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Flawed Social Experiments 有缺陷的社会实验
Pub Date : 2013-06-04 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2274328
D. Greenberg, B. Barnow
This paper describes, somewhat overlapping, types of flaws that have occurred in social experiments. Each flaw is illustrated with examples from previous experiments. Some of these problems result in minor hurdles, while others cause experiments to fail — that is, the experiment is unable to provide a valid test of the hypothesis of interest. An accompanying summary table lists the flaws, indicates the circumstances under which they occur, their potential seriousness, and approaches for minimizing them. The most important of the flaws are response bias resulting from attrition; a failure to adequately implement the treatment as designed; and too small a sample to detect impacts. The third of these flaws can result from insufficient marketing, too small an initial target group, disinterest on the part of the target group in participating (if the treatment is voluntary), or attrition. To a considerable degree the flaws discussed in this article can be minimized. For instance, implementation failures and too small a sample can usually be avoided with sufficient effort and planning and response bias can often be mitigated — for example, through increased follow-up efforts in conducting surveys.
这篇论文描述了在社会实验中出现的缺陷类型,有些重叠。每个缺陷都用以前实验中的例子加以说明。其中一些问题导致了一些小障碍,而另一些问题则导致实验失败——也就是说,实验无法为感兴趣的假设提供有效的检验。随附的汇总表列出了缺陷,指出了它们发生的情况,潜在的严重性,以及最小化缺陷的方法。最重要的缺陷是由人员流失引起的反应偏差;未能按照设计充分实施治疗;而且样本太小,无法检测到撞击。第三个缺陷可能是由于营销不足、初始目标群体太小、目标群体对参与(如果治疗是自愿的)不感兴趣或人员流失造成的。在很大程度上,本文中讨论的缺陷可以最小化。例如,通过足够的努力通常可以避免实施失败和样本过小,并且通常可以减轻规划和反应偏差——例如,通过加强开展调查的后续努力。
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引用次数: 0
Scientific Fact between New Science and Scienza Nuova: Giambattista Vico's Factum and John Toland's Matter of Fact 新科学与新科学之间的科学事实:詹巴蒂斯塔·维科的事实与约翰·托兰的事实
Pub Date : 2013-04-30 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2258473
P. Sokolov
The article deals with the syncretic construction of fact which took shape in Early Modern Times at an intersection of biblical exegesis, political science, esthetics, historiography and natural sciences epistemology. The study attempts a comparative analysis of Giambattista Vico’s ‘new science’ and John Toland’s ‘travesty philosophy’, outlining shared reference points and structural similarities in their political epistemology: procedure of the authorization of facts, modal implications of the fact, economy of political dissimulation.
本文论述了近代早期在圣经训诂学、政治学、美学、史学和自然科学认识论的交叉中形成的综合事实建构。本研究试图对詹巴蒂斯塔·维科的“新科学”和约翰·托兰的“嘲弄哲学”进行比较分析,概述他们在政治认识论中的共同参考点和结构相似性:事实授权的程序、事实的模态含义、政治伪装的经济。
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引用次数: 0
Linking Organizational Learning Disabilities, Service Climate and Individual's Organizational Identification: Empirical Evidence from Public Sector Banks in India 组织学习障碍、服务氛围与个人组织认同的关联:来自印度公共部门银行的经验证据
Pub Date : 2013-03-30 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2286541
G. Prasad, L. Prasad, Shainesh G.
A conceptual framework was developed in which we proposed: The Stronger the Organizational Learning Disabilities weaker the Service Climate; Stronger the Service Climate stronger the Individual’s Organizational Identification; Stronger the Organizational Learning Disabilities AND weaker the Service Climate weaker the Individual's Organizational Identification. A survey was conducted amongst promoted officers and clerks belonging to six of India’s Public Sector (State-owned) Banks in Bangalore, Pune and Nasik. Results show that Organizational Learning Disabilities has strong significant relationship with Service Climate. Service Climate has significant relationship with Disidentification. Organizational Learning Disabilities and Service Climate together have significant relationship with Disidentification and to a lesser degree with Ambivalent Identification. Group wise analysis of employees demonstrates noticeable differences between perceptions of clerks and promoted officers. Differences are strong on Simple Mindedness, Paralysis and Superstitious Learning. Whereas Simple Mindedness is not significant predictor of Service Climate for promoted officers, it is strong significant predictor for clerks. Diffusion Deficiency impacts Customer Orientation and Customer Feedback for promoted officers, it does not impact Customer Feedback for clerks. The managerial implications from our research include urgency for revision of outdated human resources development policies, including performance appraisal and training; to motivate people and harness their potential to realise organizational goals; orienting entire activity of all employees towards the customer; empowering officers to take decisions without fear; and, enhancing participation of clerks in decision making to bridge the gap in perception.
