同时在其两侧留下外侧口，以允许鼻腔呼吸和正确的鼻音（n, m, ng）发音。手术阶段包括皮瓣提升，掌膜受体部位准备，将皮瓣游离端缝合至掌膜，在咽后壁与掌膜之间建立组织桥，以及接近供区。通过术前耳鼻喉科和语言病理学家评估选择合适的患者，该手术解决VP功能不全的成功率很高。可能的并发症包括睡眠呼吸障碍和鼻塞；这两种情况都可以通过适当的皮瓣设计来缓解，使其足够优越，并具有双侧专利侧口。
{"title":"Pharyngeal flap","authors":"Yaniv Ebner MD, BPharm, Yair Donin MD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Midline posterior myo-mucosal pharyngeal flap is the main “workhorse” surgery for the correction of velopharyngeal (VP) insufficiency. This technique is most suitable for large incompetency of the VP sphincter, which do have lateral pharyngeal wall motion. The superiorly based flap is elevated from the posterior pharyngeal wall, rotated, and attached to the soft palate (velum), to obstruct the center of the VP sphincter, while leaving lateral ports on its sides to allow nasal breathing and proper nasal sounds (n, m, ng) pronounce. Stages of the surgery include flap elevation, velar recipient site preparation, suturing flap free end to velum to create a tissue bridge between the posterior pharyngeal wall to the velum, and approximation of donor site. This surgery has excellent success rate in solving VP insufficiency when tailored to suitable patients selected by pre-operative ENT and Speech and Language Pathologist evaluation. Possible complications include sleep disordered breathing and nasal obstruction; both can be mitigated by proper design of the flap to be superior enough and with bilateral patent lateral ports.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 4","pages":"Pages 278-281"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this retrospective study, we compared outcomes and complications following total laryngectomy (TL) in patients who received manual or mechanical (ECHELON™ Automatic Stapler) suturing for pharyngeal closure. Seventy patients with endolaryngeal or anterior extralaryngeal extension squamous cell carcinoma undergoing primary TL were analyzed across 2 tertiary centers in Italy. Patients were divided based on suture type: manual traditional or mechanical with the Automatic Stapler. Demographic data, surgical time, hospitalization length, and pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) incidence were compared. Results showed no significant differences in gender, T and N stage, or previous tracheotomy between groups, although patients receiving mechanical sutures were statistically older. Mechanical closure significantly reduced PCF incidence (P = 0.0052), hospital stay (P = 0.0461), and operative time (P = 0.0229) compared to manual closure. However, the retrospective nature of this study and potential selection bias must be acknowledged, as well as the variability in surgical techniques among different surgeons. These findings suggest that mechanical stapler closure post-TL may offer advantages in selected cases, demonstrating decreased PCF rates, shorter hospital stays, and reduced operative times. Beyond statistical significance, these results have important clinical implications, potentially improving patient recovery and optimizing surgical resource allocation.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of pharyngeal closure techniques in total laryngectomy for squamous cell carcinoma: traditional 3-layered manual suture vs. ECHELON™ automatic stapler. A multicentric experience","authors":"Andrea Nosiglia MD , Jacopo Cambi MD , Simone Boccuzzi MD , Tommaso Pancrazzi MD , Pier Guido Ciabatti MD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><span>In this retrospective study, we compared outcomes and complications following total laryngectomy<span><span> (TL) in patients who received manual or mechanical (ECHELON™ Automatic Stapler) suturing for pharyngeal closure. Seventy patients with endolaryngeal or anterior extralaryngeal extension squamous cell carcinoma undergoing primary TL were analyzed across 2 tertiary centers in Italy. Patients were divided based on suture type: manual traditional or mechanical with the Automatic Stapler. Demographic data, surgical time, hospitalization length, and pharyngocutaneous fistula (PCF) incidence were compared. Results showed no significant differences in gender, T and N stage, or previous </span>tracheotomy between groups, although patients receiving mechanical sutures were statistically older. Mechanical closure significantly reduced PCF incidence (</span></span><em>P</em> = 0.0052), hospital stay (<em>P</em> = 0.0461), and operative time (<em>P</em> = 0.0229) compared to manual closure. However, the retrospective nature of this study and potential selection bias must be acknowledged, as well as the variability in surgical techniques among different surgeons. These findings suggest that mechanical stapler closure post-TL may offer advantages in selected cases, demonstrating decreased PCF rates, shorter hospital stays, and reduced operative times. Beyond statistical significance, these results have important clinical implications, potentially improving patient recovery and optimizing surgical resource allocation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 4","pages":"Pages 301-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.008
