Pub Date : 2011-03-28DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2011.5739796
H. F. Rezaei, N. Sitter, A. Kruger
Here we present our work on an environmental sensing network that we have been developing over a number of years at The University of Iowa. Sponsored by the Iowa Flood Center, the system consists of instrumentation that measures rainfall, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Field instrumentation relays data via cellular modems to a central server. Users can access the data through a web browser, and programmatic interfaces allow for ingestion of the data into computational models for flood forecasting.
{"title":"Next generation system for real-time monitoring of rainfall, soil moisture, and soil temperature","authors":"H. F. Rezaei, N. Sitter, A. Kruger","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2011.5739796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2011.5739796","url":null,"abstract":"Here we present our work on an environmental sensing network that we have been developing over a number of years at The University of Iowa. Sponsored by the Iowa Flood Center, the system consists of instrumentation that measures rainfall, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Field instrumentation relays data via cellular modems to a central server. Users can access the data through a web browser, and programmatic interfaces allow for ingestion of the data into computational models for flood forecasting.","PeriodicalId":401849,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"31 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114025008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-28DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2011.5739819
H. Gutierrez-Candano, S. Camacho-Léon, G. Dieck-Assad, S. Martínez-Chapa
This work describes the design and Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of an integrated force microsensor which introduces a self-assembled tactile structure with potential application to Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS). The sensor is designed to be compatible with Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (CMOS-MEMS) technology under monolithic microfabrication processes, and allows force measurements up to the micronewton scale.
{"title":"Design and simulation of a self-assembled MEMS force sensor for Minimally Invasive Surgery","authors":"H. Gutierrez-Candano, S. Camacho-Léon, G. Dieck-Assad, S. Martínez-Chapa","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2011.5739819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2011.5739819","url":null,"abstract":"This work describes the design and Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of an integrated force microsensor which introduces a self-assembled tactile structure with potential application to Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS). The sensor is designed to be compatible with Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor-Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (CMOS-MEMS) technology under monolithic microfabrication processes, and allows force measurements up to the micronewton scale.","PeriodicalId":401849,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123685308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-28DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2011.5739817
Yanyun Ru, S. Mylvaganam
Ultrasonic sensors are used in a plethora of industrial and medical applications, such as flow and level measurements in the process industries, blood flow measurements and tomography in medicine. The ultrasonic sensor design is very often very critical in circumventing problems associated with beam width, transmitting power and matching to the media to be interrogated by the ultrasonic signals. Surface vibrations of ultrasonic transducers depend on various design parameters and influence their directional characteristics and very often can help in diagnosing malfunctioning of the transducer due to improper bonding of active elements. A proper understanding of the form of surface vibrations can help to modify the transducer design to achieve a set of desired characteristics. This paper presents some results of vibration monitoring of ultrasonic transducers using laser vibrometry. Various transducers are probed using the laser and their performances are compared based on their membrane displacements in the order of nm. The real time analysis of laser vibrometer measurements are done by an integration of PULSE and a VI called TRANSPROBE. The focus in this paper is the integration of these programs and the analysis of the data obtained using these based on laser probing of the membrane surfaces.
{"title":"Performance monitoring of ultrasonic transducers with laser vibrometers","authors":"Yanyun Ru, S. Mylvaganam","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2011.5739817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2011.5739817","url":null,"abstract":"Ultrasonic sensors are used in a plethora of industrial and medical applications, such as flow and level measurements in the process industries, blood flow measurements and tomography in medicine. The ultrasonic sensor design is very often very critical in circumventing problems associated with beam width, transmitting power and matching to the media to be interrogated by the ultrasonic signals. Surface vibrations of ultrasonic transducers depend on various design parameters and influence their directional characteristics and very often can help in diagnosing malfunctioning of the transducer due to improper bonding of active elements. A proper understanding of the form of surface vibrations can help to modify the transducer design to achieve a set of desired characteristics. This paper presents some results of vibration monitoring of ultrasonic transducers using laser vibrometry. Various transducers are probed using the laser and their performances are compared based on their membrane displacements in the order of nm. The real time analysis of laser vibrometer measurements are done by an integration of PULSE and a VI called TRANSPROBE. The focus in this paper is the integration of these programs and the analysis of the data obtained using these based on laser probing of the membrane surfaces.","PeriodicalId":401849,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114869844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-28DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2011.5739812
H. Eren
This paper describes energy efficient ZigBee system configured in star form to monitor health of electrical machines. Simulations are conducted to determine the throughput and energy consumption under Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) operational conditions using superframes. The information transmitted from the machines has been processed using a SCADA system to set alarms and maintain trends. It is found that in wireless networks the GTS operates successfully for data collection with critical importance.
