In her prescient essay What is Documentation? (Qu’est-ce que la documentation?), published in French in 1951, the renowned librarian and UNESCO affiliate Suzanne Briet outlined how a new science of documentation—a forerunner of today’s information science—had in recent decades expanded “productivity” in all cultural, scientific, and industrial fields. As an entirely new kind of “cultural technique,” documentation’s reach had become so pervasive, she wrote, that it had given rise to homo documentator—an individual “born from the new conditions of research and technology”:
{"title":"Homo Documentator: Architecture and the Political Economy of\u0000 Information","authors":"Michael Faciejew","doi":"10.1162/THLD_A_00728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/THLD_A_00728","url":null,"abstract":"In her prescient essay What is Documentation? (Qu’est-ce que la documentation?), published in French in 1951, the renowned librarian and UNESCO affiliate Suzanne Briet outlined how a new science of documentation—a forerunner of today’s information science—had in recent decades expanded “productivity” in all cultural, scientific, and industrial fields. As an entirely new kind of “cultural technique,” documentation’s reach had become so pervasive, she wrote, that it had given rise to homo documentator—an individual “born from the new conditions of research and technology”:","PeriodicalId":40067,"journal":{"name":"Thresholds","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44232328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Supply and Subjectivity: Architecture, Black Energy, and the Geopolitics of\u0000 Industrialization in Revolutionary Cuba","authors":"Gabriel Fuentes","doi":"10.1162/THLD_A_00724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/THLD_A_00724","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40067,"journal":{"name":"Thresholds","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44531386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-17DOI: 10.1515/semi.1975.15.2.171
Lars Aagaard-Mogensen
Each night on the news we hear the level of the Dow Jones Industrial Average along with the "first difference," which is today's price-weighted average minus yesterday's. It is that series of first differences that excites or depresses us each night as it reflects whether stocks made or lost money that day. Furthermore, the differences form the data series that has the most addressable statistical features. In particular, the differences have the stationarity requirement, which justifies standard distributional results such as asymptotically normal distributions of parameter estimates. Differencing arises in many practical time series because they seem to have what are called "unit roots," which mathematically indicate the need to take differences. In 1976, Dickey and Fuller developed the first well-known tests to decide whether differencing is needed. These tests are part of the by SAS® ARIMA procedure in SAS/ETS® in addition to many other time series analysis products. I'll review a little of what is was like to do the development and the required computing back then, say a little about why this is an important issue, and focus on examples. INTRODUCTION Most methodologies used in time series modelling and forecasting are either direct applications of autoregressive integrated moving average models (ARIMA) or are variations on or special cases of these. An example is exponential smoothing, a forecasting method in which the first differences of a time series, Yt -Yt-1, are modeled as a moving average et – θet-1, of independent error terms et. Most known theory involved in time series modelling is based on an assumption of second order stationarity. This concept is defined by the requirements that the expected value of Y is constant and the covariance between any two observations is a function only of their separation in time. This implies that the variance (time separation 0) is constant over time. In the specific case of ARIMA models, the roots of a polynomial constructed from the autoregressive coefficients determine whether the series is stationary. For example if Yt – 1.2Yt-1+0.2Yt-2=et, this so-called “characteristic polynomial” is m2-1.2m+.2 = (m-.2)(m-1) with roots m=0.2 and m=1 (a unit root). Unit roots imply that the series is not stationary but its first differences are as long as there is only one unit root and the rest are less than 1. Testing for unit roots has become a standard part of a time series analyst’s toolkit since the development of unit root tests, the first of which is the so-called Dickey-Fuller test named (by others) after Professor Wayne A. Fuller and myself. In this paper I will show some informative examples of situations in which unit root tests are applied and will reminisce a bit about the development of the test and the state of computing back in the mid 70’s when Professor Fuller and I were working on this. The intent of the paper is to show the reader how and when to use unit root tests and a little bit about h