我们提出了一个概念框架:组织学习障碍越强,服务氛围越弱;服务氛围越强,个体的组织认同越强;组织学习障碍越强,服务氛围越弱,个体的组织认同越弱。一项调查是在班加罗尔、浦那和纳西克的六家印度公共部门(国有)银行的晋升官员和职员中进行的。结果表明,组织学习障碍与服务氛围有显著的关系。服务氛围与不认同有显著的关系。组织学习障碍和服务氛围共同与不认同有显著的关系,与矛盾认同有次要的关系。对员工的集体明智分析表明,对职员和晋升人员的看法存在显著差异。在头脑简单、麻痹和迷信学习方面,差异很大。单纯思维对晋升军官的服务气氛无显著预测作用,但对文员的服务气氛有显著预测作用。扩散不足对晋升人员的顾客导向和顾客反馈有影响,对职员的顾客反馈没有影响。我们研究的管理意义包括迫切需要修订过时的人力资源开发政策,包括绩效评估和培训;激励员工,发挥他们的潜能,实现组织目标;所有员工的活动都以客户为中心;赋予官员作出决定的权力,而不必担心;加强职员对决策的参与,弥补认知上的差距。
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引用次数: 0
The Devil's Workshop? A Look at the Impact of Idle Time on Newcomers’ Perceptions 魔鬼工厂?看看空闲时间对新人观念的影响
Pub Date : 2013-03-08 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2230250
Srinivasan Tatachari
The essence of a successful job is for an employee to be engaged in performing meaningful tasks. It may not be desirable for the employee to be engaged in tasks which are not valued or to be without any tasks. The impact of “idle time�?, a period where there is no meaningful task assigned to the employee, is relatively under-researched in spite of its significance. The current study uses longitudinal data from a total of 304 newcomers in an Indian information technology services organization during their early socialization. The data shows a marked decrease in the employees’ psychological contract fulfilment and in organizational identification, as well as a decrease in perceived organizational prestige, during the period of the study. Further, the study shows that the decrease in psychological contract fulfilment was highly significant in the employees who were idle. These findings highlight the criticality of idle time on newcomers’ initial attitudes.
一份成功工作的本质是让员工从事有意义的任务。对于员工来说,从事没有价值的任务或没有任何任务可能是不可取的。“空闲时间”的影响?在这一时期,没有给员工分配有意义的任务,尽管它很重要,但研究相对较少。目前的研究使用了来自印度一家信息技术服务机构的304名新员工在早期社会化过程中的纵向数据。数据显示,在研究期间,员工的心理契约履行和组织认同显著下降,组织威望感知下降。此外,研究还表明,无所事事的员工心理契约履行的下降非常显著。这些发现强调了空闲时间对新员工最初态度的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
What is Work? Insights from Non-Intuitive Cases 什么是工作?非直觉案例的洞见
Pub Date : 2013-01-22 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2205051
David Bartram
Contributors to the sociology of work seldom say what work is, perhaps relying on a taken-for-granted understanding. That understanding is (usually) no longer limited to paid employment, as social scientists know that such a definition overlooks or devalues the work done mainly by women in the home; it also fails to capture informal sector and voluntary work. But a critique of older/narrower definitions (rooted in an appreciation for the need to capture a wider range of forms) has not yet been convincingly accompanied by a more comprehensive ‘positive’ definition. This paper argues for a definition rooted in the *value* created by work; if an activity creates value, then it merits designation as ‘work’. That approach to definition by no means answers all the questions we might raise about work; instead, its utility consists in the way it forces us to confront those questions (when normally they are elided, especially in public discourse, by a ‘market fundamentalism’). In particular, it compels us to ask: what do we value, and how is value to be recognized/rewarded beyond market exchange? The discussion builds on analysis of two groups whose activities have at best a tenuous connection to conventional notions of work: Israeli ultra-Orthodox Jewish men (engaged mainly in full-time Torah study, not paid employment) and French farmers, whose incomes derive more from public subsidy than from success in markets. The elements of their situations that seem distinctive are found in fact to be quite pervasive, even for activities that are ‘obviously’ work.