{"title":"Energy conscious application of ZigBee wireless networks in machine health monitoring systems","authors":"H. Eren","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2011.5739812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2011.5739812","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes energy efficient ZigBee system configured in star form to monitor health of electrical machines. Simulations are conducted to determine the throughput and energy consumption under Guaranteed Time Slot (GTS) operational conditions using superframes. The information transmitted from the machines has been processed using a SCADA system to set alarms and maintain trends. It is found that in wireless networks the GTS operates successfully for data collection with critical importance.","PeriodicalId":401849,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117144763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-28DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2011.5739775
S. Gervais-Ducouret
Smart sensors are defined by the IEEE 1451 standard as sensors with small memory and standardized physical connection to enable the communication with processor and data network. Beyond this definition, smart sensors are defined as the combination of a sensor with signal conditioning, embedded algorithms and digital interface. They are currently highly adopted in mobile and portable devices like phones and tablets. Such types of sensors respond to the issues of power consumption, data communication and system integration at the sensor level and for predefined use cases. Some limitations of smart sensors are the lack of flexibility, absence of customization, narrow spectrum of applications, and the basic communication protocol. Moreover, there is a growing request of new and broader applications for individual sensors while integrating an increasing number of different types of sensors. Therefore, to overcome these limitations and address the new challenges, the next generation of sensors is proposed: the intelligent sensor platform. It is defined as the combination of sensor and processing with a dedicated architecture to aggregate external sensor data. The main advantages are reviewed and an implementation of an intelligent sensor platform embedding a MEMS accelerometer with a 32-bit microcontroller is described.
{"title":"Next smart sensors generation","authors":"S. Gervais-Ducouret","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2011.5739775","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2011.5739775","url":null,"abstract":"Smart sensors are defined by the IEEE 1451 standard as sensors with small memory and standardized physical connection to enable the communication with processor and data network. Beyond this definition, smart sensors are defined as the combination of a sensor with signal conditioning, embedded algorithms and digital interface. They are currently highly adopted in mobile and portable devices like phones and tablets. Such types of sensors respond to the issues of power consumption, data communication and system integration at the sensor level and for predefined use cases. Some limitations of smart sensors are the lack of flexibility, absence of customization, narrow spectrum of applications, and the basic communication protocol. Moreover, there is a growing request of new and broader applications for individual sensors while integrating an increasing number of different types of sensors. Therefore, to overcome these limitations and address the new challenges, the next generation of sensors is proposed: the intelligent sensor platform. It is defined as the combination of sensor and processing with a dedicated architecture to aggregate external sensor data. The main advantages are reviewed and an implementation of an intelligent sensor platform embedding a MEMS accelerometer with a 32-bit microcontroller is described.","PeriodicalId":401849,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130821499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-28DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2011.5739809
A. Depari, A. Flammini, D. Marioli, E. Sisinni, E. Comini, A. Ponzoni
MOX sensors are widely used in several application fields: environmental monitoring, home automation, food control, and so on. Research activities in this topic are oriented towards new materials and nanotechnologies, thus requiring new instruments for the sensor characterization and management. Often, in order to improve selectivity, sensitivity, stability, the sensor is heated according to purposely-designed profiles. The repeatability of the measurement conditions strongly depends on the ability to perform a sensor resistance measurement in a synchronous fashion with respect to the imposed thermal profile. This work proposes an electronic equipment for a complete and synchronous management of a generic MOX sensor, showing a resistance varying from tens of kilohms up to tens of gigohms. First experimental results encourage its use with real sensors.