{"title":"WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?","authors":"Lars Aagaard-Mogensen","doi":"10.1515/semi.1975.15.2.171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.1975.15.2.171","url":null,"abstract":"Each night on the news we hear the level of the Dow Jones Industrial Average along with the \"first difference,\" which is today's price-weighted average minus yesterday's. It is that series of first differences that excites or depresses us each night as it reflects whether stocks made or lost money that day. Furthermore, the differences form the data series that has the most addressable statistical features. In particular, the differences have the stationarity requirement, which justifies standard distributional results such as asymptotically normal distributions of parameter estimates. Differencing arises in many practical time series because they seem to have what are called \"unit roots,\" which mathematically indicate the need to take differences. In 1976, Dickey and Fuller developed the first well-known tests to decide whether differencing is needed. These tests are part of the by SAS® ARIMA procedure in SAS/ETS® in addition to many other time series analysis products. I'll review a little of what is was like to do the development and the required computing back then, say a little about why this is an important issue, and focus on examples. INTRODUCTION Most methodologies used in time series modelling and forecasting are either direct applications of autoregressive integrated moving average models (ARIMA) or are variations on or special cases of these. An example is exponential smoothing, a forecasting method in which the first differences of a time series, Yt -Yt-1, are modeled as a moving average et – θet-1, of independent error terms et. Most known theory involved in time series modelling is based on an assumption of second order stationarity. This concept is defined by the requirements that the expected value of Y is constant and the covariance between any two observations is a function only of their separation in time. This implies that the variance (time separation 0) is constant over time. In the specific case of ARIMA models, the roots of a polynomial constructed from the autoregressive coefficients determine whether the series is stationary. For example if Yt – 1.2Yt-1+0.2Yt-2=et, this so-called “characteristic polynomial” is m2-1.2m+.2 = (m-.2)(m-1) with roots m=0.2 and m=1 (a unit root). Unit roots imply that the series is not stationary but its first differences are as long as there is only one unit root and the rest are less than 1. Testing for unit roots has become a standard part of a time series analyst’s toolkit since the development of unit root tests, the first of which is the so-called Dickey-Fuller test named (by others) after Professor Wayne A. Fuller and myself. In this paper I will show some informative examples of situations in which unit root tests are applied and will reminisce a bit about the development of the test and the state of computing back in the mid 70’s when Professor Fuller and I were working on this. The intent of the paper is to show the reader how and when to use unit root tests and a little bit about h","PeriodicalId":40067,"journal":{"name":"Thresholds","volume":"15 1","pages":"171 - 178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/semi.1975.15.2.171","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41926965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Plush That Pricks: Melancholia and Kinship in Space in Between","authors":"Madison Treece","doi":"10.1162/thld_a_00722","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00722","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":40067,"journal":{"name":"Thresholds","volume":"1 1","pages":"26-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45649196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36, no. 10 (2010). Marriage witnesses Jelica Radovanović and Dejan Andjelković wrote that at the marriage itself, what they called a second performance, the only other people present were the registrar, the court interpreter, and a photographer. “Contrary to [the couple’s] first meeting,” they write, “this performance was not poeticised, being restricted to its administrative significance only.” They add that “certain elements of confusion and out-of-place laughter were evident to the registrar—who was not let in on the artistic structure of the event.” (Taken from a short text by Radovanović and Andjelković, included in Ostojić’s handmade The Wedding Book.) 6 Among the ex-Yugoslav republics, only Slovenia and Croatia have since joined the European Union, respectively in 2004 and 2013. At the start of Ostojić’s project in 2000, Serbia was not yet an EU candidate. Over a decade later, in 2012, Serbia was granted EU candidate status, which it still holds today. See European Commission, “European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations,” European Commission, July 12, 2016, accessed February 10, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/ neighbourhood-enlargement/ countries/detailed-country-information/serbia_en. Serbia’s accession depends on its ability to display a “firm commitment to European values” and a “track record” that proves the nation aligns with the European Union’s principles. The country must adjust, Ivana Dizdar HE LOVES ME NOT: MARRIAGE AND MIGRATION IN THE WORK OF TANJA OSTOJIĆ