工作社会学的贡献者很少说出工作是什么,也许是依赖于一种想当然的理解。这种理解(通常)不再局限于有偿就业,因为社会科学家知道,这样的定义忽略或贬低了主要由女性在家里完成的工作;它也没有包括非正规部门和志愿工作。但是,对旧的/狭隘的定义的批评(植根于对捕获更广泛形式的需要的赞赏)尚未令人信服地伴随着更全面的“积极”定义。本文主张一个基于工作创造的“价值”的定义;如果一项活动创造了价值,那么它就应该被称为“工作”。这种定义方式绝不能回答我们可能提出的关于工作的所有问题;相反,它的效用在于它迫使我们面对这些问题的方式(当它们通常被忽略时,特别是在公共话语中,被“市场原教旨主义”所忽略)。特别是,它迫使我们问:我们重视什么,价值如何在市场交换之外得到认可/奖励?讨论建立在对两个群体的分析之上,这两个群体的活动充其量与传统的工作观念有微弱的联系:以色列的极端正统派犹太人(主要从事全职的托拉学习,而不是有报酬的工作)和法国的农民,他们的收入更多地来自公共补贴,而不是市场上的成功。在他们的处境中,那些看起来与众不同的因素实际上是非常普遍的,即使是那些“明显”是工作的活动。
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引用次数: 0
Not the Opium of the People: Income and Secularization in a Panel of Prussian Counties 《不是人民的鸦片:普鲁士各县的收入与世俗化》
Pub Date : 2013-01-01 DOI: 10.1257/AER.103.3.539
Sascha O. Becker, Ludger Woessmann
The interplay between religion and the economy has occupied social scientists for long. We construct a unique panel of income and Protestant church attendance for six waves of up to 175 Prussian counties spanning 1886-1911. The data reveal a marked decline in church attendance coinciding with increasing income. The cross-section also shows a negative association between income and church attendance. But the association disappears in panel analyses, including first-differenced models of the 1886-1911 change, panel models with county and time fixed effects, and panel Granger-causality tests. The results cast doubt on causal interpretations of the religion-economy nexus in Prussian secularization.
长期以来,社会科学家一直在研究宗教与经济之间的相互作用。我们构建了一个独特的面板收入和新教教堂出席六波多达175普鲁士县从1886年至1911年。数据显示,随着收入的增加,去教堂做礼拜的人明显减少。横截面也显示了收入和教堂出席率之间的负相关关系。但这种关联在面板分析中消失了,包括1886-1911年变化的一阶差分模型,具有县和时间固定效应的面板模型,以及面板格兰杰因果检验。研究结果对普鲁士世俗化中宗教与经济关系的因果解释提出了质疑。
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引用次数: 55
Henry Hazlitt as an Intellectual Middleman of ‘Orthodox Economics’ 亨利·黑兹利特:“正统经济学”的知识中间人
Pub Date : 2012-11-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2175091
Peter J. Boettke, Liya Palagashvili
Henry Hazlitt was a public intellectual who had unusual strength in both economic reasoning and articulation and played a central role in communicating the ideas of classical or ‘orthodox’ economics to the general public. He occupied a unique position in the mid-20th century intellectual life in the US as a prominent figure in the world of journalism –both as a literary critic and economist – and his influence extended to the discipline of economics where his work commanded the attention of professional economists. In his editorial writings in The Nation, New York Times, and Newsweek as well as his best-selling book, Economics in One Lesson, in public speeches, and numerous appearances on TV and radio, Hazlitt offered economic commentary to the current issues of his day and was fundamental in popularizing the ideas of free market economists during the period from the 1930s through the 1960s.
亨利·黑兹利特是一位公共知识分子,他在经济推理和表达方面都有非凡的能力,在向公众传播古典或“正统”经济学思想方面发挥了核心作用。作为一名文学评论家和经济学家,他在20世纪中期的美国知识界占有独特的地位,他的影响力延伸到经济学领域,他的作品引起了专业经济学家的注意。在他为《国家》、《纽约时报》和《新闻周刊》撰写的社论中,以及他的畅销书《一堂经济学课》中,在公开演讲中,在电视和广播中多次露面,黑兹利特对当时的时事发表了经济评论,并在20世纪30年代到60年代期间普及了自由市场经济学家的思想。
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引用次数: 0
Death and Offspring: Murder Effects on Fertility 死亡与后代:谋杀对生育的影响
Pub Date : 2012-10-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2193824
Andrés Ramírez Hassan, Mateo Castro
Economic tradition establishes that human beings' reproductive behaviour is based on rational actions. This theory is completely plausible; however, there is another part to this story, whatever else we may be, we are animals, and this biological heritage instinctively affects our reproductive strategy. Human beings want to extend their genes through time. We test this hypothesis using panel data models for 52 countries from 1995 to 2009, controlling for cultural, social and economic variables, and find a positive and statistically significant effect of the threat of violent death on the fertility rate. Countries characterised by a high murder rate have a high fertility rate. Apparently, there is an instinctive pattern to be found in our reproductive strategy; we are not as rational as we suppose.