{"title":"An electronic system for the thermal management of MOX sensors","authors":"A. Depari, A. Flammini, D. Marioli, E. Sisinni, E. Comini, A. Ponzoni","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2011.5739809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2011.5739809","url":null,"abstract":"MOX sensors are widely used in several application fields: environmental monitoring, home automation, food control, and so on. Research activities in this topic are oriented towards new materials and nanotechnologies, thus requiring new instruments for the sensor characterization and management. Often, in order to improve selectivity, sensitivity, stability, the sensor is heated according to purposely-designed profiles. The repeatability of the measurement conditions strongly depends on the ability to perform a sensor resistance measurement in a synchronous fashion with respect to the imposed thermal profile. This work proposes an electronic equipment for a complete and synchronous management of a generic MOX sensor, showing a resistance varying from tens of kilohms up to tens of gigohms. First experimental results encourage its use with real sensors.","PeriodicalId":401849,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126784132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-28DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2011.5739770
A. Mucha, M. Schienle, D. Schmitt-Landsiedel
Sensing cellular adhesion via impedance measurements provides a versatile and easily accessible means for monitoring in-vitro cell cultures. In this work we present a CMOS impedance-to-frequency converter integrated with biocompatible planar surface electrodes to make a compact and robust sensor chip for in-vitro cell monitoring. The system features an 8×8 array of individually addressable electrodes connected to four impedance-to-frequency converter circuits with square wave output. The impedance-to-frequency converter circuits consist of a switchable constant current source, two comparators, and associated logic for addressing the pixel array and generating control signals. In designing the electrodes and circuit components, special attention had to be paid to keeping the current density and polarization voltage at the electrode low enough to avoid damaging the cells or triggering unwanted electrochemical reactions. To this end, FEM simulation was used to optimize electrode layout and electrical circuit parameters, keeping the electrode current below 100 nA. We present measurement results with cells that demonstrate the successful operation of the system and show good agreement with models of the electrode and cell impedances.
{"title":"Sensing cellular adhesion with a CMOS integrated impedance-to-frequency converter","authors":"A. Mucha, M. Schienle, D. Schmitt-Landsiedel","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2011.5739770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2011.5739770","url":null,"abstract":"Sensing cellular adhesion via impedance measurements provides a versatile and easily accessible means for monitoring in-vitro cell cultures. In this work we present a CMOS impedance-to-frequency converter integrated with biocompatible planar surface electrodes to make a compact and robust sensor chip for in-vitro cell monitoring. The system features an 8×8 array of individually addressable electrodes connected to four impedance-to-frequency converter circuits with square wave output. The impedance-to-frequency converter circuits consist of a switchable constant current source, two comparators, and associated logic for addressing the pixel array and generating control signals. In designing the electrodes and circuit components, special attention had to be paid to keeping the current density and polarization voltage at the electrode low enough to avoid damaging the cells or triggering unwanted electrochemical reactions. To this end, FEM simulation was used to optimize electrode layout and electrical circuit parameters, keeping the electrode current below 100 nA. We present measurement results with cells that demonstrate the successful operation of the system and show good agreement with models of the electrode and cell impedances.","PeriodicalId":401849,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115785194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-28DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2011.5739769
R. Tompkins, Thomas B. Jones, Robert E. Nertney, Christopher E. Smith, Patricia Gilfeather-Crowley
The next generation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) will need to be sustainable in the field. Sustainability presents a number of management difficulties. Among these challenges is field programmability. Future WSNs will consist of nodes with different architectures, capabilities, and operating systems. Current solutions for reprogramming WSNs either require homogenous networks or substantial overhead. Our node management layer, Trigger, can wirelessly reconfigure heterogeneous nodes when only a few parameters need to be changed. Our method has a manageable processor overhead while significantly decreasing network traffic. Trigger provides field-programmability to the WSN. This reconfiguration can simply rectify node-management tasks like sensor drift in a node. Furthermore, Trigger contains an abstraction of node context. This means Trigger can make local decisions about policy (like power management). Trigger is an easy, lightweight method to change program and node parameters and to manage node policy.