Michal Benkler MD , Robert J. Mann MD
The cleft palate is sometimes viewed as a gap where the normal anatomy is separated. Instead, we suggest looking at it as a void created by the absence of tissue. Multiple tissue types are entirely missing, thus severely impacting both form and function. The goal should therefore be to replace the absent tissue and not simply to pull the cleft “gap” back together. We believe that those who receive buccal flap repair will present with a longer and more effective velum. We present an effective technique, providing palatal closure without tension, good muscular reconstruction, lengthening of the nasal layer, and no raw surfaces.
{"title":"Buccal flap for velopharyngeal insufficiency and cleft palate reconstruction","authors":"Michal Benkler MD , Robert J. Mann MD","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.10.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cleft palate is sometimes viewed as a gap where the normal anatomy is separated. Instead, we suggest looking at it as a void created by the absence of tissue. Multiple tissue types are entirely missing, thus severely impacting both form and function. The goal should therefore be to replace the absent tissue and not simply to pull the cleft “gap” back together. We believe that those who receive buccal flap repair will present with a longer and more effective velum. We present an effective technique, providing palatal closure without tension, good muscular reconstruction, lengthening of the nasal layer, and no raw surfaces.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 4","pages":"Pages 273-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01DOI: 10.1016/j.otot.2025.12.002
{"title":"Statement of Ownership","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 4","pages":"Page I"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145719028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Placement of the silicone keel in the anterior commissure after division of the web/fibrosis has been well documented and various methods have been described. We describe a simple technique of making a silicone keel and fixing it after endoscopic placement, with a percutaneous suture. We used a medical grade silicone sheet 0.5 mm-1 mm thickness which could be easily modified in length and breadth with scissors to suit the individual patient. A 2-0 prolene was used to pass through the anterior border of the keel. An 18-20 guage needle is used to puncture skin surface in midline through the crico-thyroid and thyro-hyoid membranes. A 2-0 prolene thread is passed through the bevel of the needle used as conduit. These ends were tied to have a secure knot and burried subcutaneously. A silicone keel could be applied without special instrumentation with reasonable outcomes of voice and patent airway.
{"title":"Simple technique of keel design and fixation after CO2 laser division of anterior glottis web/fibrosis","authors":"Arsheed Hussain Hakeem MBBS, MS, DNB , Novfa Iftikhar MBBS","doi":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.otot.2025.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Placement of the silicone keel in the anterior commissure<span> after division of the web/fibrosis has been well documented and various methods have been described. We describe a simple technique of making a silicone keel and fixing it after endoscopic placement, with a percutaneous suture. We used a medical grade silicone sheet 0.5 mm-1 mm thickness which could be easily modified in length and breadth with scissors to suit the individual patient. A 2-0 prolene was used to pass through the anterior border of the keel. An 18-20 guage needle is used to puncture skin surface in midline through the crico-thyroid and thyro-hyoid membranes. A 2-0 prolene thread is passed through the bevel of the needle used as conduit. These ends were tied to have a secure knot and burried subcutaneously. A silicone keel could be applied without special instrumentation with reasonable outcomes of voice and patent airway.</span></div></div>","PeriodicalId":39814,"journal":{"name":"Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery","volume":"36 4","pages":"Pages 297-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145753667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号