{"title":"He Loves Me Not: Marriage and Migration in the Work of Tanja Ostojić","authors":"Ivana Dizdar","doi":"10.1162/thld_a_00710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00710","url":null,"abstract":"of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36, no. 10 (2010). Marriage witnesses Jelica Radovanović and Dejan Andjelković wrote that at the marriage itself, what they called a second performance, the only other people present were the registrar, the court interpreter, and a photographer. “Contrary to [the couple’s] first meeting,” they write, “this performance was not poeticised, being restricted to its administrative significance only.” They add that “certain elements of confusion and out-of-place laughter were evident to the registrar—who was not let in on the artistic structure of the event.” (Taken from a short text by Radovanović and Andjelković, included in Ostojić’s handmade The Wedding Book.) 6 Among the ex-Yugoslav republics, only Slovenia and Croatia have since joined the European Union, respectively in 2004 and 2013. At the start of Ostojić’s project in 2000, Serbia was not yet an EU candidate. Over a decade later, in 2012, Serbia was granted EU candidate status, which it still holds today. See European Commission, “European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations,” European Commission, July 12, 2016, accessed February 10, 2019, https://ec.europa.eu/ neighbourhood-enlargement/ countries/detailed-country-information/serbia_en. Serbia’s accession depends on its ability to display a “firm commitment to European values” and a “track record” that proves the nation aligns with the European Union’s principles. The country must adjust, Ivana Dizdar HE LOVES ME NOT: MARRIAGE AND MIGRATION IN THE WORK OF TANJA OSTOJIĆ","PeriodicalId":40067,"journal":{"name":"Thresholds","volume":"1 1","pages":"52-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1162/thld_a_00710","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42894223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
lan, 2011). On the history of the South Indian Lake community, see the official website of the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation (NCN): NCN, The History of Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation, accessed November 2, 2019, https://www.ncncree.com/ about-ncn/our-history/. 4 This article will later refer to Blanche Lemco simply as Lemco. Even if she was known after her marriage as Blanche Lemco Van Ginkel, this is done to avoid confusion with her husband Daniel van Ginkel, here reported as Van Ginkel. Known for her perceptive approach to urban planning and design, Blanche Lemco (b. 1923, London) was a pioneering woman in architecture and urban design. With her husband, Dutch and Canadian architect, urban planner, and educator Daniel van Ginkel (b. 1920, Amsterdam; d. 2009 Toronto), Lemco worked on several projects for the Canadian North. Together they studied the economy and development in the Yukon Territory (1966–67), the relocation of the Indigenous community of South Indian Lake in Manitoba (1966–68), and the impact of the proposed Mackenzie Valley pipeline on Indigenous communities in the Northwest Territories (1976). For the Van Ginkels’ work see, for example, Margaret Emily Hodges, “Blanche Lemco van Ginkel and H.P. Daniel van Ginkel: Urban Planning” (PhD diss., McGill University, 2004); Inderbir Singh Riar, “Expo 67, or the Architecture of Late Modernity” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 2014). 5 The report was published as: Van Ginkel Associates, with Hedlin, Menzies and Associates Ltd., Transition in THE RELOCATION OF THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY OF SOUTH INDIAN LAKE (1966–68):
lan，2011）。关于南印度湖社区的历史，请参阅Nisichawayasihk Cree民族（NCN）的官方网站：NCN，the history of Nisichawa yasikh Cree Nation，2019年11月2日访问，https://www.ncncree.com/关于新冠肺炎/我们的历史。4本文稍后将Blanche Lemco简称为Lemco。即使她婚后被称为Blanche Lemco Van Ginkel，这样做也是为了避免与她的丈夫Daniel Van Ginkel混淆，这里报道的名字是Van Ginker。Blanche Lemco（生于1923年，伦敦）以其敏锐的城市规划和设计方法而闻名，是建筑和城市设计领域的先驱女性。Lemco和她的丈夫、荷兰和加拿大建筑师、城市规划师和教育家Daniel van Ginkel（1920年出生，阿姆斯特丹；2009年出生，多伦多）一起为加拿大北部从事了几个项目。他们一起研究了育空地区的经济和发展（1966–67），马尼托巴省南印度湖土著社区的搬迁（1966–68），以及拟议的麦肯齐河谷管道对西北地区土著社区的影响（1976）。关于范金克尔夫妇的工作，例如，参见Margaret Emily Hodges，“Blanche Lemco Van Ginkel and H.P.Daniel Van Ginkel:Urban Planning”（麦吉尔大学博士，2004年）；Inderbir Singh Riar，“第67届世博会，或后现代性建筑”（哥伦比亚大学博士学位，2014年）。5本报告发表于：Van Ginkel Associates，与Hedlin，Menzies and Associates有限公司，Transition in The RELOCATION OF The INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY OF SOUTH INDIAN LAKE（1966–68）：
{"title":"The Relocation of the Indigenous Community of South Indian Lake (1966-68): For an Alternative and Shared Inhabitation of Modern Architectural History","authors":"Elisa Dainese","doi":"10.1162/thld_a_00713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00713","url":null,"abstract":"lan, 2011). On the history of the South Indian Lake community, see the official website of the Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation (NCN): NCN, The History of Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation, accessed November 2, 2019, https://www.ncncree.com/ about-ncn/our-history/. 4 This article will later refer to Blanche Lemco simply as Lemco. Even if she was known after her marriage as Blanche Lemco Van Ginkel, this is done to avoid confusion with her husband Daniel van Ginkel, here reported as Van Ginkel. Known for her perceptive approach to urban planning and design, Blanche Lemco (b. 1923, London) was a pioneering woman in architecture and urban design. With her husband, Dutch and Canadian architect, urban planner, and educator Daniel van Ginkel (b. 1920, Amsterdam; d. 2009 Toronto), Lemco worked on several projects for the Canadian North. Together they studied the economy and development in the Yukon Territory (1966–67), the relocation of the Indigenous community of South Indian Lake in Manitoba (1966–68), and the impact of the proposed Mackenzie Valley pipeline on Indigenous communities in the Northwest Territories (1976). For the Van Ginkels’ work see, for example, Margaret Emily Hodges, “Blanche Lemco van Ginkel and H.P. Daniel van Ginkel: Urban Planning” (PhD diss., McGill University, 2004); Inderbir Singh Riar, “Expo 67, or the Architecture of Late Modernity” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 2014). 