经济传统认为,人类的生殖行为是以理性行为为基础的。这个理论是完全可信的;然而,这个故事还有另一部分,不管我们是什么,我们都是动物,这种生物遗传本能地影响着我们的繁殖策略。人类希望通过时间延长他们的基因。我们使用1995年至2009年52个国家的面板数据模型检验了这一假设,控制了文化,社会和经济变量,并发现暴力死亡威胁对生育率的积极和统计显着影响。谋杀率高的国家生育率也高。显然,在我们的繁殖策略中存在一种本能模式;我们并不像自己想象的那样理性。
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引用次数: 0
Annals of the 'Constantin Brâncuşi' University of Targu Jiu - Letters and Social Sciences Series “康斯坦丁brncu<e:1>”大学编年史-文学与社会科学系列
Pub Date : 2012-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2578931
D. Bodislav, A. Todoruț, V. Tselentis, A. Bălăcescu, M. Zaharia, Daniel Belingher, A. Cantemir, A. Belu, Andreea Diana Papa, E. Ilinca, M. Radulescu, Pociovalisteanu Mihaela Diana, C. T. Dumitrescu, A. Holt, G. Niculescu, Ramona Peptan-Negreanu, O. Marcoci, Elena Palita, C. Răbonţu, V. Troacă, Gabriela Hasegan Mares
English Abstract: In this issue are included scientific articles who debate problems from social science fields: entrepreneurship education, neoliberal economic policy, alternative energy, political relations between Transilvania and Polish-Lithuanian, Criminal Law, election in European Parliament, Romanian education, Voluntary servitude, Ion Creanga, Romanian revolution. "Constantin Brancusi" University Annals from Targu Jiu, Letters and Social Sciences Series is published by "Academica Brâncusi" Press of "Constantin Brancusi" University from Targu-Jiu, a state university, institutionally certified. The journal includes articles from the historical, social, philosophical field, with the following objectives: encouraging research in education, enlarging the horizon of knowledge in the field of letters and social sciences. The journals aims to: answer through its activity of the birth of a coherent and efficient network of broadcasting information in the field of letters and social sciences; identify the scientific and research potential of the University in the field of letters and social sciences; draw prestigious collaborators from the country or from abroad that could make a contribution to the development of scientific research; encourage research in education; assert national and international identity, scientific research developed by the professors of the Faculty of Letters and Social Sciences, at "Constantin Brancusi" University from Târgu-Jiu. Romanian Abstract: In acest numar sunt incluse articole stiintifice care dezbat probleme din domeniul stiintelor sociale: educatie antreprenoriala, politica economica neoloberala, energia alternativa, relatiile politice dintre Transilvania si Polono-Lituaniana, Codul Penal, alegerile din Parlamentul European, Educatiai romaneasca, servitute voluntara, Ion Creanga, Revoltuia romana.Revista "Analele Universităţii "Constantin Brâncusi" din Târgu-Jiu, Seria Ştiinţe Litere si Ştiinţe Sociale" este publicată de către Editura "Academica Brâncusi" a Universităţii "Constantin Brâncusi" din Târgu-Jiu, universitate de stat, acreditată instituţional. Revista găzduieste articole din domeniul istoric, social, filosofic, având drept obiective: incurajarea cercetării in invăţământ, lărgirea orizontului cunoasterii in domeniile litere si stiinţe sociale. Revista isi propune: -- să răspundă prin activitatea sa de nasterea unei reţele coerente si eficiente de transmitere a informaţiei in domeniul litere si stiinţe sociale. -- identificarea potenţialului stiinţific si de cercetare din Universitate, in domeniul litere si stiinţe sociale; -- atragerea de colaboratori de prestigiu din ţară si din străinătate care pot contribui la dezvoltarea cercetării stiinţifice; -- incurajarea cercetării in invăţământ; -- afirmarea identităţii naţionale si internaţionale, a cercetării stiinţifice efectuate de cadrele didactice din cadrul Facultăţii de Litere si Ştiinţe Sociale, Universitatea "Constantin Brâncusi" din Târgu-Jiu.