{"title":"Reconfiguration and management in Wireless Sensor Networks","authors":"R. Tompkins, Thomas B. Jones, Robert E. Nertney, Christopher E. Smith, Patricia Gilfeather-Crowley","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2011.5739769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2011.5739769","url":null,"abstract":"The next generation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) will need to be sustainable in the field. Sustainability presents a number of management difficulties. Among these challenges is field programmability. Future WSNs will consist of nodes with different architectures, capabilities, and operating systems. Current solutions for reprogramming WSNs either require homogenous networks or substantial overhead. Our node management layer, Trigger, can wirelessly reconfigure heterogeneous nodes when only a few parameters need to be changed. Our method has a manageable processor overhead while significantly decreasing network traffic. Trigger provides field-programmability to the WSN. This reconfiguration can simply rectify node-management tasks like sensor drift in a node. Furthermore, Trigger contains an abstraction of node context. This means Trigger can make local decisions about policy (like power management). Trigger is an easy, lightweight method to change program and node parameters and to manage node policy.","PeriodicalId":401849,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133532597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-28DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2011.5739786
Kyohei Ota, Yuki Ota, Mitsugu Otsu, A. Kajiwara
Requirement for monitoring the state of the elderly in care facilities is increasing year by year and the increase in accidents involving them becomes great concern. In this paper, an ultra-wideband impulse-radio (UWB-IR) monitoring sensor is suggested which focuses on the bed status most critical to the elderly that need the assistance immediately. Employing our developed state detection algorithm based on ranging and motion estimation, the state can be detected that includes sleeping in a bed, sitting up in bed, falling down, wandering in room, going in and out at the door. The measurements were conducted in care facilities and the detection performance about the above mentioned state is investigated where various scenarios are considered. The measurement result shows that the detection rate is more than 95%.
{"title":"Elderly-care motion sensor using UWB-IR","authors":"Kyohei Ota, Yuki Ota, Mitsugu Otsu, A. Kajiwara","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2011.5739786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2011.5739786","url":null,"abstract":"Requirement for monitoring the state of the elderly in care facilities is increasing year by year and the increase in accidents involving them becomes great concern. In this paper, an ultra-wideband impulse-radio (UWB-IR) monitoring sensor is suggested which focuses on the bed status most critical to the elderly that need the assistance immediately. Employing our developed state detection algorithm based on ranging and motion estimation, the state can be detected that includes sleeping in a bed, sitting up in bed, falling down, wandering in room, going in and out at the door. The measurements were conducted in care facilities and the detection performance about the above mentioned state is investigated where various scenarios are considered. The measurement result shows that the detection rate is more than 95%.","PeriodicalId":401849,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124669837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2011-03-28DOI: 10.1109/SAS.2011.5739789
Jinyi Lee, S. Kwon
An improvement has to be made in the inspection speed and the crack detection ability needed to inspect cracks in express train wheels. In this paper a linearly integrated Hall sensor array (LIHaS) is proposed in order to improve the ability for crack detection. In addition, the exclusive parallel signal conditioning circuits, the analog-to-digital convertors, and the interface were developed to reduce the measurement time. The permanent magnet, which applies the vertical magnetic field to the wheel, and the differential-type LIHaS, which measures the distribution of the magnetic field around a crack, is designed to be buried in the rail. An experiment was performed in order to verify the proposed method.
{"title":"Non-destructive testing of a train wheel using a linearly integrated Hall sensor array","authors":"Jinyi Lee, S. Kwon","doi":"10.1109/SAS.2011.5739789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/SAS.2011.5739789","url":null,"abstract":"An improvement has to be made in the inspection speed and the crack detection ability needed to inspect cracks in express train wheels. In this paper a linearly integrated Hall sensor array (LIHaS) is proposed in order to improve the ability for crack detection. In addition, the exclusive parallel signal conditioning circuits, the analog-to-digital convertors, and the interface were developed to reduce the measurement time. The permanent magnet, which applies the vertical magnetic field to the wheel, and the differential-type LIHaS, which measures the distribution of the magnetic field around a crack, is designed to be buried in the rail. An experiment was performed in order to verify the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":401849,"journal":{"name":"2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124898655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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