5 The report was published as: Van Ginkel Associates, with Hedlin, Menzies and Associates Ltd., Transition in THE RELOCATION OF THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY OF SOUTH INDIAN LAKE (1966–68):","PeriodicalId":40067,"journal":{"name":"Thresholds","volume":"1 1","pages":"90-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1162/thld_a_00713","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46089369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
in the physical disposition of houses and activity areas in lakou in different regions of Haiti. See J.B. Millet, “Arquitectura Haitiana,” Universidad Nacional Autónoma México, thesis, n.d. Personal papers. 9 Following the 2010 earthquake, many international non-governmental organizations and collaborating architects (including the author) drew on partial definitions and understanding of the lakou in design proposals for housing reconstruction. Many such examples of its rhetorical use can be found in the submissions to the Building Back Better Communities exposition, 2011. 10 Laurent Dubois, Haiti: The Aftershocks of History (New York, NY: Metropolitan Books, 2012), 104–11. 11 The complicated history of land rights and the transfer of lands seized by the Haitian government to military personnel and as political favors following the revolution is addressed in Robert K. Lacerte, “The First Land Reform in Latin America: The Reforms of Alexander Pétion, 1809-1814,” InterAmerican Economic Affairs 28, no. 4 (1975): 77–86; and Winter Rae Schneider, “Racial Property and Radical Memory: Epilogues to the Haitian Revolution,” in Global Raciality: Empire, PostColoniality, DeColoniality, eds. Paola Bacchetta, Sunaina Maira, and Howard Winant (New York: Routledge, 2018), 85-98. 12 Michel-Rolph Trouillot, State Against Nation (New York, NY: Monthly Review Press, 1990), 39. Irene Brisson DAMAGE AND REPAIR: IMAGINING COLLECTIVE DWELLING IN RURAL HAITI
{"title":"Damage and Repair: Imagining Collective Dwelling in Rural Haiti","authors":"I. Brisson","doi":"10.1162/thld_a_00714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1162/thld_a_00714","url":null,"abstract":"in the physical disposition of houses and activity areas in lakou in different regions of Haiti. See J.B. Millet, “Arquitectura Haitiana,” Universidad Nacional Autónoma México, thesis, n.d. Personal papers. 9 Following the 2010 earthquake, many international non-governmental organizations and collaborating architects (including the author) drew on partial definitions and understanding of the lakou in design proposals for housing reconstruction. Many such examples of its rhetorical use can be found in the submissions to the Building Back Better Communities exposition, 2011. 10 Laurent Dubois, Haiti: The Aftershocks of History (New York, NY: Metropolitan Books, 2012), 104–11. 11 The complicated history of land rights and the transfer of lands seized by the Haitian government to military personnel and as political favors following the revolution is addressed in Robert K. Lacerte, “The First Land Reform in Latin America: The Reforms of Alexander Pétion, 1809-1814,” InterAmerican Economic Affairs 28, no. 4 (1975): 77–86; and Winter Rae Schneider, “Racial Property and Radical Memory: Epilogues to the Haitian Revolution,” in Global Raciality: Empire, PostColoniality, DeColoniality, eds. Paola Bacchetta, Sunaina Maira, and Howard Winant (New York: Routledge, 2018), 85-98. 12 Michel-Rolph Trouillot, State Against Nation (New York, NY: Monthly Review Press, 1990), 39. Irene Brisson DAMAGE AND REPAIR: IMAGINING COLLECTIVE DWELLING IN RURAL HAITI","PeriodicalId":40067,"journal":{"name":"Thresholds","volume":"1 1","pages":"106-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46704751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
in Mamluk Egypt and Syria (London: I. B. Tauris, 2010), 12-19; Rabbat, “Perception of Architecture in Mamluk Sources,” Mamluk Studies Review 6 (2002): 155-76. Ulrich Haarmann, “Rather the Injustice of the Turks than the Righteousness of the Arabs— Changing ‘Ulama’ Attitudes Towards Mamluk Rule in the Late Fifteenth-Century,” Studia Islamica 68 (1989): 61-79, notices a change in the late Mamluk period, which is nonetheless limited to few unusual individuals; Konrad Hirschler, “Studying Mamluk Historiography. From SourceCriticism to the Cultural Turn,” in Ubi sumus? Quo vademus? Mamluk Studies—State of the Art, ed. Stephan Conermann (Bonn: V&R Unipress, Bonn University Press, 2013), 159-86, suggests new ways of dealing with Mamluk sources. 4 On Tibaqs and qa‘as, as well as the division of mamluks according to function or ethnicity, see Rabbat, The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture, (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1995), 11019, 138-42, 283-91. BROTHERHOOD OF THE TOWERS: ON THE SPATIALITY OF THE MAMLUK CASTE
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