摘要:本刊收录了社会科学领域的科学文章,讨论了创业教育、新自由主义经济政策、替代能源、特兰西瓦尼亚与波兰立陶宛的政治关系、刑法、欧洲议会选举、罗马尼亚教育、自愿奴役、Ion Creanga、罗马尼亚革命等问题。“康斯坦丁·布朗库西”大学纪事,文学与社会科学系列由国立大学“Academica br ncusi”出版社出版。本刊收录历史、社会、哲学等领域的文章,旨在鼓励教育领域的研究,扩大文学和社会科学领域的知识视野。该期刊的目的是:通过其活动回答在文学和社会科学领域的一个连贯和有效的广播信息网络的诞生;确定大学在文学及社会科学领域的科研潜力;吸引国内外对科学研究发展有贡献的知名合作者;鼓励教育研究;主张国家和国际认同,由文学和社会科学学院的教授发展的科学研究,在“康斯坦丁·布朗库西”大学从 rgu- jiu。摘要:在最近的文献分类中,主要包括:教育企业家、政治经济学、能源替代、相对政治中心(特兰西瓦尼亚、波兰-立陶宛)、刑事法律、欧洲议会法律、罗马尼亚教育、自愿服务者、西班牙革命、罗马尼亚革命。“康士坦丁·布库西”研究中心在 rgu- jiu, Seria Ştiinţe Litere si Ştiinţe Sociale“este publicatei de curtre Editura”Academica br ncusi”a Universităţii“康士坦丁·布库西”研究中心在 rgu- jiu,国立大学,认证instituţional。研究目的:研究社会、历史、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会、社会。航空杂志上isi propune: sărăspundă普林斯顿activitatea sa de nasterea unei再保险ţ避署coerente si eficiente de transmitere informaţ迅速在domeniul litere si stiinţe sociale。-- -确定领域potenţialului stiinţific si de cercerare din universite,在家庭生活中是stiinţe sociale;——atragerea de colaboratori de prestigiu dinţarăsi din străă泰特保健壶contribui la dezvoltarea cercetării stiinţifice;-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- invăţământ;——afirmarea identităţii naţionale si internaţionale,一个cercetării stiinţifice efectuate de cadrele didactice din cadrul Facultăţ二世德Litere siŞtiinţe Sociale Universitatea din Targu-Jiu“江诗丹顿布兰库”。
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引用次数: 0
Transitioning from Capitalism to Tachytelism in the Anthropocene: A Framework 人类世从资本主义到技术主义的过渡:一个框架
Pub Date : 2012-07-10 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2103328
John Stanton
Conceptions of post-Capitalist systems of governance, economy and human geography are undermined without the counsel of evolutionary cognitive neuroscience, biology and psychology. Constructs such as capitalism and culture are creations of the individual and collective human brain and its emergent concept of mind. Those constructs are the product of genetic and cultural evolution. Advances in evolutionary studies are refining definitions of Homo Sapiens. Post-Capitalist and social analysis must now build foundations with knowledge drawn from findings flooding out of the evolutionary studies arena. Leading scholars in the humanities and evolutionary studies disciplines have found common ground and seek to merge elements of each field into formulas for contemplative and critical paradigms, particularly in education. The timing for this is propitious. Humans recklessly manage the Earth in an act-before-thinking manner. Capitalism encourages this and at informational speeds that befuddle the human mind rendering it reflexive and without empty space for contemplative, critical thought. Proper alternatives must be found and action taken. This paper proposes a centralizing framework for an alternative based on evolutionary studies and the humanities. Tachytelism is combinatory system for critical thinking, global eco-system management, governance, Earth-based spirituality and leadership. This paper provides 12 elements of the frame.
如果没有进化认知神经科学、生物学和心理学的指导,后资本主义治理、经济和人文地理体系的概念就会被破坏。资本主义和文化等结构是人类个体和集体大脑及其涌现的心智概念的创造。这些构造是基因和文化进化的产物。进化研究的进展正在完善智人的定义。后资本主义和社会分析现在必须以从进化研究领域大量涌现的发现中汲取的知识为基础。人文学科和进化研究领域的主要学者已经找到了共同点,并试图将每个领域的元素合并为沉思和批判范式的公式,特别是在教育领域。这是一个有利的时机。人类以一种先行动后思考的方式鲁莽地管理着地球。资本主义鼓励这一点,并以信息的速度迷惑人类的思维,使其反思,没有空间进行沉思,批判性思维。必须找到适当的替代办法并采取行动。本文提出了一个基于进化研究和人文学科的集中化框架。Tachytelism是批判性思维、全球生态系统管理、治理、地球灵性和领导力的组合系统。本文给出了框架的12个单元。
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引用次数: 0
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Philosophy of Science eJournal
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